Monthly Archives: May 2023

Careers, Salaries, Hours & Exits

“Then happy low, lie down! / Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.”

(Henry IV, Part 2, Act III, Sc. 1)

When you think about the investment banking Managing Director, your first thought may be a gorilla swinging through the jungle, devouring food and crushing the Analyst monkeys.

But if you want a more accurate view of the role, you should think about Henry IV’s state of mind from the soliloquy above.

Having deposed the former king, Richard II, he now faces betrayal from the same noble families that initially supported his claim to the throne.

Confronted with rebelling Welsh, Scots, and Englishmen, plus the French to the south, Henry is so stressed that he can no longer sleep at night.

He then realizes the great irony: thousands of his poorest subjects can fall asleep, while “nature’s soft nurse” continues to elude him.

And that’s an apt summary of the Managing Director job in investment banking: yes, you’re “the King,” but you may not get much sleep at night.

The Investment Banking Managing Director: Job Description

Managing Directors have one goal: to make it rain.

They spend their time winning deals and clients, meeting companies, and developing relationships, and they’re frequently on the road doing that.

They are responsible for winning most of the M&A, capital markets, and restructuring deals a bank executes – so, they are also responsible for most of its investment banking revenue.

Sometimes MDs get involved in deal marketing and negotiations, especially for high-profile clients that require special finesse, but they spend far less time on project management than VPs.

An MD’s average day is filled with tasks such as:

• Meeting with new companies that might become clients in the future, listening to their concerns, and answering their questions.
• Meeting with existing clients and subtly convincing them to do deals or updating them on overall market activity.
• Pitching companies and competing against other banks to win deals in “bake-offs” or “beauty pageants.”
• Meeting with private equity and venture capital firms to discuss their portfolio companies and which ones might need to sell, go public, or raise capital.
• Meeting with VPs and SVPs to discuss deals, potential deals, and internal matters such as recruiting.

Notice how 4 out of 5 of these bullets start with the word “meeting.”

That’s intentional because an MD’s life is a series of meetings.

It would be exceptionally rare for an MD to jump into Excel, Word, or PowerPoint to create documents, but they may make minor edits occasionally.

MDs still check and review deliverables, but only after the Associates and VPs have already done the initial checks.

As described in the article on the Vice President role, MDs have more autonomy than VPs and spend less time on execution, such as revisions of pitch books and CIMs.

At smaller banks, such as regional boutiques, MDs spend more time on traditional “sourcing” activities (conferences, cold emails, networking via referrals, etc.) because smaller banks always need new clients.

At larger banks, MDs spend more time servicing the bank’s existing clients, maintaining relationships, and casually pitching ideas to clients.

It’s hard to say whether the job is more or less difficult than a VP’s job, but it is a narrower one.

If you’re not great at multitasking, but you’re very good at doing one thing over and over again, you might do well as an MD – even if your VP job was a struggle.

On the other hand, if you think being a full-time networker and relationship manager is boring, then you should stay far away from this role.

Investment Banking MD Hours

On paper, Managing Directors have the best hours of any banker, with a likely range of 50-60 hours per week.

Just one small problem: those hours also include travel, and there’s a lot of it at this level.

The percentage depends on the bank size, the group (industry vs. product), and the office location, but it’s not unusual for bankers at this level to be on the road 50% of the time.

On the lower end, a product group MD that manages existing relationships and who is also in a big financial center might travel only 20-30% of the time.

But just like consultants, MDs also return home on weekends, so it’s plausible to have a family/social life at this level.

Why Would You Want to Become an MD?

Nearly all MDs are promoted internally, from the ranks of Senior Vice Presidents (SVPs) or Executive Directors (EDs) at the bank.

So, if you’re in a position to become an MD, you should already know that there is only one good reason to go for it: because you want to make a long-term career out of investment banking and stay in the role for at least 10 years.

In reality, most MDs do not even make it to the 2-year mark because of the enormous pressure to generate revenue, and only a small percentage of those who start as Analysts make it to the MD level (5-10%?).

So, you have to ask yourself if the potential payout – earning millions of dollars per year – is worth the pressure and the high chance of failure.

If you’re the rare person who gets hired as an MD as an outsider, then you need to figure out the nature of the role because these jobs may have somewhat different responsibilities (e.g., Rahm Emanuel’s stints in investment banking).

Investment Banking MD Salary (and Bonus)

Base salaries are in the mid-six-figure range, with total compensation in the high six figures to low seven figures.

An MD doing decently should earn at least $1 million per year, and sometimes a low multiple of that; the average range is probably $1 – $3 million.

A normal MD is unlikely to earn $10 or $20 million in a normal year; they would need to be even more senior (e.g., Group Head) for that to be plausible.

At the bulge-bracket banks, a significant percentage of an MD’s compensation is deferred or paid in stock.

That’s why it doesn’t make sense to stay in the role for only 1-2 years – you might lose out on the majority of your bonus(es).

And I’m guessing it’s also why Rahm Emanuel joined Centerview rather than Goldman Sachs…

A Day in the Life: What Does a Managing Director Do?

To illustrate this one, we’ll use the same day as in the Analyst, Associate, and VP articles, but change the perspective to the Managing Director instead:

8:00 AM – 9:00 AM: Do an internal conference call with MDs in other offices to review the group’s overall pipeline and some potential new deals.

In theory, everyone is supposed to weigh in and informally “approve” deals; in practice, fees trump everything.

You’re skeptical of one of the newer MDs who’s presenting high-fee-potential-but-also-highly-unlikely deals.

9:00 AM – 10:30 AM: You read a few emails from contacts at venture capital firms, and they’re suggesting that you meet with a few of their newer portfolio companies.

You read up on a recent industry conference, cross-reference it with their suggestions, and then have your assistant request meetings, following this soft introduction.

10:30 AM – 11:30 AM: You invite a promising VP to join you for a pitch about a bolt-on acquisition for a private equity firm’s portfolio company.

