Baby

What to Bring Babysitting? (18 Items to Pack + Checklist)

Babysitting can sometimes be an intimidating job. Children can be unpredictable, and the last thing you want is for the parents to think that you can’t keep things under control. So what things do you need to bring?

Here are the top 10 things to bring on a babysitting job:

1. Portable First Aid Kit.
2. Kids Games, Puzzles, or Books.
3. Basic Craft Supplies.
4. Hand Sanitizer.
5. Notebook and Pen.
6. Tissues and Wet Wipes.
7. Emergency Contact List.
8. Your Cell Phone.
9. A small amount of Cash.
10. Snacks.

The best way to bring your A-game is to be prepared for everything. Well, almost everything. In this article, I’ll help you pack the ultimate babysitting pack. You’ll be more prepared than Mary Poppins.

What Items Should I Put in My Babysitting Kit?

Babysitting packs should be full of everything needed to handle any emergency situation or challenging behaviours thrown your way. There are a lot of situations that you need to be ready for!

Being well prepared is the first step in ensuring that the parents will be totally confident in your ability as a childcare provider. If you show up empty-handed or don’t seem sure of what you need to do, the parents may become understandably nervous about leaving their child in your care. But if you can ask them questions,or anticipate potential problems that they haven’t thought of, they’ll be flat out impressed.

In this list I’ll go over not only what to pack, but how to tailor your bag to all the common situations that you need to be ready for.

Let’s start with planning items.

No parents like it when a babysitter is constantly calling with random questions. If they’re out on a date, they want to be able to spend time together, and don’t want to be stuck on the phone or worrying if the babysitter is capable of looking after their children.

These are the items that will help you stay organized. You’ll be able to handle any special requests and have all the information you need to follow the parent’s instructions.

1. Notebook and Pen

Notebook and pen

An old-school notebook seriously works better than a memo in your phone! Don’t rely on your memory if the parents have a mile-long list of instructions for you. This is also a great way to come across as being super prepared for the job.

Here’s a list of things to ask the parents and record in the notebook.

• Bedtime routine and times for each child
• Any appointments
• Time parents are expected back
• Any restrictions; tv shows and time limits, off-limit rooms, etc. Don’t just expect the children to tell you.
• Expected activities
• Homework that the children need to finish
• What kinds of games do the children like
• Discipline; what would the parents like you to do with challenging behaviours
• Is it ok for you to do homework or other activities if the kids are asleep?
• Any allergies or medications?

One way to make sure that you won’t forget to ask anything is to have the questions already written out in your notebook, along with room to write the answers. Some parents might give you a one-word answer, some might give you several paragraphs!

Print out some copies of our parent details form, it’s perfect for capturing this information.

There’s also a lot of medical questions to ask, but I’ll get into that later so we can cover it in more detail.

2. Cell Phone

Mobile phone

Ok, it’s pretty unlikely that you’ll forget this one, but it helps to be prepared! Here are a few ideas to help you to use your phone in a practical way:

Set alarms for yourself

Do you need to put the kids to bed? Set an alarm not only for when it’s time to get ready but 5 minutes before you need to start the bedtime routine.

Young children need a little bit of notice before it’s time to turn in. If they’re having fun playing, you’re guaranteed to push them into a meltdown by telling them that they need to stop right now.

Set your alarms for 5 minutes before the bedtime routine starts. When you tell the children that they have 5 more minutes, they’ll have time to mentally prepare themselves for the transition to bedtime. You’ll be surprised at how well this one little trick works in improving the behaviour of young children

Use Google or other search engines

There might be a lot of things that you don’t know the answer to. For example, if the parents told you about an allergy, and you’re not sure if a food is ok, Google it!

A cell phone is a great way to do quick research or to find inspiration on the fly for any topic.

Running out of ideas for games for children with low attention spans? Look up “games for __-year-olds” and you’re back in business! Or better yet, check out our 200+ entertainment ideas for kids and you’re sure to find something for every age group.

If you want to really impress parents while babysitting then bring one of our recommended kids books and try out the follow-on games that are perfect to keep children entertained.

Download some kid-friendly games, videos or shows

This can be a great backup, and it’s something that I’ve used with my own kids.

Let’s say that you’re at the park and one of the children gets hurt. Screaming ensues, and you’re having a hard time calming them down. Play a video of babies laughing on your phone. It’s impossible to feel miserable when babies are laughing. This will totally distract them from their discomfort.

Or maybe you had to take them somewhere and there was a delay. If you have some educational or drawing games downloaded, you can keep the children engaged and happy in a pinch.

Or maybe the power goes out. Having a show downloaded on Netflix can be an absolute lifesaver. Build a giant fort out of chairs, cushions and blankets and use it like your own movie theatre. The children won’t be scared of the dark and they’ll have the time of their lives.

See our recommended entertainment apps for kids for more ideas.

What about emergency items?

First-aid kit

Hopefully, nothing will happen on your watch, but if it does, you need to be ready! Handle any high-stress situation professionally with the following:

3.

Emergency Contact List

Having one of the parent’s cell numbers is not enough. What happens if you can’t get a hold of them? Their battery could die, the phone could get lost or stolen, or they might leave it on silent.

If there’s an emergency, you need to be able to contact people to help.

Try to get at least one backup number, but the more the better. Maybe numbers like the neighbour, an aunt or uncle, a grandparent, or a close friend of the family that can be on the scene quickly.

There are a lot of situations where you might need to use this. Maybe one of the children has an allergic reaction and you need someone to take you or meet you at the hospital. Maybe there’s an earthquake, fire or hurricane. Maybe a breaker blows in the house, the lights go out, and you don’t know how to fix it.

Having a list of people that you can contact will go a long way in making sure that everyone’s safe.

Looking for an emergency number list for your country? Download our free emergency contact sheets here!

4.

List of Medication and Allergies

This is very often overlooked. Do the children take any medication? Does one of them have something like asthma? Do they have any allergies or need an EpiPen? How is the medication administered?

Don’t accept the answer that the child knows how to take it. Make sure you understand too. What if the child isn’t able to take it, or isn’t conscious? Do you know where the medication is if you need it?

For allergies, be thorough. Get a list of allergies to medication as well as food allergies. For any food allergies, be specific. If a child needs to go to the hospital, you’re going to be asked this.

For example, let’s say the parents tell you that one of the children has a nut allergy. What kinds of nuts? How severe is it? Can the child have anything that was prepared in a factory that contained nuts, or do you just need to make sure that nuts aren’t on the ingredient list? Are there nuts in the home?

5. First Aid Kit

Not all homes have a first aid kit, so you may want to consider investing in one yourself. You can often pick up a basic kit for under $30 and they’ll last a long time. Here are some important items that should be in it.

• Band-aids of all shapes and sizes, bonus points if they have minions on them
• Instant cold packs to prevent swelling from hard ƒbumps
• Large bandages in case of a sprain
• Hydrogen peroxide for disinfecting cuts and scrapes
• Saline for rinsing
• Eyewash in case they get sand or something in their eyes
• Cotton balls and swabs to clean injuries
• A thermometer to tell if a child has a fever

Beyond having everything accessible, make sure you know how to use this stuff! It won’t be worth anything if you use it incorrectly.

See our recommended first aid kit for babysitters

All babysitters should be qualified in First Aid, and you would have reviewed these items during your course. If your memory needs refreshing, spend some time on YouTube and Google so that you can familiarise yourself again.

Read our article on how to be a safe babysitter for other essential safety tips that you should know. And see our Kids water safety tips if you’re babysitting at the pool or beach.

For career babysitters, you may consider getting nanny insurance, see our article: Do babysitters need insurance to learn if this is right for you.

What do I need for outings with kids?

Items to bring on outings with kids50+

This might not be happening if you’re watching children late at night while the parents go on a date. But if you’re watching them during the day, the children are going to need some fresh air.

There’s hardly anything more upsetting for children than having to go back early because something was forgotten. Use this list to keep the kids happy at the park for as long as possible! (See our guide to babysitting at the park for more ideas)

6. Tissues and Wet Wipes

Believe it or not, children get filthy. Whether they’re stuffing dirt in their mouths, blowing snot bubbles, or rolling through the grass and dog poop, you can expect that they won’t return in the same condition as when they left.

Tissues and wet wipes are great for tidying them up quickly. You can usually pick up small packs at the dollar store that will last you a while. These are handy to have, not just for babies, but even for older children. Just remember not to flush wet wipes unless they specifically say that they’re flushable; otherwise, there’s a major risk of a nasty clog.

7. Cash

It’s really practical to have at least $5 in change. Maybe the children are crying so you decide to take a bus back from the park instead of walking. Or maybe you drive them to the park but there’s paid parking. Or you need to bribe some rug rats with ice cream.

You get the idea. Bring some change.

