Interview references: The Right Way to Check Someone’s References
5 Reference Mistakes That Can Cost You The Job
Sometimes the best resume, smartest cover letter, or even the strongest interview skills are not enough to persuade an employer to hire you. To get a job, you also need people who can sing your praises, people who can attest that you’re a star employee. Put simply: You need professional references.
Unfortunately, “references are often an afterthought for job seekers,” says Andrea Kay, a career consultant based in Cincinnati.
To ensure your references present you in the best light, avoid these common mistakes.
Professional reference list mistakes to avoid
- Not asking a person for permission to list them as a reference
- Asking the wrong people to be a reference
- Not preparing your references
- Assuming your reference will give you a great review
- Forgetting to thank your references
Mistake #1: Listing someone as a reference without asking the person for permission first
Asking if someone will be a reference for you might sound like a basic step, but Kay says you’d be surprised how many job seekers forget to do it.
“A lot of people just don’t ask for permission,” Kay says. “They just assume that the person is happy to do it.” Hence, you’ll want to touch base with references before providing their contact information to a prospective employer. It’s simply common courtesy.
Mistake #2: Asking the wrong people
No doubt your mom thinks you’re a superstar, and your BFF would have your back no matter what, but alas, you can’t use friends and family members as references. After all, you’re looking for people who can speak to not only your personality, but also your career skills and work ethic.
“You want someone who you worked for, someone you worked with, or someone who worked for you,” says Stefanie Wichansky, CEO at Randolph, New Jersey-based management consulting and staffing firm Professional Resource Partners.
Ideally, you wrangle all three for your reference list. “That would give an employer a good picture of how you are as a direct report, as a co-worker, and as a manager,” Wichansky says.
If you’re going to use a previous boss as a reference, though, first check to see whether the person is allowed to talk about your job performance. “A lot of companies have strict policies that only let managers confirm a past employee’s job title and dates of employment,” says Jeff Shane, president at Allison & Taylor, a professional background screening firm based in Rochester, Michigan.
Mistake #3: Not preparing your references
Many hiring managers will let you know in advance when they’re going to contact your references. So, if possible, you should give your references a heads-up to let them know who will be contacting them, and supply them with an updated copy of your resume.
Pro tip: Share the job description with your references, so they can gain a good sense of the position you’re applying for.
Depending on how long it’s been since you held the job, you may have to refresh the person’s memory about specific projects you worked on or results you delivered that can be used as talking points.
Also, consider asking your references to speak to certain skills, such as leadership, reliability, critical thinking, communication, and teamwork. Recent research from the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) found that employers care more about these particular soft skills than they do technical abilities like reading comprehension or mathematics.
Mistake #4: Blindly assuming the person will give you a glowing review
Even though you think you were a great employee, your past manager may not feel the same way.
“Countless job seekers have been dismayed by the information that a former supervisor shares about them,” says Shane. “If an employer uncovers a negative reference, you may never hear from the company ever again.”
Therefore, if you’re even the slightest bit unsure of where you stand, ask your references ahead of time what they’re going to say about you. If they don’t plan on flattering you, take them off your references list and move on to the next person.
Mistake #5: Forgetting to send a thank-you letter
Your references are doing you a big favor. “They’re not only investing their time for you, but they’re also putting their own reputation on the line,” Kay says.
Take a few minutes to write them a thank-you email or handwritten letter. It’s a small gesture, but it can go a long way.
“If you want someone to be a good reference, you have to act like a mensch,” Kay says. “There’s no such thing as being too appreciative.”
Done with mistakes? Do this next
The job search doesn’t have to trip you up at every turn—but there are a whole lot of turns to contend with. Prevent unnecessary headaches by starting off on the right foot. Meaning, get your resume in shape. Not only will a strong resume impress hiring managers, it’ll also show your potential references what you’ve accomplished so far in your career. Need some help making sure you’re giving them something to talk about? Get a free resume evaluation today from the experts at Monster’s Resume Writing Service. You’ll get detailed feedback in two business days, including a review of your resume’s appearance and content, and a prediction of a recruiter’s first impression. It’s a quick and easy way to avoid the little mistakes that can have a big impact.