The PE firm is skeptical of this company’s merits, but you know they desperately need to turn this portfolio company’s fortunes around, so you persist.

11:30 AM – 2:00 PM: You head to lunch with the CEO of a client company that previously hired your bank to run acquisitions for it.

It’s supposed to be a short, 1-hour meeting with 30 minutes of transportation time, but this CEO keeps going on tangents and talking about his personal life, and you have to indulge him – at least if you want the potential for $20 million in fees in a few years.

2:00 PM – 3:30 PM: Back at the office, you conduct a series of calls with clients that are considering convertible bond issuances this year.

Low prevailing interest rates mean that investment-grade companies can issue zero-coupon bonds in many cases, which is quite appealing, so you make brief pitches and leave a few voicemails.

3:30 PM – 4:30 PM: The negotiations to finalize the Definitive Agreement in a fairly important M&A deal are about to fall through.

You have a relationship with the CEO of the buyer, so you call him and the CEO of the seller and try to get everyone on the same page.

The buyer wants a 3% termination fee, while the seller is willing to accept only a 2% fee, so this shouldn’t be that difficult… but you make little progress this time around.

4:30 PM – 5:30 PM: You conduct a job interview with an MD from another bank that your office is trying to poach.

He could boost the office’s fee revenue by at least 10%, but he’s also demanding significantly higher compensation than any of the current MDs, so it’s “wait and see” for now.

5:30 PM – 7:00 PM: You meet up with the staffer, a VP, and an Associate to discuss the office’s new hires this year.

Some have performed well in their first few months, but 1-2 of the Analysts and Associates seem unengaged and error-prone so far.

7:00 PM – 7:30 PM: The VP stays behind, and you vent to him over the CEO with all the personal issues from earlier in the day.

He’s clearly bored by these complaints, but you’re the senior banker who determines his bonus, so he has to stay and listen.

Then you strategize with him about a few other deals and head home.

—

This day may not seem “difficult,” and in some sense, it’s not: you didn’t have to perform open-heart surgery or rescue children from a burning building.

Butthe payoff from most of these tasks is unknown, and it often happens far into the future.

That said, you can’t just wait around for 5-10 years to get results with everything; you need evidence of potential fee revenue in the next 1-2 years if you want to stay employed.

How to Get Promoted to Managing Director at a Bank

As with VP-level promotions, technical skills do not matter at all.

What matters is your ability to get companies to sign on the line that is dotted.

If you’re bringing in deals and generating the required fee income as an ED or SVP, then you should have a good idea of whether or not you’ll be promoted.

The tricky part, though, is that the promotion process is not 100% based on your performance.

At most banks, existing MDs survey other senior bankers at the firm and ask everyone for their opinions of you.

Therefore, you need to make yourself “known” to people in positions of power elsewhere, and you need to avoid negative stories and hearsay at all costs.

Even if you perform well, you won’t get promoted if the most senior executives dislike your style, or if you caused some controversy (real or imagined) in previous years.

The Investment Banking Managing Director Job: Right for You?

As usual, this is the wrong question to ask because no one “chooses” to become an MD.

You start in IB, work your way up, and then stay in the field, switch firms, or switch industries.

It is impossible to know in advance how good you’ll be because the MD job does not use a common, everyday skill set.

So, my answer goes back to the point above: only take the job if you’re in it for the long-haul, ideally 10+ years.

It takes a long time to see a payoff from all the relationship building, office politicking, and deals that go nowhere – plus, you’ll give up significant deferred compensation if you leave early.

The biggest mistake we see is that students and career changers tend to think about the Managing Director job, and the investment banking career path in general, in terms of “hours and lifestyle.”

The thought process often goes like this:

“Well, I’ll have crazy hours in my 20’s, but if I can become an MD by my mid-30’s, it will be worth it since I’ll make over $1 million per year and will work only 50-60 hours per week. And then I can do it for a few years and retire when I’m 40.”

The problem here is that hours and lifestyle are useful metrics only for similar, entry-level jobs.

The nature of the investment banking Managing Director job and the sources of stress are so completely different that it’s ridiculous to view it through a $ per hour lens.

So, yes, you may be King.

And you won’t pull all-nighters at this level – but that doesn’t mean you’ll be able to sleep easily, either.

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

Further Reading

Take a look at Is Finance a Good Career Path? or my review of the The Way of the Wall Street Warrior or Investment Banker Salary and Bonus Report.

GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC Executive Salaries & Other Compensation

The charts on this page feature a breakdown of the total annual pay for the top executives at GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC as reported in their proxy statements.

Total Cash Compensation information is comprised of yearly Base Pay and Bonuses. GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC income statements for executive base pay and bonus are filed yearly with the SEC in the edgar filing system. GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC annual reports of executive compensation and pay are most commonly found in the Def 14a documents.

Total Equity aggregates grant date fair value of stock and option awards and long term incentives granted during the fiscal year.

Other Compensation covers all compensation-like awards that don’t fit in any of these other standard categories. Numbers reported do not include change in pension value and non-qualified deferred compensation earnings.

This report is not for commercial use. Thorough reviews have been conducted to assure this data accurately reflects disclosures. However for a complete and definitive understanding of the pay practices of any company, users should refer directly to the actual, complete proxy statement.

Use of Data / Disclaimer

The information shown here is a reporting of information included in the company’s proxy statement. The proxy statement includes footnotes and explanations of this information plus other information that is pertinent in assessing the overall value and appropriateness of the compensation information. For those interested in conducting a detailed compensation analysis, we recommend that you review the entire proxy statement. You may retrieve the full proxy statement by going to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website at www.sec.gov and entering the company’s name and then looking in the first column for an entry of “Form DEF 14A” (or any similar code). You may also find the annual proxy statement by going directly to the company’s website.

What is a proxy statement?

A proxy statement (or “proxy”) is a form that every publicly traded U.S. company is required to file with the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) within 120 days after the end of its fiscal year. The proxy must be sent to every shareholder in advance of the company’s annual shareholders meeting. All proxy statements are public filings made available to the general public by the SEC.