8. Sunscreen

UV is really dangerous for children! Aside from just the risk of sunburn, UV rays can lead to more serious long-term health problems.

While the children will likely have hats and light jackets, these can be hard to keep on them. Another thing to consider is that you can get a lot of UV radiation even on a cloudy day!

Bring some strong sunscreen so you can always keep their skin protected.

9. Snacks

Young children don’t always recognize when they’re hungry. Usually, their behaviour will gradually become harder and harder to keep in check.

You can be proactive by bringing snacks. This can be something simple like a granola bar or an apple, but it’ll make a huge difference.

This is probably something that you won’t want to pay out of pocket for. Ask the parents in advance to make sure that something’s available, and keep your bag well stocked.

10. Water

Once again, children often don’t recognize the signals that their bodies are sending them. Actually, a lot of people are saying that if you’re feeling thirsty, you’re already dehydrated.

Bring water with you whenever you go out, and remember to remind the children to drink. If they don’t, they could develop headaches and other symptoms that will be uncomfortable, and they’ll get really miserable.

11. Hand Sanitizer

No surprises here, but children touch dirty things. Before offering them something to eat, give them a shot of hand sanitizer to disinfect those grubby digits.

They probably won’t even remember all the nasty stuff that they’ve been in contact with, and keeping their hands clean will go a long way in keeping everyone healthy.

12. Diapers and Changing Items

Obviously, babies poop. If you’re going to go out with a baby or toddler in diapers, make sure you bring a few extras, along with other things like wipes, baby powder (if the parents use powder), and a changing mat.

Need help changing babies? See our complete guide to changing diapers which includes all the tricks that babysitters should know.

Even if the children are out of diapers, it might be a good idea to pack an extra pair of underwear and pants. Accidents happen.

What about fun things to pack for kids?

Paper plane

Sometimes children get bored with the stuff they have. Bringing something new is always a novelty and will keep them engaged and interested for quite some time, plus, they’ll think you’re the coolest babysitter on earth.

13. Games

Bring some cool games that are age-appropriate. For toddlers, this might be some cards with shapes and colours, some building blocks, or matching games.

For 5 to 8-year-olds, maybe some board games like Candy Land, Connect 4 or Jenga would be more engaging.

For 9+ try games like Monopoly, Guess Who? or Pictionary.

Whatever you choose for games, make sure they’re suitable for the age of the children. It’s also better if you can play games that allow everyone to play at once, so nobody is waiting for their turn.

Even if the family has games at home, sometimes it’s more fun to bring some new ones. The children will be excited about learning a new game and will likely talk their parent’s ears off about how much fun they had.

See our list of fun kids games for inspiration.

14. Toys

Kids have great imaginations, and sometimes all they need is something to focus their attention on. The best toys are open-ended toys that can be used in a variety of different ways like LEGO, magnetic blocks, dress ups or dolls.

Sometimes you can just hand it to the children and they’ll be happy to play by themselves. They’ll have even more fun, though, if you play with them.

15. Crafts

These are super fun! Crafts can be really simple and keep the children thoroughly engaged for hours.

Homemade playdough is an absolute blast, especially if you make it with them. Or bring some popsicle sticks and glue to make a castle. Construction paper can be used for nearly everything, and crayons are the perfect quiet activity.

Download and print out the Kidsit Colouring Book and bring it along with some coloured pencils.

Or explore our 30+ awesome craft ideas, for some creative inspiration. You can try a different idea each week and the kids will never get bored.

16. Books

Babies and toddlers love books. Bring a few of your childhood favourites and they’ll love story time. If you don’t have any, swing by the library and pick a few up, or better yet, go on an outing to the library and find some together!. Here are some popular ones:

• Love You Forever by Robert Munsch
• The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle
• Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown
• Green Eggs and Ham by Doctor Seuss
• Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak
• If You Give a Mouse a Cookie by Laura Numeroff

Sometimes children are more open to the idea of bedtime if you tell them that you have a new book to read to them. Make sure that the book doesn’t have anything that might frighten them before bed, or they’ll probably wake up from bad dreams. It can be surprising at times what alarms young children

It’s a good idea to coordinate this with parents beforehand. Find out what books the children already have, and if there’s anything in particular that will give them nightmares.

Read our comprehensive list of the best books for babysitters and try our engaging follow-on games to learn why books are one of the best babysitting activities. I can’t recommend them enough!

17. Extra Clothes

Aside from extra clothes for the children when you go on outings, bring some extra clothes for you!

I can’t tell you how often I’ve been peed on, puked on, and spilled on. If you bring a change of clothes then you’ll be significantly more comfortable after a child decides he doesn’t want his cookies any more.

See our handy article on What to wear on a babysitting job too see examples of clothes that are perfect to pack in your bag.

18. Ziploc Bags

These are super handy!! If you keep these in your bag, then you’ll always have a place to put stuff.

If you wipe the boogers of a kids face with a wet wipe and don’t see a trash bin around, you’re covered. If you need to quickly pack some snacks before you head out to the park, you don’t have to rip apart the kitchen looking for some Tupperware. Or if you have to change a diaper… You get it.

The large freezer bags are especially tough. This can prevent all kinds of weird stuff, wet stuff, and smelly stuff from spreading. The last thing you want is for your fun bag to turn into a funky bag.

Miscellaneous Good Ideas

• Take some pics of the children when they’re happy and send them to the parents.
• Avoid bringing things that make huge messes. For example, glitter for crafts. You’ll regret them when it’s time for cleanup.
• Coordinate with the parents beforehand to see what supplies they have. You don’t want to have to spend more than necessary on your babysitting kit!
• Decorate your bag! This can make it way more exciting for the children; who knows what kind of surprises are in that babysitting fun bag.
• Get the children involved in cleanups. Make a game out of it and it’ll be done faster than you ever thought possible!

Babysitting Kit Printables:

Obviously, this is a lot of information to remember. You can Download the Kidsit babysitting kit, print it out, and keep a copy in your babysitting bag so you can always make sure that you have everything in stock.

Keep your receipts!

If you’re buying things to use while babysitting you may be able to claim them back on your tax. See our tax guide for details: How to write off babysitting expenses.

Related Questions

What are the responsibilities of a babysitter?

Babysitting responsibilities will generally depend on what the parents expect of you, but here are some common ones:

• Changing diapers
• Preparing meals or bottles
• Helping with homework
• Keeping playtime engaging
• Light housekeeping (Learn what cleaning is typically expected while babysitting)
• Getting ready for bed

Ultimately, you need to communicate well with the children’s parents to understand what duties they’d like you to perform.

Read our list of common babysitting responsibilities to learn what duties parents will often expected from you.

What is a babysitter information binder?

A babysitter information binder is a package of information that contains everything you could possibly need to know when babysitting. This is often provided by the parents to simplify the instructions for taking care of their kids.

Here are some common things contained in a babysitter information binder:

• Contact information of the parents and other emergency contacts
• Schedules
• Medical information
• Special requests
• Calm-down tips
• Household rules
• Any chores that you’ll be responsible for

What To Bring On A Babysitting Job (Checklist)

Download this babysitting pack checklist and include copies in a babysitting binder so you don’t forget to bring any important items on your next babysitting job.

Free Download

(what-to-bring-on-a-babysitting-job-checklist.pdf 32kb)

Also, see our other babysitting checklists.

Are you going to a babysitting interview? See our articles: What to bring, What to wear, and What to expect at a babysitting interview.

Next:

• How to babysit preschoolers
• How to babysit a toddler
• How to babysit a baby

12 essentials to pack for every gig

Imagine yourself as an ultra-prepared Mary Poppins-type sitter. You arrive at every job with a magical babysitting bag filled with everything you need to keep things running smoothly. This isn’t a pie-in-the-sky-dream; you can make this level of preparedness a reality. Your bag might not exactly be bottomless, but if you stock it full of the right essentials, your babysitting kit will help you be the best babysitter you can be. Plus, you’ll likely impress your employer.

“[Having a kit] shows a lot of preparation and that this person takes their jobs seriously,” says Rachel Charlupski, founder of the Babysitting Company, who calls them “kid kits” and says every babysitter is encouraged to get one when they start working with her company.

The key to assembling a great babysitting kit is having items that will help you safely care for the children, and also fun items, says Sidra Ellison, an instructor supervisor for Red Cross babysitting and child care courses in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Here are our top 12 babysitting kit must-haves.

1. First-aid kit

 

Red Cross First-Aid Kit PLUS, $22, RedCross.org

“Have a good first-aid kit,” says Ellison.

Cuts and scrapes are to be expected, and you should be able to treat them, as well as be equipped to handle more major injuries — just in case.

2. Babysitter checklist

Care.com Babysitter Checklist, free download, Care.com

Have a list of all the important information you need to do your job. This includes parents’ contact info, emergency phone numbers, house rules, kids’ allergies and medications, expected schedule and suggested activities. Just the act of making this list — and asking the parents to help you fill in the blanks — can help you make sure you’re all on the same page about how the child should be cared for.