13 Questions You Should Ask When Checking References
To the list of things that people either love or hate — Tom Brady, cats, brussels sprouts — we can safely add reference checks. Fans see them as a sure-fire way to uncover candidates’ abilities and to learn if they are likely to be a phenom or a fiasco. Haters, on the other hand, find them to be a complete waste of time.
One of the reasons reference checks can feel unproductive is that many companies put no structure in place when asking candidates to list references. Predictably, they end up with the contact info for the prospective hire’s BFFs, who will invariably say the candidate is:
But when reference checks are done right, they can be hugely helpful and be the difference between hiring the right or wrong person. So to help you get more out of this process, we’ve done our research and laid out who are the best references to talk to and the best questions to ask when checking references to get the information you need.
Talk to the right people: Have your candidates help you reach out to their former managers
Instead of having candidates give you a list of their reference choices, ask them to include the names and phone numbers of their former managers on their application. Understandably, they may not want you talking to their current boss if their new job search is a secret. If that’s the case, ask to talk to a manager from a previous role.
This is a fair request, and the way your candidates respond — are they helpful or evasive? — may be a critical clue to what kind of employee they might be.
In addition, your candidate may be the ideal person to set up your reference calls. The candidate has well-established relationships with any references, who may be much more willing to chat if they believe they can help a former colleague by doing them a favor.
Once you have the right person on the phone, ask questions that will reveal truly useful information
Once you have an ex-manager on the phone, make sure to tell them that all of their answers, no matter how glowing or how glaring, will be kept in absolute confidence. None of your conversations will get back to the candidate (let’s call that person Pat). Here are the questions you should consider asking:
1. Tell me about how you and Pat worked together
To start things off, give Pat’s former manager a chance to get comfortable and to start verifying what Pat has already told you. Find out when they worked together and for how long, and check on Pat’s title and responsibilities. Make sure you find out how closely and regularly Pat and the reference worked together.
2. Did Pat have any major accomplishments while working for you?
To some extent, this is a softball question to further relax the reference and to validate, again, claims Pat made in interviews. It’s also a reminder that reference checks are not simply a “gotcha” exercise to catch candidates in a fib or exaggeration. They are a chance to better understand the qualities and skills Pat brings, particularly if Pat’s a humble or introverted person who may have struggled selling themselves during your interviews.
3. For this position, we need someone who can __________ [fill in the most important things]. How would you rate Pat on each?
This question is essential. “This is an opportunity for you to get a third party’s perspective on the candidate’s potential skill match for the position you are hiring,” says Sean Falconer, the former CTO and founder of Proven who is now staff developer advocate and developer relations manager at Google.
To understand which of these things would be Pat’s strength — and which would be a weakness — have your reference rate Pat on each of the competencies you list. Ask them to use a 1-to-10 scale and only allow them to give you a 10 on one of them in order to get a more realistic picture.
4. What are Pat’s greatest strengths?
The answer to this question will allow you to calibrate your impressions — based on Pat’s resume, interviews, and work samples — with those of someone who has worked alongside Pat. You’ll also have a chance to see how the response lines up with Pat’s self-assessment, which may offer a clue to Pat’s self-awareness and allow you to calibrate other answers.
5. What are Pat’s biggest weaknesses? Is there any area where they would need additional support in their first 90 days?
This question serves a dual purpose. As Pat’s prospective manager, you need to know how to make Pat successful in a new role. The question may also help you determine whether Pat is coachable. If the reference gives you an answer that is a little cliché — say, “Pat works too hard” or “they care too much” — find out what’s underneath it. Does Pat come to work exhausted? Does Pat seem low on energy? If you get a thoughtful answer here and then offer Pat a job, you will have a big head start with insights that might have taken you months or even years to acquire otherwise.