The proxy statement’s main purpose is to alert shareholders to the annual meeting and provide them information about the issues that will be voted on during the annual meeting, including decisions such as electing directors, ratifying the selection of auditors, and other shareholder-related decisions, including shareholder-initiated initiatives. Also, proxies must disclose specific detailed information regarding the pay practices for certain executives.

Goldman Sachs restructured assets in Russia, top management became the buyer

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Goldman Sachs restructured its assets in Russia, top management became the buyer

The buyers could be Maxim Klimov, managing director of the Goldman Sachs European Special Situational Group, and Anton Schreider, managing director of Goldman Sachs in Russia

Goldman Sachs restructured its assets in Russia, writes RBC citing two sources in the investment market market. According to one of them, Maxim Klimov, managing director of the European special situational group Goldman Sachs, and Anton Schreider, managing director of the bank in Russia, became the buyers of the asset portfolio. The main assets of Goldman Sachs in Russia, RBC’s source named shares in HeadHunter Group, which owns the HeadHunter recruitment service, Cian, which owns the CIAN real estate database, and IXcellerate Limited, the parent structure of the data center operator of the same name in Russia.

According to the source, the deal took place last year. It could be “cash, but at a big discount.” According to the source, after the start of the CBO, Goldman Sachs wanted to exit Russian assets, “regardless of losses.” At the same time, the source of the publication noted that until February 2022, Goldman Sachs was a more active investor in the Russian market than Baring Vostok, one of the leading private investment companies operating in Russia and the CIS. Goldman Sachs invested its own funds rather than collecting various investors in funds.

Confirmation of changes in the structure of Russian assets of Goldman Sachs in RBC was also found in some public documents. Thus, in the materials of HeadHunter sent to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), it is indicated that a new structure has appeared among its shareholders – Broomfield International Limited. According to the website HeadHunter, by January 18, Broomfield owned 2.9% of HeadHunter, while Goldman Sachs’ share fell from 8.7% to 5.9%. Last December, Broomfield International Limited also became the owner of 9.4% of Cian shares. At the same time, Maxim Klimov and Anton Schrader registered a company in Dubai with the consonant name Broomfield Proprietary Investments in November 2022, RBC writes, citing data from the Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC).

Goldman Sachs announced back in March of last year that it plans to end operations in Russia. It became the first major American investment bank to make such a decision. At the same time, the bank reported that it was going to continue trading in debt obligations of companies associated with Russia. In early November, Goldman Sachs said it had cut its credit exposure in Russia by 9% in the third quarter.% to $205 million. The group noted in a statement that it allows for further strengthening of sanctions against Russia and “a possible material difference in actual impact from what is currently expected. ”

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Goldman Sachs replaced 600 traders with 200 programmers0054

The investment bank Goldman Sachs (in financial circles, this giant agglomerate is simply called the Firm, the Russian representative office is Goldman Sachs LLC) is engaged in investment banking, investment management, underwriting and a huge number of other services. It is difficult to find an area in which Firma does not have a share: it was engaged in the initial public offering of Rosneft shares, owns almost a million Tesla shares, and so on.

In the US, there are no profitable foreign currency deposits and high-yielding foreign currency government bonds, as we have, so the population usually tries to save money from inflation by buying securities. Alternatively, you can give money to the management of an investment or pension fund. Theoretically, professional management of financial assets allows you to quickly increase capital or save money, depending on what task is set for the manager. The only problem is that this “laying” between the investor and the financial market does not guarantee any profit, but it will never remain at a loss.

At its peak in the 2000s, the trading department at Goldman Sachs’ New York headquarters (pictured) housed 600 traders. Each served large clients. Today, their work is almost completely automated: there are only two securities traders left at work. All the work is done by algorithmic trading programs, which are serviced by 200 highly qualified programmers.

Marty Chavez, Deputy Chief Financial Officer and former Chief Information Officer of Goldman Sachs, spoke about the upgrade of the technical infrastructure. He spoke at the “Money, Data and Algorithms: Computational Economics” symposium on the future of applied computer science. The symposium was held at the Institute of Applied Computing Sciences at Harvard University in January 2017.

The financier admitted that traditional business models are becoming a thing of the past. “Everything we do is now supported by mathematics and software,” said Marty Chavez. He compared the modern financial empire Goldman Sachs to Google. They really do have a lot in common. For example, 33% of Goldman Sachs employees are software developers. The Firm employs 9,000 programmers. Another question is which company the most talented developer will decide to find a job in: Google or Goldman Sachs. Maybe, in a sense, they even compete in the labor market, because they hire the best.

The annual symposium on the application of computational methods to economics brought together hundreds of programmers, scientists and businessmen from the United States. This year there were interesting reports, including on the use of blockchain in the financial industry: how Bitcoin and the block chain work, and why the transition to this system is a “return to the roots”, to the original decentralized idea of ​​​​money as they were conceived. from the beginning, when there were no banks. In ancient times, not a single merchant could imagine that a third party could intervene in a transaction, somehow “freeze” money and interfere. But this is exactly what is happening now with conventional non-cash payments – intermediaries in the face of banks can freeze the account or cancel the transaction.

Blockchain technology can be very useful in the financial industry, says speaker Aviv Zohar from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He said that there is a huge amount of innovation happening with altcoins right now, some crazy and amazing ideas are being born and tested there. For the needs of the banking industry, experts are developing more advanced protocols for working with the blockchain, which are devoid of some of the disadvantages of bitcoin and altcoins. For example, the SPECTRE protocol described in the 2016 paper by Lewenberg and Sompolinsky.

The financial industry is eyeing interesting concepts from the world of cryptocurrencies such as zero-knowledge proofs, smart contracts, etc.

Aviv Zohar warned only that when used in the financial field, programs should be carefully checked and tested. He recalled the history of software in the decentralized autonomous organization The DAO. A few weeks after the launch of The DAO, hackers found a simple bug that allows you to transfer funds without resetting your account – and withdrew tens of millions of dollars from the Etherium system.