Always include the address of the home where you’re babysitting. It can be easily forgotten yet important to know if you’re calling 911 (or pizza delivery).

3. A favorite childhood book

“The Monster at the End of This Book,” $9, BarnesandNoble.com

Want to really break the ice with a kid you’re babysitting?

“Look at the age group of the child you’re working with,” says Ellison. “Think of your favorite book when you were that age, and bring it along. Maybe it’s something they haven’t come across.”

4. Age-specific toys

“A babysitting kit should have a range of age-appropriate items that can provide fun indoor and outdoor activities,” says Elizabeth Malson, president of Amslee Institute in Sarasota, Florida. “A medium plastic bin with a lid (think laundry basket size) is a great way to house a gym ball for games such as soccer, basketball or Four Square.”

“You can get a lot of things at the dollar store or the dollar section at Target,” says Charlupski.

5. Coloring pages

Printable dinosaur coloring pages, $5, Etsy.com

“It’s a good idea to call the parents ahead of time and find out some things their kids like,” says Charlupski. “It might be as simple as the kid likes dinosaurs, so you could print out coloring pages of dinosaurs.”

Free and affordable coloring pages can easily be found online and can be printed on a home computer printer. Don’t forget the crayons!

6. DIY ingredients

“Bring a recipe for play dough or Silly Putty, for example, and do a special project with them,” says Ellison.

Having a DIY project to work on together can be a bonding experience, can keep little hands busy and can be a lot of fun. Plus, at the end, there’s something new to play with together.

7. Flashlight

 

LED flashlight, $9, Amazon.com

Hey, you never know when there could be a power outage or a blown fuse, and having a flashlight that’s more powerful than the one on your phone could really come in handy, says Ellison. You’ll save valuable time searching the home to try to figure out where the family keeps their flashlights, and you just might prevent a freak out from a kid who’s scared of the dark.

8. Baby/toddler report sheets

Day Care Daily Sheets, free download, HiMama.com

Watching a baby or toddler? Parents will want to know when the child ate, had diaper changes, slept and more. Imagine having a handy dandy report sheet, where you can simply fill in the blanks and hand it to the parents at the end of the babysitting gig. They’ll be super thankful to have all the details and so happy they hired you.

Download one of these free daily report templates for kids of all ages or try the daily reports features on apps like Baby Connect ($5) or Daily Connect ($1.25/child/month).

9. Board games

“Pack board games for various ages,” says Malson. “I recommend having Chutes and Ladders, Sorry and Monopoly, as this covers a wide age range.”

Charlupski adds that Memory is usually a no-fail choice for different age groups.

“It’s fun, and everyone seems to like to play it,” she says.

10. Hand sanitizer and gloves

Hand sanitizer gel, $6, Honest.com

Kids touch everything, so you’re going to want to have some hand sanitizer on hand for yourself and possibly for them, especially if you’re going on outings to playgrounds, children’s museums or other public spaces. Wearing gloves is a good idea for cleaning cuts and scrapes and for changing diapers.

11. Craft and activity ideas

Kid Made Modern Crazy Crafts Case, $25, Target.com

Bust boredom by having some age-appropriate items on hand that will inspire kids to get creative.

“For children who enjoy crafts, supplies can include colored paper, washable markers, glue sticks, stickers and other craft items,” says Malson. “For children interested in building and creating structures, some popsicle sticks and standard playing cards are a low-cost way to keep elementary-aged children engaged.”

12. ‘Dress-up’ supplies

Chef Role Play Costume Set, $30, MelissaandDoug. com

Add a little pretend play to the options.

“A few gender-neutral costumes can be included in the kit which, combined with a blanket, can be used for dramatic play and storytelling,” says Malson.

What not to bring

While you might think “the more the better” when it comes to stocking your babysitting kit, there are some items you should really avoid. They include:

• Balloons. They may seem like fun but are actually a choking hazard.

• Makeup and/or nail polish. “Some parents are OK with them and some are not,” says Charlupski. It’s better to just skip them to avoid any controversy.

• Scissors or other sharp objects. Stick to craft projects that are already cut out for ease and safety.

• Items that can stain. These include non-washable markers, paints and some types of clay. The last thing you want is for the family’s carpet or walls to get stained while you’re on watch.

• Anything against house rules. “Whatever you’re bringing into the home should fit into the culture of how the parents parent,” says Charlupski. So think ahead and ask if you’re unsure whether something might be a good idea to bring along.

Children’s first aid kit at the nurse’s control

35127

If there is a child in the house, then there should be a first-aid kit for children, which must be replenished and updated in a timely manner, following the expiration date of the medicines. Even if parents are successful in doing this, it is better to take control over the availability of drugs.
babysitter. If the child suddenly falls ill, you will not need to go to the pharmacy – a stocked first-aid kit will save both time and nerves.

Babysitting task
– to focus on the creation of a children’s first aid kit.
Insist that in the family you work for, the children’s first aid kit is separate from the “adult” first aid kit.
It is not your task to separate children’s medicines from “adults”. In addition, in the confusion it is easy to confuse tablets in different dosages, especially if they are all stored mixed up. Therefore, it is better if children’s drugs are stored in a separate box or box.

It is important to choose a dry and dark place for the first aid kit, easily accessible to adults and inaccessible to children. It is not recommended to place the first aid kit in the bathroom or in the kitchen, where there is high humidity and constant temperature changes, from which some medicines can deteriorate. Keep in mind that
some drugs must be stored in
refrigerator
– best on the top shelf, where your ward is unlikely to get.

So, what must be in a child’s first aid kit?

• First of all –
  thermometer , ideally both electronic and mercury. With the help of an electronic thermometer, it is much easier and faster to measure the temperature, besides, a mercury child can accidentally break. Choose electronic thermometers from trusted manufacturers, otherwise the readings may be inaccurate. The advantage of a mercury thermometer (which must be packed with great care) is the accuracy of measurements, it can be used if the electronic readings are in doubt.
• Hygiene products and dressings : wide and narrow bandages, including sterile bandages, antiseptic wipes, cotton wool, cotton swabs, adhesive plaster, bactericidal plaster, peach oil, calendula ointment.
• Disinfectants
  for treating scratches and cuts: hydrogen peroxide, as well as iodine, brilliant green or fukortsin. Many people like the latter more: it washes off clothes much better than greens and is gentler on the skin than iodine.
• Antipyretics and painkillers
  ibuprofen or paracetamol based products. It is better if there is a choice: tablets, powders, rectal suppositories, syrup – usually children prefer syrup, but it is almost impossible to predict exactly what the little capricious will like again and what not. Do not forget also about the gel, relieving toothache.
• Antihistamines or antiallergics
  in tablets and in the form of syrup. They should be kept in the first aid kit even if you know for sure that the child is not allergic: he can easily find a food allergy to some new product or even just an ingredient added to the dish.
• First aid for gastrointestinal disorders eg activated charcoal. It is also worth having drugs that improve digestion, and drugs that facilitate the release of gases (this is especially true for children under one year old).
• Breathing drops for bad colds or respiratory problems.
  At the next visit to the doctor, it is worth consulting what medicines to include in the first-aid kit in order to start taking at the first sign of influenza or SARS: depending on the type of virus, their list changes.
• External use for first aid in case of burns
  and insect bites . It is also useful to have ointments to treat bruises and speed up the healing of bruises.

Important!
Your task is to make sure that the children’s first aid kit of the ward contains all the medicines recommended by the doctor individually for the child, taking into account the characteristics of his body (for example, asthmatic children).

It is worth making sure with the mother several times that the baby is not allergic to certain foods or folk remedies that are not contained in the children’s first aid kit. Ask your parents if you have any allergies to foods, herbs, or teas (honey, linden, citrus, etc.).

It would be useful to have in the children’s first aid kit a list of drugs for which the child was found to have
side effects
or specific responses to specific medications. For example, crumbs can weaken from the use of any drug. The nanny should know about this, be ready and not panic in vain.
A complete list of medicines for the child’s first aid kit should be
treating pediatrician.
Once every six months, check the expiration date of the medicines contained in the first aid kit.

If the dimensions of the first-aid kit allow, it would be useful to complete it with the simplest
First Aid Handbook which, among other things, should contain information on the correct ways to dilute medicines, apply bandages, insert suppositories, etc.

Advice from Pomogatel.ru



Never self-medicate a child without informing the parents or the doctor! Firstly, you can harm the health of the baby, and secondly, if his condition worsens, the responsibility will be placed on you. Remedies that have helped your own children or former pupils may be contraindicated for another child.

Tatyana Nikitina

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Interviewing a Nanny with Parents – What Questions to Ask a Nanny

When it comes to hiring a nanny, there is nothing more important than getting to know the person who will look after your child. An interview allows you to meet face to face with a potential nanny and provides both of you with the opportunity to get to know each other on a personal and professional level.