The other purpose of this question is to surface any reasons why you may want to rethink Pat as part of your team. For example, if Pat’s former boss says Pat would really benefit from some anger management classes, you might want to consider ending your interview early and moving on to Candidate B.
6. Was Pat a good communicator and listener?
It’ll be helpful to get a sense of some of Pat’s soft skills. If your reference says Pat was a good communicator, ask for an example of when that showed up. Same for listening skills. And each time you ask for a specific instance you are also checking on how well your reference really knows Pat. Of course, you can swap out these two soft skills for others you feel are more important to get info on.
7. In your experience, does Pat work better alone or with a team?
Some professionals are much better at one than the other. Your team may need someone who can go off on their own and perform magic, or you may need someone who will be the necessary glue for a large project. Make sure Pat will fit your needs.
8. Can you give me an example of a setback or stressful challenge that Pat faced and tell me how Pat dealt with it?
Work — particularly creative and challenging work — is never an endless parade of easy victories. Obstacles are confronted, mistakes made, setbacks encountered. You want to find out whether Pat rises to challenges or simply disappears. Is Pat an exemplar of when the going gets tough, the tough get going?
Do problems unleash Pat’s creativity and collaboration or do they trigger finger-pointing and withdrawal? Try to get your reference to be as specific as possible about the circumstances of a high-stress project, the outcome, and Pat’s response and behavior when tested.
9. Did Pat receive any promotions while at your company?
If Pat was promoted, that generally bolsters Pat’s candidacy. If not, make sure you push to understand why — no open positions, stronger internal candidates (a possible red flag), missing skill set, etc.
10. On a scale of 1 to 10, compared to other people you’ve hired, how would you rate Pat?
“You want to hear 8, 9, or 10,” writes author Jeff Hyman in his book Recruit Rockstars. “Anything less than an 8 is a red flag, because they’re likely being generous.” If Pat’s an 8 or 9, what would it have taken for Pat to be a 10?
11. Why did Pat leave your company?
Like your opening question, this one allows you to validate what Pat has already told you.
12. Would you rehire Pat?
Listen carefully. “I’m looking for ‘definitely’ or ‘absolutely’ without hesitation,” Jeff says.
13. Is there anyone else you’d recommend I speak to?
It’s always a good idea to get different perspectives, so ask your reference if there is anyone else who would be good for you to talk to and can offer new insight. This could be someone who worked alongside or under Pat and can offer a different perspective.
A strong reference check can help ensure you hire the right candidate
With embellishment, embroidery, and even outright lying being possibilities during the interview process, well-executed reference checks can be truly beneficial.
But this shouldn’t merely be seen as a chance to trip up your candidate. A real conversation with a former supervisor can have other benefits. For example, it can level the playing field for an introverted candidate. As the Financial Times asked in an article entitled “Introverts Pose a Problem for Hirers,” how “can employers persuade introverts to blow their own trumpets about how they prefer not blowing their own trumpets?”
For a hiring manager, a strong reference interview can also give you an enormous head start on managing a new employee.
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Bibliographic description and citation – School of Cultural Studies – National Research University Higher School of Economics
The method of bibliographic description in the list of references, as well as citation in the text of the work and footnotes described in these recommendations, is an average variant and is built in accordance with the most common international academic standards. In addition, this document defines the rules for citing Internet sources, as well as the design of links to films.
In case of citing specific texts – dissertations, archival manuscripts, etc. we recommend that you refer to the detailed version of GOST R 7.0.5-2008 [1].
The adopted designation system is mandatory for all students of the HSE School of Cultural Studies.
Please note that the requirements for bibliography and references vary in specific Russian and foreign publications. The type of bibliographic description suggested below contains all the necessary information – if such a need arises, you can always bring your bibliographic description and citation in line with the norms of a particular publication.