A bug in the DAO software

For this reason, Goldman Sachs and other investment banks invite only the best programmers. If traders’ mistakes can lead to small financial losses, then a mistake in a trading computer program can cause much more damage.

Other investment firms are following Goldman Sachs’ lead by adopting algorithmic trading and replacing traders with programmers. According to Coalition statistics, now almost 45% of trading takes place electronically, without the direct participation of people.

In addition to increasing efficiency, this allows companies to get rid of unnecessary high-paid personnel, because in the largest investment banks, traders earn an average of $42,000 per month in salaries and bonuses. Obviously, this money is taken from the profits of investors, including from the money of ordinary people who invest their earned dollars in investment funds in order to save savings for old age. And at Goldman Sachs, traders’ salaries were even higher.

Computer programs are designed in such a way as to repeat the logic and strategies of effective human traders as much as possible, only these actions are performed an order of magnitude faster. And the program won’t take millions of dollars in commissions.

Goldman Sachs is currently automating other elements of its operations. For example, there are already 146 specific steps that need to be taken to go public with a company, and many are just “begging to be automated,” said Marty Chavez of the Firm.

By the way, Goldman Sachs recently opened a new service for ordinary people: a fully automatic consumer lending platform Marcus. Interestingly, this platform was raised like a startup by one of the groups that Goldman Sachs sheltered at its headquarters in New York.

We Help Children & Families Succeed

A family should be a safe zone, a place one goes to find support in times of crisis. But many Denton County families are unable to satisfy basic needs, let alone weather emergencies. With supportive services, individual and group coaching, and connections to resources around the community, United Way of Denton County helps families develop resiliency and resources to improve their lives.

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THROUGH COMMUNITY INVESTMENTS AND COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS, WE

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• Help low to moderate income families with free tax preparation and school supplies
• Promote access to education and lifelong learning
• Organize local food drives to help combat food insecurity

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DENTON COUNTY WORKFORCE SUCCESS LEADERSHIP TEAM

Our vision is for all individuals in Denton County achieve financial security. The mission of the Workforce Success Leadership Team is to create and promote a holistic community approach to the workforce that provides every individual and family with the opportunity to increase earning potential, succeed, and thrive.

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  DENTON COUNTY WORKS

Denton County Works is designed to bridge the gap between job seekers and employers as a resource for job seekers with local job listings, tips, and resources. 

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FAMILY CHILD CARE NETWORK

The Family Child Care Network (FCCN) attempts to meet the growing need for affordable childcare in Denton County by providing the tools  needed for individuals in the community to start their own in-home child care centers. 

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ALICE (

Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed)

ALICE stands for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed and represents the population of individuals and families in Denton County who are working but unable to afford the basic necessities of housing, food, childcare, health care, and transportation. The ALICE household survival budget is $52,956 for a family of four. This budget only includes the necessities and does not cover savings or emergencies.

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 EDUCATING EDUCATORS

Educating Educators is a project from the Denton County Workforce Success Leadership Team’s Child Care Workgroup that is dedicated to providing affordable, quality continuing education sessions to the Denton County Community. Educating Educators holds monthly trainings on the third Saturday of every month from 10:00am to 12:00pm.

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EARLY CHILDHOOD RESOURCES

Are you a parent looking for child care in Denton County? Or, are you a child care provider looking for additional resources? Learn more about the variuos resources for parents and child care providers in Denton County. 

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Resources – Family | Division of Student Affairs

Juggling the responsibilities of attending college and taking care of a family can be overwhelming.   Our Family Resource webpage is designed to make your life a little easier by linking you to helpful resources for child care, family, funding, and more. Our goal is to provide as much assistance to you as we possibly can so you can best meet the needs of you and your family and continue to be a successful student. Please contact Off-Campus Student Services if you need more assistance at [email protected] or (940) 565-3807.

 

Complete Care pairs UrbanSitter’s child care, pet care, senior care, and household services with Kinside’s marketplace of daycares and preschools to bring you the very best coverage for all your needs. No matter the scenario, find the care that fits your budget, schedule, location, and preferences. This program is FREE to UNT students, faculty, and staff. An introduction to Complete Care can be found HERE!

To sign up, visit the Complete Care website HERE!

 

Texas Child Care Solutions (Texas Workforce Commission)

Texas Child Care Solutions (TCCS) offers resources to assist families with child care and development. In order for you to attend school and/or work, you could be eligible for partial or full child care financial assistance depending on the following eligibility criteria:

• Receiving or transitioning off of public assistance
• Receiving or needing protective services
• Family is low income

Services are provided based on your region of residence, or “Workforce Area”. Denton and Collin Counties are in the North Central Texas Workforce Area. Please visit the Texas Child Care Solutions site to apply for child care assistance and additional family-based resources such as employment, Head Start and prekindergarten, child development, financial, and family support.

Link: Workforce Solutions North Central Texas (Includes Denton and Collin Counties)

Link: Guidelines to Apply for Child Care Financial Assistance (North Central Texas)

Link: Texas Child Care Solutions Home Page

Link: Texas Child Care Solutions Financial Assistance Page

Denton ISD Pre-Kindergarten Program: Thrive by 5

The Denton Independent School District is offering a 2021-2022 Pre-Kindergarten program. There are free and reduced-price options based on financial eligibility requirements. Additionally, there is a tuition-based option. Applications for 2021-2022 will be accepted beginning summer 2021, so be sure to refer to the Thrive by 5 website for details.

Texas Home Institution for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)

HIPPY is a home visitation program that serves as a catalyst for change at all levels – family, school, and community – by increasing school readiness and parent involvement. HIPPY empowers parents as the primary educators of their children. We foster parent involvement in school and community life to maximize the chances of successful early school experiences.

Drop-In Care Options

These providers and the information concerning them are intended as referrals only. The specific information included in each child care referral has been submitted to us by the provider. We do not license, endorse, or recommend any provider. Additionally, we do not ensure that any provider offers quality care. We encourage you to visit the providers to determine what is best for your family and your child care needs.