But what if you’ve never had to interview a nanny before? This is where things can get tricky. Interviews, while simple in structure, often consist of several steps, which can make planning and conducting one difficult, especially if you’re trying to take care of your children throughout the process.

In this article, we’ve compiled a complete list of tips and tricks into a detailed how-to guide and our own nanny interview checklist. If you want to learn more about conducting a nanny interview, how to find the perfect solution for your family’s needs, and the do’s and don’ts of nanny interviews, read on!

How to prepare for your nanny interview

Before you begin the interview process, you should have a clear idea of ​​what you need. Being prepared with all the necessary information before an interview is essential if you want to have the best possible interview.

So what do you need to know? Start by answering these questions:

1. Who are you looking for? Understand what type of nanny and personality you think would be best for your family.
2. What will she be required to do? Create a clear outline of your and babysitting responsibilities.
3. Where will she live? If you are hiring a nanny for a permanent position, you must be able to provide full information about her placement in your apartment.
4. Why do you need a nanny? List all the reasons your family would benefit from having a nanny to better prepare yourself and the nanny to succeed in their jobs.
5. When do you need a nanny to start? Choose a date and stick to it. Also remember to know how long you will need a nanny (i.e. just for the summer or longer).

Another step is to learn some good interview techniques to better understand how the interview should go. Also, if you don’t want/can’t find a job in our country, consider going abroad through the au pair website, where you can find a family that will accept you as an au pair.

How to behave during an interview with a nanny

It is important to remember about the interview: the goal is to get to know each other. The hallmark of a great interview is that both parties feel like they have a complete understanding of how you could work together.

Ultimately, the interview is about making sure the candidate understands the responsibilities of the role they are applying for and that you learn about them and their abilities. That’s why you should always be prepared to create the right environment for a successful interview.

Eliminating distractions, creating a welcoming environment, being open and honest about the requirements of the role, and understanding that nannies are also likely to be a little nervous all go a long way in creating the conditions for a positive interview experience for both of you.

Infant Summer Camps | Laurel Hill School

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The Laurel Hill infant program is a place where your baby will begin to establish a secure sense of self. With the support of caregivers, infants begin the lifelong process of exploration and learning. While always exposing every child to the full breadth of resources and activities available to them, we are sure to allow each child’s natural rhythms and temperament to determine his or her daily schedule. The infant program maintains a ratio of 3 infants to 1 caregiver.

Music and Movement:

Equipped with musical instruments, toys that make noise when manipulated, and toys that sing! Exposure to music stimulates babies desire to learn, creates feelings of excitement and enjoyment, and encourages babies’ desire to interact with others to follow, sing along and move along with music.

Swimming:

It wouldn’t be summer without swimming and water play! Children 18-24 months enjoy a daily swim in our heated kiddie pool. A Red Cross certified instructor works with the children’s counselors to facilitate a fun and instructive swimming session. To insure the safety of our young campers, each infant is equipped with a floatation device and is carefully monitored in the water. Infants are introduced to beginning skills, such as blowing bubbles under water and arm strokes, using imaginative games. Each swim session concludes with ample time for a splashing good time enjoying a variety of water toys!

Nature:

Infants can be found visiting animal friends and tending vegetables at Laurel Hill’s child-size Farm and Garden. Horses, sheep, goats, chickens, birds, and bunny rabbits live happily alongside our flourishing Garden overflowing with tomatoes, string beans, cucumbers and more.

Creative Arts & Exploration:

Equipped with a mirrored wall and photo books. Research has shown that infants are drawn to images of their own faces. Mirrors attract and sustain infants’ attention while helping them develop a sense of their own bodies and to orient themselves in space. Our mirrored wall also allows babies to maintain contact with caregivers even when they are not being held in their arms.

Gross Motor Play:

Stocked with activity walkers, large climbing mats, and push and pull play toys, encouraging development of gross motor skills including reaching, object transfer, head raising and sitting upright.

Fine Motor and Self-Help Skills Building:

Using objects such as stacking blocks and reaction toys, the center encourages the development of two skill sets. These include fine motor skills, such as grasping, raking with fingers to pick up objects, holding and manipulating objects, and self-help skills, including grasping and holding a bottle while feeding and pulling up to standing position.

Storytelling Center:

Builds upon our goal of maximizing opportunities for language development by exposing children to storybooks, puppets, and soft stuffed animals that can be manipulated to create engaging tales.

Practical Matters – Hygiene, Nutrition and Security

Every aspect of our Infant Program is designed to protect children’s health and safety,and maintaining rigorous hygiene in the Infant Room is an essential element of this goal. Laurel Hill procedures include . . .

• Building and classroom security for arrival, dismissal and pick-up of children
• Full-time nurse on duty
• Childproofed cupboards, electrical outlets and door knobs
• Finger guards on all entry and exit door edges
• Toss-away shoe covers
• Regular sanitizing of toys, floors and play, work and service areas
• Frequent laundering of bedding, washcloths and bibs
• Protective gloves worn by staff for diapering and other personal baby needs
• Changing table liners discarded after single use
• Frequent hand washing in classroom sink
• Complete sanitation procedures for safely storing food and removing waste

Summer Camp | Parent Infant Center

Join us for an enriching summer of art, sports, dance, reading, outdoor fun and much more. PIC’s urban campus provides easy access to all that the Greater Philadelphia area has to offer during the summer. 

Ages

Summer Camp 2022 provides child care for children entering Kindergarten, first, second, third, and fourth grades.

Date & Hours

2022 Summer Camp runs from June 21 to August 19. Scroll down for more details on each session. The hours will be 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. We ask that campers arrive and sign-in before 10 am.

Tuition 2022

PIC Summer Camp tuition covers a full day of activities, lunch, snack, and one camp t-shirt.

• Camp is divided into 9 weekly sessions.
• A one-week session is $410.
• Weeks 1 and 3 are short weeks due to holiday closures. They are pro-rated at $330.
• Minimum enrollment of two sessions (not necessarily consecutive).
• The cost for full summer (9 week) enrollment is $3,530. Receive a $355 discount if payment for a full summer of camp is received by April 15.
• Full payment for all sessions enrolled is due by June 1.
• You may pay in full or make monthly payments with final payment made on June 1. See application for more details.
• We welcome children enrolled in the Child Care Works (CCW) program. To speak to someone about how CCW can help you and your family, call 888-461-KIDS (5437) or visit the Child Care Works website.
• PIC fundraising efforts support a modest Tuition Fund to help families better afford tuition.

Enrollment Process

To enroll in Summer Camp, please complete the online Summer Camp 2022 application and submit it with a one-time, non-refundable fee of $35.

Application Fee: Please pay your application fee online on our enrollment page! You can also send or drop a check at the in our Enrollment Mail Box located outside the Sweet Building on PIC’s campus or mailed to PIC at:
4205 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, PA  19104

If you need a paper application please email Director of School Age Programs Anjali Gallup-Diaz at agallupdiaz@parentinfantcenter. org. Applications may be dropped in our Enrollment Mail Box located outside the Sweet Building on PIC’s campus or e-mailed Anjali or mailed to PIC at the address above

Make checks payable to: Parent Infant Center

After Submitting an Application

Upon receipt of your application, application fee and tuition payment, you will receive a camp packet of forms that must be completed and returned before your child comes to camp.

Cancellation
If you cancel your registration:

• before April 29, 2022, all tuition payments will be returned
• before May 20, 2022 you will receive a 50% refund.
• There are no refunds after May 20, 2022 and application fees are non-refundable.

Contact
Contact Director of School Age Programs Director Anjali Gallup-Diaz via email at [email protected] for more information.

Weekly Sessions

Camp is divided into 9 weekly sessions, each with a focus on different theme-related activities. We will be following all of the COVID-related guidance set forth by the CDC and the City of Philadelphia.

2022 Sessions – June 21 – August 19

Session 1: Welcome howdy-do
June 21 – June 24

Explore the outdoors on our Nature Playground and in the neighborhood, while we learn to care for our planet.

Session 2: Fun & Games
June 27 – July 1

Sharpen your concentration, role-play, and problem solve, while honing your game skills.

Session 3: Awesome Arts
July 5 – July 8

Artful expression through a variety of hands-on activities to foster individual and collaborative creativity.

Session 4: Natural Thrills
July 11 – July 15

Enjoy lots of hands-on opportunities to get in touch with, and care for, our environment.

Session 5: Splish, Splash & Dash
July 19 – July 23

A wet week filled with water fun, a dash of games, and plenty of time in local parks and streams.

Session 6: Fantastic Tales
July 25 – July 29

Stretch your imagination, spin stories, andshare in new worlds of drawing, writing and reading.