The list of references is placed as a separate, final section of your text and is formed in alphabetical order of surnames. At the beginning of the list is literature in Russian, then – in foreign languages. All sources in Latin are in general alphabetical order without being broken down into individual languages. Arabic, hieroglyphic, etc. sources are grouped below in separate lists.
The list of works of one author is ordered chronologically: from early to late works.
If two or more works of the same author date back to the same year, they are sorted alphabetically by the title of the work, and in addition to the year of work, a letter of the Latin alphabet is indicated (2001a; 2001b, etc.).
General description
Surname and initials of the author/editor (in italics), year of publication (in parentheses), title of the monograph or article (surname of the author of the monograph or editor of the collection in italics).
Further, depending on the type of source: for a monograph – place of publication and publisher, year of publication; for an article – the name of the journal, year of issue, issue of the journal; for a chapter from a collective monograph or a separate article from a collection of articles – the name of the editor and the title of the collective monograph, place of publication and publisher, year of publication.
The editor of the publication is attributed with a special indication in parentheses, while the abbreviation is given in the original language: Ed. – in Russian; Ed. or Eds. (if there are several editors) – in English; hg. – in German, etc.
If a specific article in a collection or journal is indicated in the list of references in the general description of the work, its page numbers must also be indicated. In this case, the abbreviated spelling of the word “page” in the original language of the publication is used: S. – for the Russian language; P. – for English; S. – for German, etc.).
In the case of a bibliographic description of English-language works and titles of an edition (magazine), nouns, verbs and adjectives in the title are written with a capital letter.
Pay attention to italics and punctuation in the bibliographic description – they must be strictly observed .
Off-text bibliographic description
(taken out at the end of the text as “References”)
In the list of references, each bibliographic description starts on a new line, without list numbering. For ease of orientation in the bibliography, the paragraph is formatted with the parameter: first line / ledge.
Examples of monograph descriptions
Arendt H. (2012) Lectures on Kant’s political philosophy. SPb.: Nauka.
Berkowitz N. (Ed.) (1998) A humanistic approach to health care. Moscow: Aspect-Press.
Floyd J., Srears M. (Eds.) (2011) Political Philosophy versus History? Contextualism and Real Politics in Contemporary Political Thought.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marchart O. (2010) Die Politische Differenz. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.
Examples of article descriptions
Dmitriev T. A. (2009) Antonio Gramsci // Kurennoy V. A. (Ed.). History and theory of intelligentsia and intellectuals. M.: Heritage of Eurasia. pp. 207-228.
Shlykov P. (2011) Turkish nationalism in the 20th century: the search for national identity // Issues of nationalism. No. 5. S. 135-155.
Yablokov A. (2012) How Melodiya tries to save its archive // Vedomosti. February 26th.
Janssens D. (2006) Habeas Corpus?: Pierre Manent and the Politics of Europe // European Journal of Political Theory. No. 5. P. 171-190.
Hall S. (2000a) Cultural Studies und die Politik der Internationalisierung // Hall S. Culture Studies: Ein politisches Theorieprojekt. Ausgewählte Schriften 3. Hamburg: Argument. S. 137-157.
Hall S. (2000b) Das theoretische Vermächtnis der Cultural Studies // Hall S. Culture Studies: Ein politisches Theorieprojekt.
Ausgewählte Schriften 3. Hamburg: Argument. S. 34-51.
Hall S. (2000c) Die Formierung eines Diaspora-Intellektuellen // Hall S. Culture Studies: Ein politisches Theorieprojekt. Ausgewählte Schriften 3. Hamburg: Argument. S. 8-33.
Intratext link
In the text of your work, links serve as a brief indication of the full bibliographic description of the work given in the list of references. Usually the link is placed in the text of your work. If the reference turns out to be cumbersome (in the case of specifying several works, or if the reference is accompanied by additional explanations), it can be placed in a footnote.