Fatherhood EFFECT

The Fatherhood EFFECT (Educating Fathers for Empowering Children Tomorrow) program is to help father participants (legal, assumed, or father figure in the life of a minor child) improve their relationships with their children; maintain family sustainability, and increase their economic stability. Fathers will be connected to a variety of community services and agencies and intensive mentor-navigator engagement employed by NewDay Services.

Lactation Rooms

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act calls for certain organizations with 50 or more employees to provide a private location and “reasonable break time” for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after the child’s birth. Bathrooms cannot be designated as lactations rooms by the institution.

Five rooms for breastfeeding have been completed and furnished in the busiest buildings:

• Union 431 (next to the restrooms)
• Discovery Park B145
• Willis Library 155C- need a key from front desk to access (Currently closed as Library is under renovation)
• Gateway Center C058A- need the key from the front desk to access
• General Academic Building 542A-need key from Dean’s Office (rm 210) to access

The private rooms are indicated by the universal breastfeeding logo (see below), except for Union 431.

Each room has a wood-look vinyl plank floor for ease of cleaning, includes a bariatric chair (rated to hold up to 1,000 pounds) covered in vinyl upholstery (also for ease of cleaning), a side table, and a table lamp so nursing mothers can turn off the overhead light if they so choose.

Each room also includes an outlet for a breast pump and a Koala brand changing table. There are no sinks in the rooms, but wall-mounted hand sanitizer dispensers installed.

For a comprehensive list of lactation rooms, please use the Lactation Rooms link above.

The Texas Health Code identifies organizations as “mother-friendly” when they establish policies to support worksite breastfeeding. The code also allows breastfeeding in any location.

• Government Policy about Lactation Rooms.

Financial Resources

The following links direct you to on-campus and off-campus financial resources:

UNT Student Financial Aid and Scholarships – Apply for grants, work-study, loans, and scholarships.

UNT Student Money Management Center – Schedule a consultation to help you create a financial survival plan, including setting goals and establishing a budget.

UNT Career Center – On-campus resource for on-campus and off-campus job or career opportunities, resume/CV assistance, interview skills, internships, jobs for your major, and much more. Virtual programming may be available for those not able to meet on campus.

UNT Student Legal Services – Receive legal guidance, assistance, or representations for certain legal matters, such as landlord or lease disputes, debt collection, employment disputes, limited family law (simple divorce, name change), record expunctions, and more. If they cannot provide representation, such as criminal, traffic, or complex family matters, they will refer you to the State Bar referral network.

UNT Student Veteran Services – Resources designed specifically for offered to those who served in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Workforce Solutions for North Central Texas – Funding for child care services whose families are low income. UNT faculty, staff, and students are automatically enrolled in the program after verification. See the website for specific eligibility information, which varies based on where you live.

Texas Workforce Solutions (Employment) – Another resource for finding employment, unemployment benefits, dependent-care, training and education, employee rights and laws, and more.

Child and Dependent Care Tax Credits – Forms and information to help you apply for credits that can help you pay for childcare.

Parenting Topics and Resources

Child Care Tips 

• Bedtime Battles 
• Tantrums 
• The ABC’s of Potty Training
• Discipline Tool Kit 
• Bed Wetting in Big Kids
• Brain Development
• Children with Special Needs
• Is Your Child Ready to Stay Home Alone

UNT Programs for Children

• Early Childhood Music
• Center for Play Therapy
• UNT Speech & Hearing Center
• UNT Autism Center
• Child and Family Resource Clinic
• UNT Center for Parent Education

Pre-School Options

You can choose to enroll your children in a laboratory pre-school that is available through the Child Development Laboratory at UNT. However, enrollment is limited. Administered through the College of Education, the pre-school enrolls children ages 3 to 5. The program runs throughout the academic year when classes are in session, and spaces are available for up to 55 children. Mornings, afternoons, or full-day sessions are offered. 

Product Safety Recall List

Products consumed by children are sometimes recalled by the manufacturer due to new-found safety issues that could seriously harm children. Use the link above to see a list of recalled products that you or your child use.

 

 

University of North Texas – The Academic Advisor

University of North Texas (University of North Texas) is located in the small town of Denton, Texas. It was founded in 1890 as a teacher training institute with the intention of becoming a future leader in the education of the young men and women of Texas.

Denton is a college town of 122,000 residents located 40 miles from the Texas metropolitan area of ​​Dallas. There are more than 500 different companies here, which gives students great opportunities for internships and internships, as well as further employment.

Denton County is one of the top 10 best places to live and work in the US according to CNN Money.

The University of North Texas is divided into the following colleges:

• College of Arts and Sciences;
• College of Business;
• College of Education;
• College of Engineering;
• College of Information Technology;
• College of Merchandising, Hospitality and Tourism;
• College of Music;
• College of Social Science and Community Service;
• College of Fine Arts and Design;
• School of Journalism.

The university offers more than 100 undergraduate programs, 83 master’s programs, and 37 PhD programs.

I would like to pay special attention to one of the strongest areas at the university: business and engineering.

College of Engineering

In the ranking of bachelor’s programs in engineering, the university ranks 58 in the country, which is a very high indicator.
The College of Engineering offers 21 bachelor’s programs, each of which will teach students both theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.

In what areas is it possible to study at the College of Engineering?

1. Biomedical Engineering;
2. Computer Engineering;
3. Computer Science;
4. Electrical Engineering;
5. Materials Science and Engineering;
6. Mechanical and Energy Engineering;
7. Construction Engineering Technology;
8. Electrical Engineering Technology;
9. Mechanical Engineering Technology;
10. Information Technology.

In the engineering curriculum, a lot of attention is paid to practical training, internships and work. Also, students are given the opportunity to work in parallel with their studies under the co-op program.
University of North Texas students have completed internships with the following companies: ALCATEL USA / Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. / General Electric / IBM / Microsoft Corporation / Motorola / Nokia / Nortel / Raytheon / Texas Instrumentals.