Session 7: Science is a Blast
August 1 – August 5

A full week of science and math activities filled with curiosity, discovery, and lots of hands-on learning.

Session 8: Song & Dance
August 8 – August 12

Let your talents shine in art, dance, drama and music, and perform to acclaim at the annual Summer Gala!

Session 9: Life is a Picnic
August 15 – August 19

Make merry with friends and celebrate our summertime togetherness.

Enrollment Contacts

Anjali Gallup-Diaz
Director of School Age Programs
[email protected]
215-243-5038

Summer Land – Children’s recreation in the Krasnodar Territory.

Location

Camp type

Rest Season

The cost of vouchers

Accommodation

SC

PULISE

Sports Hall

Sports Infrastructure

MAU Globus

Summer

MAU DRUS Globe is located in South Ozereevka on the Black Sea coast, in the picturesque surroundings of the village. Abrau-Durso and enters the territory of the city of Novoro…

Are available
Buy

DOL “October”

Summer

DOL “Oktyabr” is located in a quiet, secluded place among the green mountain range and juniper reserve on the Black Sea coast of the Kabar resort…

Are available
Buy

DSOL “Planet”

Summer

DSOL “Planet” is a wonderful sanatorium and health camp for 200 places for organized recreation and rehabilitation of children and adolescents from 7 to 14 …

Are available
Buy

Sanatorium “Vita”

Gym

Swimming pool

Sanatorium “Vita” is a modern complex that has everything you need for a good rest and health improvement of children. Key person…

Are available
Buy

DSOL “Flamingo”

Year-round

Ecology of the Temryuk region is favorable for human health. Clean air strengthens the immune system of children, gives a boost of strength and good mood to many…

Are available
Buy

DSOL “Sea Wave” town. Dzhubga

Summer

Swimming pool

Children’s sanatorium camp “Sea Wave” is located in the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar Territory, in the village of Dzhubga among the barkha…

Are available
Buy

Boarding house with treatment “Primorsky”

Summer

Children’s camp based on the boarding house “Primorsky” is located on the first coastline of the Tsemess Bay in a wide valley, smoothly descending towards . ..

Are available
Buy

DSOK “Pearl of Russia”

Gym

Swimming pool

The children’s sanatorium and health complex “Pearl of Russia” is located on 50 hectares of the unique arboretum of Anapa. The sanatorium provides divers…

Are available
Buy

Children’s camps in Volgograd

Integral

12+

Russia Volgograd region

Science camp “Integral” is an educational camp where it’s really INTERESTING! Classes are taught exclusively by university professors and respected scientists. Children themselves choose scientific directions.

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InAcademia

8+

Russia Volgograd region

Summer camp in Volgograd 2022 | The project school “InAcademia” is a smart, creative career-guidance vacation from ANO FPE “InAcademia”.

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English 24/7

8+

Russia Volgograd region

We invite children and teenagers to the children’s language camp English 24/7! We are waiting for an unforgettable experience, new friends and new skills, and most importantly – a complete immersion in the English language! Children’s camp “English 24/7” is a bright winter holiday in the city in a comfortable hotel on the banks of the Volga and a complete immersion in English. Communication in English throughout the camp shift with educators and counselors, meetings with native speakers and intensive English classes in the format of the British school Pearson Young Learners.

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IT Shag Volgograd

7+

Russia Volgograd region

A day at the Computer Camp is full of various activities. Your child will plunge into the world of computer technology, get acquainted with the latest IT innovations, try himself as a programmer and creator of computer games, a robotics engineer, a website developer, and a video blogger.

More details

Reward

7+

Russia Volgograd region

The Reward language camp has prepared an amazing, bright and eventful program for the children!

More details

Altair

8+

Russia Volgograd region

Regional specialized camp “Altair” of the public organization “Federation of Children’s Organizations” of the Volgograd region is one of the largest children’s organizations in the Volgograd region.

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English Club

7+

Russia Volgograd region

The English Club camp is an intensive English language class, taking place in a playful way, as well as a rich program of recreation, reliability and traditions.

More details

Barefoot Garrison

7+

Russia Volgograd region

The camp “Barefoot Garrison” is located in the nature conservation area of ​​the settlement of Pyatimorsk, Volgograd district. The camp operates year-round and can accommodate up to 400 children in the summer, and up to 200 children per shift the rest of the time.

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Gagarina

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s health camp named after. Gagarina invites boys and girls to spend a bright and interesting summer with us! Each shift in the camp is a real event with a lot of pleasant emotions and impressions!

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Guli Koroleva

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s health camp named after. Guli Koroleva is one of the oldest camps in the Volgograd region, which preserves and multiplies the best traditions of healthy, active, interesting, useful and developing children’s recreation!

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Druzhba

7+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s recreation camp Friendship awaits all-all-all inquisitive and cheerful boys and girls! We have prepared for you an amazing program of entertainment and activities, excellent conditions and extensive infrastructure!

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Dubovka

7+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s camp “Dubovka” (at the sanatorium “Dubovka”) is located in Dubovka, the coastal region of the Volgograd reservoir. From the Volga coast opens the expanse of the Volgograd Sea. The children’s camp accepts children all year round, in the summer 230, the rest of the time 130 children per shift..

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Zavolzhye

7+

Russia Volgograd region

development!

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Green Wave

6+

Russia Volgograd Region

We invite all the children to spend bright summer days in the Green Wave children’s health camp, where many ideal conditions have been created, an interesting program has been developed fun activities!

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Grasshopper

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Dreaming of a fun and interesting summer vacation? Tired of sitting at home? Do you want to make new friends and take part in exciting activities? Then come to us, to the children’s health camp Grasshopper!

More details

Lazurny

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s recreation camp “Azure” is the sun, smiles, communication, games, competitions, sports, creativity and much more! The list is endless, but the main thing is the best outdoor recreation, the opportunity to improve your health and gain strength for further success!

More details

Leninets

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s health camp Leninets invites active and inquisitive children to take part in our shifts! We guarantee that everyone here will find it interesting and fun, because the program of events and entertainment is full of a lot of exciting things to do!

More details

Lukomorye

6+

Russia Volgograd region

Children’s health camp Lukomorye is an island of carefree childhood, where every child can find many new friends, a lot of pleasant emotions, vivid impressions and happy moments!

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World of Future Skills

7+

Russia Volgograd Region

“World of Future Skills” is a place where a child will “pump” useful skills of the future to achieve success, increase self-esteem, self-confidence . Each week is dedicated to a new topic.

More details

World of Discoveries

5+

Russia Volgograd Region

“The World of Discoveries” is not only an educational but also a useful camp: development of personal qualities, broadening one’s horizons, health improvement. Each day is dedicated to a new topic.

More details

Ogonyok

6+

Russia Volgograd region

conditions, interesting events and entertainment!

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Orlyonok

10+

Russia Volgograd region

City recreational center for children and youth “Orlyonok” is located in one of the most ecologically clean places of the Krasnoarmeisky balka – in Volgogradnikovskaya balka The oak forest of Chapurnikovskaya Balka is a unique natural complex where oaks grow, which are about 400 years old.

More details

Eaglet

7+

Russia Volgograd region

The most beloved and native camp for boys and girls, the Orlyonok children’s camp is located in the Pallasovsky district of the Volgograd region.

Your baby’s developmental milestones at 2 months

Explainer

Everything you need to know about your growing 2-month-old.

UNICEF

Your 2-month-old is wide-eyed and curious, smiling at faces and engaging with everything around her/him. Babies at this age are social and love to interact. Here is how your little one will be growing, learning and changing during this sweet age.

Social and emotional

Language and communication

Brain development

Movement and physical development

Food and nutrition

Things to look out for

Tips and resources

< Back to Parenting Milestones

 

Social and emotional milestones at 2 months

Some of the ways you’ll see your little one learning to connect with the people around her at 2 months.

• Can self-soothe by sucking on her hand.
• Starting to smile at others.
• Attempting to look at her parents.

Tips for parents

• Engage in skin-to-skin contact. Your warmth will help soothe her.
• Hold your baby close to your face and make eye contact. This will help your little one learn your features.

 

Language and communication milestones at 2 months

How your baby is engaging and expressing his needs.

• Alerted by sounds and turns toward them.
• Making cooing noises.

Tips for parents

• Have “conversations” with your baby when he makes cooing noises by speaking back to him in a baby talk voice. This back and forth is important for helping him to develop language and communication skills.

 

Brain development milestones at 2 months

Your child’s brain is growing!

• Beginning to track people and objects with her eyes.
• Starting to get fussy if she’s feeling bored.
• Paying attention to the faces she sees.

Tips for parents

• Say the names of the objects or people your little one is showing interest in. 

 

Movement and physical development milestones at 2 months

How he’ll move through his environment.

• Arm and leg motions will be smoother.
• Can push up while on his belly and hold his head up.