If you indicate the source as such, without citing or implying a specific passage from it, then it is sufficient to indicate the author’s surname and the year of publication of the work in parentheses: (Arendt, 2012) or (Marchart, 2010).
If multiple texts are specified, references to them are separated by semicolons (Arendt, 2012; Marchart, 2010).
If you cite or refer to a specific passage in a work, the corresponding page(s) of the work is also included in the reference, for example: (Arendt, 2012, 56) or (Marchart, 2010, 23-24).
Descriptions and references in historical texts
In historical texts, for correct orientation in chronology, it is customary to indicate the date of the first publication of the work (reading the report or completing the manuscript). In such cases, in the reference, along with the year of publication of the edition cited in your text, the year of the first publication of the work, the reading of the report, etc. is indicated in square brackets. For example: (Husserl, 2009[1911]). At the same time, an explanation regarding the citation rule is given in the reference in the first case of such a citation. An example of an explanatory reference:
Husserl, 2012 [1911], 243. – Here and below, the year of the first publication of the work is indicated in square brackets.
In addition, in the list of references, after the bibliographic description, brief additional information about the first publication is given.
e.g.
:
Dobrolyubov N. A. (1989) New Code of Russian Practical Wisdom / Anthology of Russian Pedagogical Thought in the First Half of the 19th Century. (before the reforms of the 60s) / Comp. P. A. Lebedev. – M .: Pedagogy. pp. 486-498. First publication: Contemporary. 1859. No. 6.
Ushinsky K. (1988) Man as a subject of education: Experience of pedagogical anthropology. T. 1 / Ushinsky K. D. Pedagogical essays in 6 vols. T. 5. M . : Pedagogy. First publication: 1867
Indirect citation
In some cases, it becomes necessary to quote or refer to a work that you are not working on directly, but quote this quote from another work. Scientific correctness in such cases requires you to indicate that the quotation is indirect. For a work that you cite indirectly, a bibliographic description is given in the list of references according to the general rules. When making a reference in your text, it is necessary to make an appropriate clarification: (Husserl, 2011, 25 (quoted from: Arendt, 2012, 36)).
References
In some cases, the work may not include a separate bibliography.
In this case, references are given in footnotes. Please note that this design method is an exception; it is appropriate to use it if you work with a small number of sources in your text – one or two. In other cases, we recommend that you make a bibliography and use the citation system described above.
The difference in the bibliographic description of the list of references and in the interlinear design of references is only in the details. Namely, the year of publication is placed not after the name of the author (editor), but at the end of the description, before indicating the pages (in the case of a book) or immediately after the title of the periodical (in the case of a magazine or newspaper).
For example:
Arendt H. Lectures on Kant’s political philosophy. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2012.
Janssens D. (2006) Habeas Corpus?: Pierre Manent and the Politics of Europe // European Journal of Political Theory. 2006. No. 5. P. 171-190.
Marchart O. Die Politische Differenz. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2010.
If you give a link to several works at once, they are indicated in a row, separated by a semicolon, for example:
See: Arendt H. Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2012; Marchart O. Die Politische Differenz. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2010.
A full bibliographic description of the work is given at the first reference to it. Further in the text, if you repeatedly refer to this work, you must use the correct system of abbreviations. Be guided by the following rules:
1. To refer to the work cited immediately before (the reference is indicated directly in the text, not placed in the note):
Decree. op. P. 34. (for works in Russian)
Op. cit. P. 35. (for works in any foreign language)
2. To refer to the author’s last cited work, unless it immediately precedes the given reference.
Mamin-Sibiryak. Decree. op. p. 34.
Cohen. Op. cit. P. 35
this. To avoid confusion in such cases, the full title of the work (or the first completed part of this title) is indicated:
Mamin-Sibiryak. Mountain nest. S. 34.
Hall. A Sense of classlessness. P. 30.
4. If you are quoting the same page of the source in a row, then directly in the text it is enough to indicate in parentheses: (ibid.) (op. cit.)