College of Business

The College of Business is proud to have undergraduate business programs ranked 191 nationwide and logistics programs ranked 6th in America.

The University of North Texas College of Business is one of the top 30 largest business schools in the country with about 5,500 students. Undergraduate and graduate programs in accounting are ranked in the top 50 in the country.

In what areas is training possible?

• Accounting;
• Business Integrated Studies;
• Decision Sciences;
• Economics;
• Entrepreneurship;
• Finance;
• Marketing;
• Operations and Supply Chain Management;
• Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management;
• Real Estate;
• Risk, Insurance and Finance Services;
• Aviation Logistics;
• Business Computer Information Systems;
• Logistics and Supply Chain Management.
  

Child Development Basics | CDC

New study: 1 in 3 children don’t get enough sleep.

Children with special health care needs are especially at risk. Learn more

Physical Developmental Delays:
What to look for

Healthy Development

The early years of a child’s life are very important for his or her health and development. Healthy development means that children of all abilities, including those with special health care needs, are able to grow up where their social, emotional and educational needs are met. Having a safe and loving home and spending time with family―playing, singing, reading, and talking―are very important. Proper nutrition, exercise, and sleep also can make a big difference.

Effective Parenting Practices

Parenting takes many different forms. However, some positive parenting practices work well across diverse families and in diverse settings when providing the care that children need to be happy and healthy, and to grow and develop well. A recent report looked at the evidence in scientific publications for what works, and found these key ways that parents can support their child’s healthy development:

• Responding to children in a predictable way
• Showing warmth and sensitivity
• Having routines and household rules
• Sharing books and talking with children
• Supporting health and safety
• Using appropriate discipline without harshness

Parents who use these practices can help their child stay healthy, be safe, and be successful in many areas—emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and social. Read more about the report here.

Positive Parenting Tips

Get parenting, health, and safety tips for children from birth through 17 years of age

New, easy-to-use, interactive web tools for children and teens to deal with thoughts and feelings in a healthy way.

Developmental Milestones

Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye-bye” are called developmental milestones. Children reach milestones in how they play, learn, speak, behave, and move (for example, crawling and walking).

Children develop at their own pace, so it’s impossible to tell exactly when a child will learn a given skill. However, the developmental milestones give a general idea of the changes to expect as a child gets older.

As a parent, you know your child best. If your child is not meeting the milestones for his or her age, or if you think there could be a problem with your child’s development, talk with your child’s doctor and share your concerns. Don’t wait.

Milestones children should reach from birth through 5 years of age

Learn more about milestones and parenting tips from the National Institutes of Health:

• Normal growth and developmentexternal icon
• Preschoolersexternal icon
• School age childrenexternal icon
• Adolescentsexternal icon

Developmental Monitoring and Screening

Parents, grandparents, early childhood providers, and other caregivers can participate in developmental monitoring, which observes how your child grows and changes over time and whether your child meets the typical developmental milestones in playing, learning, speaking, behaving, and moving.

Developmental screening takes a closer look at how your child is developing. A missed milestone could be a sign of a problem, so when you take your child to a well visit, the doctor, nurse, or another specialist might give your child a brief test, or you will complete a questionnaire about your child.

If the screening tool identifies an area of concern, a formal developmental evaluation may be needed, where a trained specialist takes an in-depth look at a child’s development.

If a child has a developmental delay, it is important to get help as soon as possible. When a developmental delay is not found early, children must wait to get the help they need to do well in social and educational settings.

Learn more about developmental monitoring and screening

If You’re Concerned

If your child is not meeting the milestones for his or her age, or you are concerned about your child’s development, talk with your child’s doctor and share your concerns. Don’t wait!

Learn more about what to do if you’re concerned

Promoting Health for Children and Adolescents

How CDC is Promoting Health for Children and Adolescents

• Reducing Obesity Risk in ECE Facilities
• Improving Healthy Food Options in School
• Improving PE and Physical Activity
• Preventing Tobacco Use
• Helping Children and Adolescents Manage Chronic Conditions
• Supporting Social and Emotional Learning
• Promoting the Use of Dental Sealants
• Promoting Better Sleep

Establishing healthy behaviors to prevent chronic disease is easier and more effective during childhood and adolescence than trying to change unhealthy behaviors during adulthood. CDC’s National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion works with parents, early care and education (ECE) facilities, schools, health systems, and communities to keep children healthy.

Childhood obesity is a serious national problem. In the United States, over 12% of children aged 2 to 5 years have obesity. Children’s health behaviors are shaped by many settings, including their home, ECE facilities, schools, and communities.

ECE settings—which include day care, preschool and pre-K facilities, and care provided in homes—are ideal places to encourage good nutrition and physical activity for early obesity prevention. CDC’s Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity funds recipients who work to improve the quality of ECE programs across state and local levels—for example, through standards and licensing, technical assistance networks, and training requirements for providers.

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The percentage of obesity is over 20% for children aged 6 to 11 and over 21% for adolescents aged 12 to 19. Children who have obesity are at higher risk of having obesity as adults. School is an ideal setting for children to learn and practice healthy eating.

Most US children attend school for 6 to 7 hours a day and consume as much as half of their daily calories at school. CDC Healthy Schools in the Division of Population Health recommends that schools create an environment that helps students make healthy choices about foods and beverages.

Some examples of CDC-recommended actions to improve nutrition in schools are:

• Promote access to and participation in school breakfast and lunch.
• Ensure that all foods and drinks sold or served outside of school meal programs are nutritious and appealing.
• Offer healthy foods and drinks at school celebrations and events. Use only nonfood items as rewards.
• Provide more access to drinking water.
• Promote healthy foods and drinks—for example, by pricing them lower than less healthy items.
• Teach nutrition in health education classes, throughout the school day, and in after-school programs—for example, through school gardens and farm-to-school activities.
• Provide students enough time (at least 20 minutes) once they are seated to enjoy their meal.

CDC funds state departments of education to increase the number of students who consume nutritious foods and drinks.