Tips for parents

• Participate in tummy-time with your little one by facing your baby and speaking with him while he is placed on his stomach in front of you.
• Encourage him to move his head, arms and legs by moving safe toys around him.

 

Food and nutrition milestones at 2 months

What mealtimes look like at 2 months.

• All of the nutrition your baby needs can be found in breastmilk.
• She’ll easily suck and swallow during feeding.
• Her tongue will move back and forward to suck.
• She’ll latch onto her mother’s nipple or a bottle.

Tips for parents

• You should see signs of hunger about 8 to 12 times in 24 hours. Newborn babies need to eat a lot because they’re growing rapidly. They double their birth weight in the first six months of life, or before.

 

Things to look out for

While all babies develop differently, you should speak to your paediatrician if your 2-month-old:

• Can’t latch while nursing or bottle feeding.
• Loses a lot of breastmilk or formula out of the side of his mouth while feeding.
• Won’t smile at people.
• Doesn’t bring his hands to his mouth. 
• Has no response to loud noises.
• Doesn’t track people and objects as they move.
• Is unable to hold his head up while on his tummy.

 

True or false?

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Explore age groups

 

2 Months  |  4 Months  |  6 Months  |  9 Months  |  1 Year  |  18 Months  |  2 Years

< Back to Parenting Milestones

 

Symptoms, remedies, and what to expect

A person can use several home remedies to help relieve discomfort when a child’s 2-year molars come out. However, a person should ask their doctor before using any medications, including those sold over the counter. The latest guidelines recommend brushing a child’s teeth with a small amount of fluoride toothpaste as soon as they come out to prevent tooth decay.

Also known as second molars, 2-year molars are the set of teeth at the back of a child’s mouth. These wide, flat teeth help a child grind food, speak, and smile.

According to the American Dental Association, 2-year molars typically come through when a child is 23-33 months old.

Many toddlers show no signs of pain while teething. However, when these molars come through, it can be particularly painful, leading to crankiness and irritability.

This article can help a person tell when a child’s 2-year molars are coming in and how to reduce the child’s discomfort.

Getting 2-year molars can cause significant discomfort, and a child may not be able to communicate the cause of the pain.

Parents and caregivers can look for signs of the molars coming in. The child may:

• chew on toys, their fingers, or clothing
• drool more than usual
• be unusually irritable

Research shows teething babies may have a slightly elevated temperature between 36.3 and 37.1°C (97.3-98.7°F) on the day of the eruption. However, this is not a fever.

A child experiencing pain in the gums and mouth may not be inclined to show the area to an adult. Singing a song or playing a game that involves sticking out the tongue and opening the mouth wide can help.

Many simple home remedies can help to relieve teething pain.

The following tips can reduce discomfort:

• Rubbing the gums with a clean finger.
• Having the child bite on a cold, wet gauze pad or a washcloth soaked in ice water.
• Offering teething rings for chewing. A person should check that they are made from rubber and avoid freezing them. Rings that are too hard can hurt the child.
• Applying moisturizers regularly to the skin around the mouth to prevent cracking and dryness caused by drooling.

Parents and caregivers should always observe children using a teething toy to relieve the pain.

Distraction techniques, such as coloring, singing songs, and dancing, can also help to take a child’s mind off their aching teeth.

Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can also help to reduce discomfort. Be sure to administer pain relievers safe for children, and never give a child more than the recommended dose.

If a parent or caregiver wishes to give the child pain relievers after 2 or 3 days, they should consult a doctor first.

Medications to avoid

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns against using some medications developed for teething.

Many teething gels and pastes are available. However, the FDA and other organizations caution that these can contain harmful ingredients.

For example, they may contain benzocaine, which could cause a blood disorder called methemoglobinemia.

Also, it is important to watch for signs that the medication has numbed the back of the child’s throat. This can cause difficulty swallowing.

Many drugstores sell homeopathic medications that may be labeled as teething tablets. However, the FDA also warns against using these to treat teething pain.

Tooth decay can occur as soon as a child’s teeth come through. For this reason, a person begins brushing their child’s teeth as soon as they are visible. However, a person may want to wait just until a child is no longer uncomfortable before beginning.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that a parent or caretaker begins to brush with fluoride toothpaste as soon as a child’s first tooth comes out.

To brush baby teeth, including molars, a person should use a child-size toothbrush and only a tiny amount of toothpaste the size of a grain or rice.

If the child is cooperative, a person can start flossing their teeth as well.

A person who has not yet taken their child to the dentist when the molars come out should consider scheduling an appointment. A dentist can check the health of a child’s teeth as soon as the first tooth comes out.

To help protect a tot’s teeth, a person should not put the child to bed with a milk bottle.

If home remedies are not relieving 2-year molar pain, it may be a good idea to make an appointment with the child’s doctor.

Teething should not make a child feel ill. Speak with a doctor if the child exhibits any of the following symptoms:

• diarrhea
• vomiting
• a fever higher than 100.4°F (38.0°C)

These symptoms can indicate the presence of an underlying illness, such as a viral infection.

The following are additional answers to questions about 2-year molars.

How long does it take for 2-year molars to break through?

The lower set of molars usually appears within the ages of 23-31 months, while the upper set typically appears within the ages of 25-33 months.

Can cutting 2-year molars cause fever?

People commonly believe that teething can cause fever. However, while a rise in body temperature can occur during teething, it is typically under 99°F. Fever is classified as above 100.4°F (38.0°C) Therefore, any child experiencing a higher-grade fever or other symptoms such as an upset stomach may actually have a cold or a stomach-related illness.

Is teething worse at night?

A child’s teething symptoms may grow worse at night when the child is tired and has fewer distractions from the pain.

Baby teeth eventually fall out, but they serve an important purpose. They act as placeholders, preventing the permanent teeth from growing when the mouth is still too small. They also help a child speak, eat, and smile.

Caring for a child with 2-year molar pain can sometimes be difficult. Maintaining the child’s routine as much as possible is important and providing them with plenty of distractions.

Home remedies can help. It is essential to remember that teething pain is temporary and that the child will feel well again once the teeth have fully come in.

90,000 teeth teething at 2 months: Normal or abnormalities

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✮ Dentistry Kyiv ›News 9000 lets go? Perhaps the process of teething has begun. “Teeth cutting at 2 months?” – you ask. When your baby is very young, you can associate the baby’s anxiety with some kind of illness, but not with the process of the appearance of the first incisors. Let’s understand the possible timing of teething. We cannot regulate them, but we can alleviate the condition of children in the event of unpleasant symptoms.

Is it possible for a baby to cut teeth at such an early age? The two lower central incisors grow first and usually erupt one after the other.

But you should understand that the time frame is not limited. Sometimes the process can take a while. There are times when the first incisors appear earlier. Therefore, when asked whether teeth can be cut at two months, experts give an affirmative answer. Deviation of the time frame for several months in both directions is considered the norm. Only in the event that a one-year-old child does not have a single tooth, you should consult a doctor.

Every body is different, so some babies have their first tooth at 2-3 months. The process is determined not only by genetics, but also by a number of other factors:

• climatic conditions;
• maternal nutrition;
• peculiarities of the course of pregnancy;
• disorders of the endocrine system – sometimes the early appearance of teeth may indicate its anomalies.

If a mother during pregnancy drank multivitamins or additional mineral complexes containing vitamins D and C, then teething may accelerate. Contributes to this and the use by a woman of fermented milk products in large quantities.

What are the symptoms of teething

Only some parents do not experience difficulties with teething in a child and notice the incisor by chance, not understanding when it appeared. In most cases, the process is accompanied by unpleasant symptoms:

1. Puffiness, “looseness” of the gums. Redness, bumps may form. Sometimes the teeth are visible through the gums. In some cases, there are bluish hematomas.
2. Increased salivation. Because of this, rashes around the mouth may appear. But salivation at 2 months of age does not always indicate teething. During this period, such a process is physiological. If the rash occurs elsewhere, it has nothing to do with teething.
3. Restless state. The child cries a lot, is naughty, the quality of his sleep worsens. Often the baby cannot be soothed. Conventional methods (swinging, nipples, etc.) do not help.
4. Increased body temperature. More often these are indicators up to 37.5 ˚C. This can happen due to local inflammation (gums). A higher temperature indicates the activity of viruses.
5. Loss of appetite. During the period of the appearance of teeth, children do not eat well or refuse to eat at all. Sometimes the baby cannot be attached to the breast. Some babies kick their feet while feeding.
6. Runny nose and cough. Due to increased salivation, mucus flows down the back of the throat. It enters the nasal passages, since the baby at the age of two months is more in a supine position. When mucus enters the throat, it provokes a cough. More often it occurs during sleep.

These symptoms do not occur all at once and can be combined in different ways. Often for parents, they become a serious cause for concern. Even the fact that a child is teething at such an early age is already shocking.