5. In the case of writing an abstract, where in In the text you quote the same source repeatedly, you should proceed as follows. At the first mention of the work, a footnote gives a full bibliographic description of the work, with the clarification that you are subsequently citing this edition, for example:
Thornton Sarah. Club Cultures: Music, Media, and Subcultural Capital. Wesleyan University Press, 1996. – Subsequent pages in the text refer to this edition.
In the abstract itself, you simply indicate the page number in parentheses.
“Subcultural capital is the guiding line and pillar of an alternative hierarchy in which everything is lowered by the axes of age, sex, sexuality and ‘race’ in order to supplant, if possible, the attributes of class, income and profession” (105).
Description of Internet resources
1. When describing a news resource or a specialized site operating in the media mode – for example, an electronic scientific journal – it is necessary to indicate the name of the Internet resource and the date of publication, and after that – a hyperlink in brackets. If the published text refers to an interview or to genres other than an article (for example, if it is a poem), it is better to explain the nature of the material in square brackets:
Kuznetsov S. (2009) We loved him: Vasily Aksenov died // Openspace.ru website. July 7 (http://www.openspace.ru/literature/names/details/11156/).
(Source cited in the text: Kuznetsov, 2009.)
Khitrov A. (2011) Optimistic Internet TV channel Dozhd [Conversation with the editor-in-chief of TV channel
M. Zygarem] // Digital Icons. Vol. 6 (http://www.digitalicons.org/issue06/files/2012/01/6.6_Khitrov.pdf).
(Source link in the text: Khitrov, 2011.)
material, then indicate the actual name of the resource, the date of publication and the hyperlink. For example:
Sloterdijks Peter. (2007) Theorie des Fundamentalismus // YouTube. January 28 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9BOYVE46Nw&feature=related)
(Source cited in text: Sloterdijks, 2007.)
2NE1. (2009) I Don’t Care // YouTube. August 26 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MgAxMO1KD0&feature=relmfu).
(Source link in the text: 2NE1, 2009. )
3. When describing a LJ post, you must specify the author’s nickname (and decrypt it if the nickname is decrypted in user info – but only in this case!), post title, date placement, and then specify a hyperlink:
borkhers (B. Kherson) (2012) Notes of a psychiatrist // LiveJournal borkhers. February 21 entry (http://borkhers.livejournal.com/1235618.html#cutid1).
(Source link in the text: Khersonsky, 2012.)
When quoting a post on Facebook and Twitter, the author’s name, date of entry and hyperlink in brackets are indicated. If
the Facebook entry has a title (in the case of “Notes”), it must also be indicated:
Vadim Novikov. (2012) Facebook post: February 22 at 15:05 (http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=13705
).
Kurennoy V. (2011) Soviet cosmism // Facebook entry: 1 April at 23:07 (http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=177849912262955).
If a post on Facebook or LiveJournal is not public (for example, it is for
friends only or is a private journal), be sure to get permission from the post’s author
before linking to it. Try to observe this rule also in the case of public records in personal Internet resources.
4. When describing a material placed in an Internet library – for example, vavilon.ru, Moshkov Libraries or imwerden.de – you must indicate the edition that was scanned for this library, and then put “Cit. by:” and give a hyperlink. If the edition is not explicitly written, it can be found using search engines. For example, the novel by M.A. Asturias “The Owner of Treasures” is marked: 1961, trans. N. Trauberg. With the help of Google, it is easy to establish that in the current reprints this novel in the same translation is called “The Young Owner of Treasures.” Its description will look like this:
Asturias M. Young owner of treasures. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-klassika, 2003. Cit. via: http://lib.ru/INPROZ/ASTURIAS/wladetel.txt.
Some texts on vavilon.ru are marked “First published on the Web”, some texts on imwerden.de are also exclusive, although they are not marked with such marks. If a text search through Google does not provide information about paper
publications, the link is made in accordance with paragraph 6.