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About one-fourth of adolescents get the recommended 60 minutes a day of physical activity. CDC Healthy Schools recommends that schools offer students multiple ways to be physically active, which will help them build healthy habits for a lifetime.

Schools are encouraged to:

• Offer physical education to increase students’ knowledge, skills, and confidence to be physically active. Physical education can also help improve academic outcomes, like grades and standardized test scores, and classroom behavior.
• Offer recess at all grade levels to encourage students to be physically active and engaged with their peers in activities of their choice.
• Integrate physical activity into classroom instruction.
• Promote before- and after-school opportunities to be physically active, through walking or biking programs, physical activity clubs, intramural programs, and competitive sports.
• Provide equal opportunities for students with disabilities to be physically active.

CDC funds state departments of education to increase the number of students who participate in daily physical education and physical activity.

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Nearly 9 in 10 adults who smoke cigarettes in the United States first tried a cigarette before age 18. Every day, about 1,600 young people under 18 try their first cigarette, and nearly 200 end up smoking cigarettes daily. About 7 of every 100 middle school students and about 24 of every 100 high school students report current use of some type of tobacco product.

Any tobacco use among young people—whether smoked, smokeless, or electronic—is unsafe because nicotine is addictive and can harm the developing brain. Nicotine exposure during adolescence affects learning, memory, and attention and primes the brain for addiction.

CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health is at the forefront of the nation’s efforts to reduce deaths and prevent chronic diseases that result from commercial* tobacco use. CDC’s activities include:

• Monitoring youth tobacco use through the National Youth Tobacco Survey, which focuses on use, beliefs, and knowledge about tobacco among middle and high school students.
• Funding 50 states and the District of Columbia, 8 US territories and freely associated states, 26 tribes, 8 national networks, and several other partners to support their efforts to prevent youth tobacco use and reduce tobacco-related disease and death.
• Helping parents, educators, health care providers, and other youth influencers understand and talk to young people about the risks of tobacco products by developing easy-to-understand materials.

* When CDC references tobacco on this web page, we are referring to the use of commercial tobacco and not the sacred and traditional use of tobacco by some American Indian communities.

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About 2 in 5 US students aged 6 to 17 has a chronic health condition such as asthma, diabetes, or epilepsy. Managing students’ chronic health conditions can be a challenge for school personnel. A coordinated effort that involves family members, community groups, social service agencies, and medical providers working with teachers, school nurses, and staff is crucial.

The health care needs of children with chronic health conditions can be complex and continuous and include both daily management and potential emergencies. Ensuring that students have the health services they need to manage their chronic conditions while at school is important in helping them stay healthy and ready to learn.

CDC funds state education agencies to improve the delivery of health services in schools and increase the number of students who can effectively manage their chronic health conditions.

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Social and emotional learning can help children and adolescents develop the skills they need to recognize and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, appreciate the perspectives of others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions. A positive social and emotional climate at school enables students to develop these skills.

CDC supports school policies and practices for social and emotional learning and creating a positive social and emotional climate to improve students’ overall health and academic achievement.

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Dental sealants are protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth, where most cavities start. Although use of sealants has increased, this effective intervention remains underused. Less than half of children aged 6 to 11 have dental sealants. The use of dental sealants also varies among racial and ethnic groups, as does the prevalence of treated and untreated cavities. Children from lower-income households are twice as likely to have untreated cavities as those from higher-income households. They are also less likely to have dental sealants.

School sealant programs provide dental sealants at no charge to children who are less likely to receive private dental care. These programs provide sealants to students at school using mobile dental equipment. Providing these services at school is especially effective at reaching children at risk of developing cavities.

Programs funded by CDC’s Division of Oral Health focus on schools that serve children at high risk of cavities. CDC provides guidance to state and community programs to help them plan, set up, and evaluate school sealant programs and to complement services provided by private dentists. An online data collection tool called SEALS allows programs to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of their efforts.

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Sleep is increasingly recognized as a component of good health. Children who don’t get enough sleep are at increased risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, attention and behavior problems, poor mental health, and injuries. Children aged 6 to 12 need 9 to 12 hours of sleep a night. Teens aged 13 to 18 need 8 to 10 hours of sleep a night.

CDC works to increase parents’ awareness about their children’s need for good sleep and how they can help their children get enough—for example, by setting the same bed and wake-up times each day, including on the weekends, and by modeling good sleep behaviors.

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Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages – Sustainability

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Goal 3: Ensuring healthy lifestyles and promoting well-being for all at all agesElmira Tairova2020-07-29T13:27:09-04:00

Goal 3: Ensuring healthy lifestyles and promoting well-being for all at all ages

Ensuring healthy lifestyles and promoting well-being for all at all ages are important components of sustainable development.

The world is currently experiencing an unprecedented global health crisis as COVID-19 is spreading human suffering, destabilizing the global economy and fundamentally changing the lives of billions of people around the world.

Prior to the pandemic, significant progress had been made in improving the health of millions of people. Significant progress has been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the most common causes of death associated with child and maternal mortality. But more efforts are needed to completely eradicate a wide range of diseases and address many different persistent and emerging health problems. By focusing on better financing health systems, improving sanitation and hygiene, and increasing access to doctors, significant progress can be made in helping to save the lives of millions of people.

Health emergencies such as COVID-19 represent a global risk and have demonstrated the urgent need for preparedness. The United Nations Development Program has highlighted the vast disparities in countries’ ability to cope with and recover from the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic represents a tipping point for preparedness for health emergencies and for investing in critical national public services of the 21st century.

COVID-19 response

The World Health Organization (WHO) is leading the global response to COVID-19. The Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan, developed by WHO and partners, outlines the public health actions that countries need to take to prepare for and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The April 2020 Strategy Update provides further guidance on the public health response to COVID-19at the national and subnational levels, and highlights the role of the coordinated support needed from the international community to address the challenge caused by COVID-19.