It is important not to confuse signs of infectious or neurological diseases that have similar symptoms with the process of teething. Therefore, it is better to show the baby to the doctor. The following symptoms also serve as a reason to seek help: the child is very lethargic, he has a high temperature (above +38 ˚С), vomiting or sores in the mouth have appeared. A child can also vomit due to excessive salivation when mucus enters the stomach. Liquid and frequent stools also indicate the attachment of an infection. Diarrhea can cause dehydration.

How to help a baby

If a baby starts teething at 2 months, besides fatigue due to sleepless nights, parents are worried about their baby. Since he is tormented by pain, discomfort, he eats little and sleeps poorly, it is necessary to help relieve unpleasant symptoms. To do this, use the following methods:

1. Massage the gums. Wash your hands thoroughly first. Massage is done with a fingertip. It is worth trimming your nails so as not to damage the gums. Massaging relieves pain. The degree of effectiveness of the method can be determined by the reaction of the child.
2. Apply cold. Ordinary teethers, which are sold in pharmacies and are offered to older children, a baby at the age of two months will not gnaw. In this case, he can cool the nipple or apply a gauze pad to the problem area. It is pre-moistened with cold water or chamomile infusion, which helps relieve inflammation.
3. Lubricate gums with anesthetic gels. For example, “Kamistad” or “Kalgel” are the means that can be used even at an early age.
4. Provide antipyretic and analgesic drugs based on ibuprofen and paracetamol. 2-month-old babies put candles. It can be, for example, “Efferalgan”.

During teething, it is important to provide your baby with the right care. It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the pacifier. Saliva needs to be wiped only with clean napkins. The skin around the mouth should be lubricated with a special baby cream. You also need to walk more – fresh air will only benefit. But it is better to avoid crowded places so that the baby does not pick up an additional virus.

If your child has early teething, if he is breastfeeding, it is worth visiting a dentist. The fact is that the risk of developing bottle caries in this case is quite high.

Date: May 4, 2021

reasons why cats drool from their mouths

As a rule, cats are not famous for profuse salivation, what then is the reason for this phenomenon? Here we will look at the most possible reasons why cats drool and how to solve the problem with saliva.

In most cases, a small amount of saliva in a cat should not be alarming. If, for example, a cat drools when purring, then this is a sure sign that she is relaxed and content. Cat experts say that there is a connection between salivation and euphoria, which originates in the communication of a kitten with its mother when she feeds him milk. This also explains why a cat drools when it crumples a blanket or your knees, because little kittens do the same thing when they crumple their mother’s stomach to stimulate milk production.

Diseases of the mouth and teeth

But there are times when increased salivation in a cat can be a signal that something is wrong with her. A common cause is oral disease or dental caries. Tartar deposits can rub against the inside of a cat’s mouth, resulting in excess saliva production. To test this, you can gently pull back the cat’s lip and look at its teeth. If the teeth are tarnished or brown, or if the gums are bleeding, a visit to the veterinarian should be made as these problems require treatment, including removal of tartar.

Foreign objects

When checking your cat’s teeth, look for anything stuck in her mouth, such as a piece of thread or a small object that could be causing discomfort. Some plants, and poisoning from them, can cause profuse salivation, so check to see if your cat has eaten something they shouldn’t have.

Heatstroke

Another cause, especially in hot summers, can be heatstroke. In cats, this is not common, unlike other animals (because cats are very smart), but still, if the cat has been in the sun for several hours without drinking, this can cause profuse salivation.

How To Put Baby to Sleep in Pack n Play

This is a “bitter” fact that most parents will relate to – if you’re wondering if a baby can sleep somewhere, the answer is probably no.

The good news is that a pack n play is an exemption to that rule. If you use it safely, it’s OK for your baby to sleep in a pack and play. Most experts will agree on that, and it’s the official position of the AAP American Academy of Pediatrics.

Today, I’ll offer some handy tips on how to put your little one to sleep in a pack n play, along with some safety guidelines.

Putting your baby to sleep in a pack n play

Most of the tips I’ll go over below also ring true for a general away-from-home scenario.

Introduce them to sleeping away from home early on

Sleeping in a pack n play for the first time will likely be out of their comfort zone, and it won’t be perfect.

That’s fine.

If you’re planning a trip, schedule some in-house exercises and give them a chance to adapt to the portable crib or playard in the safety of your home.

Have an active day before sleeping in a playard

If you’re introducing a new sleep environment, your chances of doing it successfully skyrocket if the baby has an active day before.

Keep the ritual

If you already have a bedtime routine, stick to it as you put them to sleep in a pack n play. Keeping the chain of events unchanged will trigger the ‘it’s-bedtime’ signal in their heads.

If they’re tired on top of it, they doze off in no time.

Mimic the original environment

If your baby sleeps in a smart crib that plays soothing sounds, installing an app and playing the same sounds, white noise, or music will go a long way.

To take it one step further, bring the same sheets and blankie you typically use.

Keep them in the dark

For daily naps, use a darkening tent/canopy or shades to keep the room dark. I know some parents believe in napping in the light, but that never worked for us. A dark, quiet room will be the way to go for most babies.

At night, avoid exposing them to bright light for a few hours before bedtime. Light exposure before sleep interferes with the Melatonin levels, and if you combine that with a changing environment, you’re in for one long night.

I have a complete guide on making a pack n play dark enough for sleep – you can see it here, and you can see the guide on best travel pack n plays here.

Other related reads: Co-sleeper vs. pack n play | pack n play vs. crib | travel crib vs. pack n play | bassinet vs. pack n play

Making the pack n play safe for sleep

A pack n play is generally already safe for sleep, and the main risks come from the things parents add or change as they try to make the playpen more comfortable.

Sleeping in a playard is not about comfort, and it’s probably not going to be as calm or refreshing for them until they get used to it. Again, that’s fine because safety takes precedence over comfort.

So, forget about adding any extra blankets, toys, or pillows.

However, there still are things you can do – I have a separate guide on making a Pack n play more comfortable here.

Finally, some of the modern pack n plays come with a bassinet attachment – those are diaper changes. That’s it. Don’t leave them unsupervised or let them fall asleep in it – they are much more likely to roll over if you do.

Safety precautions of sleeping in a pack and play

You’ll probably know some of these since they share a lot with general safety sleep guidelines. Most of them, however, are specific to playpen safety.

Don’t leave the mesh sides down

The mesh sides should be up at all times, especially during sleep. Loose, rolled-down mesh is a suffocation risk.

Know when to get rid of the pack n play toys

As soon as your baby can sit upright or crawl on all fours, get rid of any toys from the top edge. As a rule of thumb – anything they can grab is an entanglement risk.

Remove the changing table

If you have a playpen with a changing table, remove the table when you’re not using it.

If you leave it attached, there’s a risk of the baby getting stuck in the space between the side rails and the table.

Nothing-to-grab rule

If the baby can stand or even pull themself to a standing position, get rid of anything on the playpen they might use to climb out.

Check the vinyl when they’re teething

A teething baby will bite everything and anything, including the vinyl of the top rails. If this happens, you can either repair the holes (if they’re small) or get new rails.

Check the mesh regularly

As the baby starts to pull up, there’s a good chance they’ll damage the mesh.

Any hole over 0.25 inches becomes a risk because it’s big enough for the baby to get caught in it. Repair any tears and check the connections between the rails, the floor plate, and the mesh sides. There should be no exposed parts.

Be careful with wooden playpens

As a rule of thumb, the slats on a wooden playpen should be no more than 2.3 inches apart.

No accordion fence

Using one of those accordion-style fences for your baby is probably one of the riskiest things you can do. I’ve seen these used in DIY circular playpens (if you can call them that). Both the side and the top opening are a massive risk.

Related reads: all about pack n play mattress pads | sleeping in the bottom of a pack and play | how long can baby sleep in a pack n play 

Final thoughts

As long as you follow the safety guidelines, you can put your baby to nap or sleep in a pack and play and treat it much like you would any ole crib.

Do not alter the playpen or add anything in. You’ve probably heard this a thousand times, but here goes – the sleep surface should be clear, flat, and firm.

Paul

Paul is a passionate dad who founded Upside Dad to share his parenting journey with other new parents. He graduated from Concordia University and worked as a test engineer for over a decade. Paul loves dad jokes and craft beer.
Learn more about Paul and Upside Dad here.

6 Tips to Help Your Baby Sleep Great While Traveling

 

RELATED: Daily Schedules & Developmental Activities for Your Baby / Toddler

 

Tip #4: Consider the time change

 

A good rule to follow is to allow one day to adjust for each hour time difference. With small time changes, this is pretty easy.

For example, if you’re changing time zones by 2 hours, allow 2 days for baby to acclimate to the new time. Then have baby’s sleep times be at the same time as home.