5. In other cases, after the author’s name and the title of the material, it is enough to put a hyperlink in brackets:
Letov S. Memorial notes about Sergey Kuryokhin (http://www.letov.ru/letov_kurehin.html).
(Link to the source in the text: Letov.)
6. When describing an Internet resource, in some cases the date of your access to it is indicated:
Letov S. Memorial notes about Sergey Kuryokhin (http://www.letov.ru /letov_kurehin.html) [op. February 26, 2012].
We do not necessarily require this indication from you when describing Internet resources. However, it is necessary to know0045 that such information is required by some Internet resource description standards.
7. When linking to Internet resources interlinearly, follow the formatting and abbreviation guidelines given above for regular bibliographic references.
Movie references
If your work analyzes movies, the movie reference is given as follows. The first time a film is mentioned in the text, the title of the film should be given, followed by the film’s director and year of release in parentheses. For example:
“Kuban Cossacks” (dir. Ivan Pyryev, 1949).
When referring to a foreign film, the title of the film in the original language is also indicated:
Lethal Weapon (dir. R. Donner, 1987).
Additional information about the film – for example, if the film was not released in the same year as the film – is given in a separate footnote.
If the work is based on the analysis of a large number of films, they are placed at the end of the work – before the list of references – in the form of a separate list (List of films), drawn up in accordance with the specified sample.
[1] See: GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic link. General requirements and drafting rules (http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=173511).
Bibliographic description and design of references
Bibliographic description and design of references
REFERENCES
GOST R 7.0.5-2008 General requirements and rules for compilation.
If we replace . (dot) to . – (dot dash), then . – (dot dash) put in the entire list of references.
General scheme of the bibliographic description :
0030
Header (surname, initials of authors)
Main title
: Additional information (textbook)
/ Information on the liability (acting, the surname of the editor, compiler;
University)
. EDITION INFORMATION (2nd ed., revised and supplemented)
. PLACE OF PUBLISHING (Moscow, Novosibirsk)
: PUBLISHING HOUSE
, YEAR OF PUBLISHING.
. NUMBER OF PAGES.
If there is no description area, skip. Can . replaced by . –
Book with one author :
Roslyakov AV OKS №7: architecture, protocols, application. Moscow: EcoTrends, 2010. 315 p.
Book with two authors :
Ruchkin VN, Fulin VA Computer network architecture. Moscow: DIALOG-MEPhI, 2010. 238 p.
Book with three authors :
Tarasevich L.S., Grebennikov P.I., Leussky A.I. Macroeconomics: textbook. Moscow: Higher. education, 2011. 658s.
Maksimenko VN, Afanasiev VV, Volkov NV Information protection in cellular mobile communication networks / ed. O. B. Makarevich. Moscow: Hotline-Telecom, 2009. 360 p.
A book with four or more authors : The description begins with a BASIC TITLE. The statement of responsibility indicates either all authors, or the first author with the addition of the abbreviation “and others” in square brackets [and others]
1. History of Russia in modern times: textbook / A. B. Bezborodov, N. V. Eliseeva, T. Yu. Krasovitskaya, O. V. Pavlenko. Moscow: Prospekt, 2014. 440 p.
or
1. History of Russia in modern times: textbook / A. B. Bezborodov [and others]. Moscow: Prospekt, 2014. 440 p.
Book without an author:
Insurance: textbook / ed. T. A. Fedorova. 3rd ed., revised. and additional Moscow: Master, 2011. 106 p.
Multi-volume edition:
Economic history of the world. Europe. T. 3 / under the general. ed. M. V. Konotopova. Moscow: Publishing House. corporation “Dashkov and K”, 2012. 350 p.
University textbook:
Zaslavsky KE Optical fibers for communication systems: textbook. allowance / Sib. state University of Telecommunications and Informatics. Novosibirsk, 2008.