Individuals and organizations who want to help fight the pandemic and support WHO and its partners can donate through the COVID-19 Solidarity and Response Fund, which supports WHO’s work to track and understand the spread of the virus, to ensure that patients receive the care they need and that primary health workers receive the essential supplies and information they need, and to accelerate the research and development of vaccines and treatments for all who need them.

In addition, WHO is working with partners to provide guidance and advice to people taking care of their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially healthcare workers, health care leaders, caregivers, older people, people in isolation, and members of the public at large.

The pandemic is much more than just a health crisis. It requires a government and society-wide response that is in line with the determination and willingness to sacrifice on the part of primary health care workers.

• Facts and numbers

• Tasks

• Useful links

Children’s Health

COEPHI In general, in 2012 it amounted to almost half of the corresponding figure in 1990. There were 17,000 fewer children dying every day than in 1990.
• Since 2000, measles vaccination has prevented more than 15.6 million deaths.
• Globally, four out of five under-five deaths still occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
• Children born to the poorest families are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five as children from the wealthiest families.
• The risk of dying before the age of five also increases if children are born in rural areas and if their mothers are deprived of basic education.

Maternal health

• Since 2000, maternal mortality has decreased by 37 percent.
• In East Asia, North Africa and South Asia, maternal mortality has fallen by about two-thirds.
• However, the maternal mortality rate in developing countries is 14 times higher than in developed countries.
• In developing regions, antenatal care coverage increased from 65 percent to 83 percent between 1990 and 2012.
• In developing regions, only half of women receive the recommended amount of assistance.
• Adolescent birth rates have declined in most developing countries, but progress has slowed.
• Contraceptive use has increased in most regions, but there are still unmet needs in family planning.

HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

• In 2017, there were 36.9million people living with HIV.
• At the end of 2017, there were 21.7 million people worldwide accessing antiretroviral therapy.
• In 2017, there were an estimated 1.8 million new HIV infections.
• In 2017, 940,000 people died from AIDS.
• Overall, since the beginning of the epidemic, 77.3 million people have become infected with HIV and 35.4 million have died from AIDS.
• Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV, killing one third of those infected.
• Around the world, adolescent girls and young women face gender inequality, exclusion, discrimination and violence, which puts them at increased risk of HIV infection.
• HIV is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age worldwide.
• AIDS is now the leading cause of death among adolescents (aged 10–19 years) in Africa and the second leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide.
• More than 6.2 million malaria deaths were averted between 2000 and 2015, mostly among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that the incidence of malaria in the world has decreased by 37 per cent and mortality has decreased by 58 per cent.

• Targets

• By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
• By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries striving to reduce neonatal deaths to no more than 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 deaths to no more than 25 per 1,000 live births .
• By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other infectious diseases.
• By 2030, reduce by one third premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
• Improve the prevention and treatment of substance dependence, including drug and alcohol abuse.
• By 2020, halve the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents worldwide.
• By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, information and education, and mainstream reproductive health into national policies and programmes.
• Ensure universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care, and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.
• By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from exposure to hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and poisoning.
• Strengthen implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, if necessary.
• Promote research and development of vaccines and drugs for the treatment of communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries,
  Ensure the availability of affordable essential medicines and vaccines in line with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which reaffirms the right of developing countries to make full use of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in terms of flexibility for public health purposes and, in particular, ensuring access to medicines for all.
• Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of health workers in developing countries, especially the least developed countries and small island developing States.
• Build the capacity of all countries, especially developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.

• Useful Links

• World Health Organization (WHO)
• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
• United Nations Development Program
• UNAIDS
• Malaria Reduction (MSM)
• UN Women
• UN-Water
• Breaking the Silence on Open Defecation

Health and well-being: Why is it important? (PDF)

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✔ Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Goal 3: Good Health And Well-Being is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations at period up to 2030. Full title: “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”.

1

By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.

2

By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five years of age. At the same time, all countries should strive to reduce neonatal mortality to no more than 12 cases per 1,000 births, and mortality under the age of five years to no more than 25 cases per 1,000 births.

3

By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and tropical diseases; ensure the fight against hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other infectious diseases.

4

By 2030, reduce by one third premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases through prevention, treatment, mental health and well-being.

5

Improve the prevention and treatment of substance dependence, including drug and alcohol abuse.

6

By 2020, halve the number of road traffic deaths and injuries worldwide.

7

By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, information and education, and mainstreaming reproductive health into national policies and programmes.

8

Achieve universal health coverage; in particular, to ensure access for all: to quality health care services; to safe, effective, high-quality and inexpensive medicines and vaccines.

9

By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from exposure to hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and poisoning.

Ensuring healthy lifestyles and promoting the well-being of all people at all ages is one of the most important components of sustainable development. The United Nations has concluded that many more emerging and persistent health problems require much more effort than is currently being undertaken.

In general, among the areas requiring funding to save millions of lives, there are access to medical services, sanitation and hygiene, and pollution control.

For example, reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases requires, among other things, the introduction of technologies to reduce the use of harmful substances in food production, as well as strengthening the fight against tobacco smoking.

One of the serious challenges of our time is child and maternal mortality, as well as epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. According to the UN, the first two areas require a significant improvement in the provision of medical services, and the problem of epidemics is not given due attention at all.

Today, four out of five deaths among children under five years of age occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Children born to the poorest families are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five as children from the richest families. The risk of dying before the age of five also increases if children are born in rural areas and if their mothers are deprived of a basic education.

The maternal mortality rate in developing countries is 14 times higher than in developed countries. At the same time, since 2000, maternal mortality has decreased by 37% worldwide, and by two-thirds in East Asia, South Africa and South Asia. In developing countries, the share of antenatal care coverage since 1990th to 2012 increased from 65% to 83%. However, the recommended amount of assistance is provided to only half of the residents of such regions.

In 2018, there were 37.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, 1.5 times more than in 2000. At the same time, the proportion of HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy increased from 2.3% to 62% over the same period.

More than 32 million people have already died of HIV worldwide, 770 thousand of them in 2018.