It can be difficult to stay on your “home time zone” when traveling. Our bodies are naturally programmed to adapt to our environment. Your baby’s body clock will want to change sleep times based on sunrise and sunset, and your daily activities. So if your trip will be 3 days or more, plan to adjust to the new time zone. 

Example 1: Back home your baby eats dinner at 5:30 pm and has bedtime at 6:30 pm. Your vacation spot is 2 hours time difference and you’ll be away for one week. Take 2 days to adjust to the new time, then baby has dinner at 5:30 pm and bedtime at 6:30 pm (new time.)

Example 2: Back home your baby eats dinner at 5:30 pm and has bedtime at 6:30 pm. Your trip is only for 2 days and you’ll be 1 hour ahead of home. Your baby should have dinner at 6:30 pm and bedtime at 7:30 pm (because this suits his normal body clock.)

To minimize jet lag on big international trips, you need a structured plan. My Guide on Surviving Baby Jet Lag gives you a detailed, 3 day plan to help you and your baby conquer jet lag and avoid being awake for hours every night!

 

Hear Me Explain Baby Sleep Tips for Traveling

 

Tip #5: Plan travel according to baby’s schedule

 

A lot of parents ask me for traveling tips for car travel or flying with a baby. Although it seems like the “right answer” is to travel when your baby typically sleeps, I’ve found that this doesn’t always work out.

Sometimes planes get delayed or baby refuses to sleep in her car seat. And your best intentions get thrown out the window! So although it’s a good idea to plan your travel around your baby sleep schedule, I wouldn’t expect your baby to comply perfectly. 

In general, I recommend travelling during the day to avoid “ruining” baby’s night sleep. To me, night sleep is the most precious and deserves being protected. 

If you plan to take an overnight flight, and your baby refuses to sleep, your next day will be wrecked. On the contrary, if you fly all day and baby refuses to nap, you’ll definitely have a cranky baby on your hands. But a good night’s sleep hits the “reset button” for a new day.

If you have no other choice than to fly overnight, go for it. Many little ones sleep just fine! Bring along your baby carrier or reserve a seat for baby to sleep in. I always grab an extra airplane blanket and tie it above baby’s seat to darken her sleep space a bit more. You never know if the person sitting next to you on the plane will have their light on the entire flight!

 

Tip #6: Hop right back into your routine once you get home

 

Baby sleep regressions after vacation are a real thing. If your baby’s sleep routine went out the window or you resorted to co-sleeping, your baby might fight going back to the crib or a set routine at home. 

But just remember that babies adapt quickly with our guidance. Your baby fell into new sleep habits in a matter of days on vacation. So a few days of being consistent with your routine back at home will get your baby sleeping well again. 

If you changed time zones, give your little one a few days for her body clock to reset. Then start waking her at a consistent time in the morning, following awake times for naps and getting back into a peaceful bedtime routine every evening.

In my Exhausted Mom’s Starter Kit I tell you my top 3 tips for getting babies to sleep great at night (including how to create a peaceful bedtime routine). Also, my daily schedules guide helps you create an age-appropriate daily routine for your baby. 

 

It’s normal to feel nervous or worried about traveling with your baby. I’ve found that a bit of preparation will ensure that your baby sleeps well while traveling. We never know how our kids will react, so you may as well go for it!

Your baby will thrive from new experiences and maybe pick up a new skill. And you’ll get a lovely break from your daily grind. HAPPY TRAVELS!

Putting the child to sleep: useful tips and recommendations

Author, editor and medical expert – Muraeva Yulia Yurievna.

Views: 195 704

Last update date: 06/23/2022 G.

average reading time: 12 minutes

Content:

Rhythm of children’s sleep
How to properly laid it out properly sleep baby
How to help your baby sleep
How to teach a child to sleep in his own crib?
Bedtime rituals
What are the bedtime rituals?

Sleep is an important part of life, so it must be regular and of high quality ¹ . But often the first year of a child’s life becomes a real test for parents. Even such a seemingly simple action as putting a newborn to sleep sometimes turns into a task of increased complexity.

The difficulty is that in infants, sleep is still being formed, and circadian rhythms differ from those to which parents are accustomed ² .

Rhythms of baby sleep

Before birth, the alternation of sleep phases in the fetus is subject to circadian (daily) rhythms and fluctuations in the hormonal background of the expectant mother. After giving birth, it takes time for the child to mature its own regulatory system ² .

A term newborn sleeps an average of 16-17 hours ² , and the total duration of sleep is not affected by dark and daylight hours ³ .

Babies up to 2 months have 2 sleep phases ^2.3 :

• Active sleep. Starts after falling asleep. This phase is important for the stimulation and development of the central nervous system. During active sleep, you can observe the baby’s mobility, rapid eye movements and a weakening of reactions to external stimuli (light, sound, touch).
• Peaceful sleep. Follows the active phase. During restful sleep, the heart rate slows down, the movements of the eyeballs stop, and the baby stops moving his arms and legs.

Together these 2 phases form a cycle. Each cycle begins with active sleep followed by restful sleep. The duration of such a cycle is approximately 45-60 minutes ³ .

But the sleep-wake cycle lasts longer. For breastfed babies, it is approximately 1-3 hours, and for artificial babies, it is 2-5 hours ³ .

Gradually lengthening periods of wakefulness, and most of the sleep occurs at night ² :

• By the end of 3 months of life, an uninterrupted night’s sleep can be about 5 hours ³ .
• From 2 to 12 months, babies sleep 9-10 hours at night ³ , while daytime sleep is divided into 1-4 episodes that can last from 30 minutes to 2 hours ³ .

Sleep regularity and sleep disturbances can be assessed after 6 months, when the child develops circadian rhythms ³ .

Although the night sleep becomes longer, each cycle is still accompanied by micro-awakenings (wakings) ^2.3 , after which the baby can fall asleep quickly enough. This is a short-term activation of the central nervous system, which must be distinguished from a full awakening ² . It is good if at this moment the mother is nearby and helps the child fall asleep again.

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How to Put Your Baby to Sleep

The American Pediatrics Association has developed guidelines for safe sleep for babies. Below are some of them (the full list of recommendations can be found at the link) ⁴ :

• The best sleeping position is on your back.
• The mattress should be hard enough, and the crib should not be cluttered with things, blankets, pillows.
• No smoking in the nursery.
• If the child sleeps in a cool room, it is better to dress him warmly or put him in a special sleeping bag for babies. He should be warm, but not hot, so it is not recommended to wrap him with a blanket. And in order for the baby to breathe freely, in no case cover him with a blanket with his head.

Babies up to 12 months of age still need to feed at night, so sleeping in the same room with the mother may be necessary to optimize breastfeeding and closer contact ⁴ . Co-sleeping in the same room with parents does not mean that the child will sleep with them in the same bed, because it does not meet the safety requirements ⁴ .

Before putting your newborn to bed, also remember that:

• Tight swaddling is not recommended0036 4 . There are babies who find this soothing, but swaddling can interfere with the baby’s breathing because the chest is compressed and the baby cannot take a deep breath. ⁴ . Tight swaddling also increases the risk of a lung infection and can aggravate hip dysplasia. Do not swaddle a baby who is already rolling over from his back to his stomach ⁴ .
• There is no consensus on the use of pacifiers. Some experts believe that they have a negative effect on breastfeeding and interfere with the formation of the correct bite. Other evidence suggests that pacifiers help reduce the risk of respiratory and cardiac problems in infants up to 12 months of age ⁴ .
• Don’t encourage falling asleep in your arms or while feeding. Older babies do not need to be allowed to fall asleep while watching a movie, after a set time, or in their parent’s bed ⁴ .

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How to help your baby fall asleep

As the baby develops, fears, anxiety, anxiety may appear when he refuses to sleep separately from his parents and resists falling asleep ² . The maturation of biological rhythms is facilitated by the environment of the child, the behavior of parents, compliance with the regimen and rules of sleep hygiene ³ .

To ensure quality rest and proper development, parents need to follow the recommendations. Specialists advise following these rules ⁴ :

• Put the baby to bed in the evening and wake up in the morning at about the same time, despite weekends and holidays ⁴ .
• Avoid physical activity before bed ⁴ .
• Limit activities in bed that are not related to falling asleep (playing, feeding), as this interferes with the baby’s understanding of sleep ⁴ .
• Keep the bedroom comfortable – moderate temperature, low lighting, minimal noise, comfortable pajamas ⁴ .
• Form a laying ritual ⁵ .
• Follow the diet – the baby should not have any hunger or overeating. Before going to bed, you can feed him a little ⁵ .
• Keep an activity diary so that you can analyze and understand what interferes with your child’s sleep ⁴ .

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How can I get my baby to sleep in his own crib?

There are various methods to help a child fall asleep on his own, without the help of parents. They are often used as a non-drug treatment for insomnia (sleep disorder) in young children aged 1 to 3 years ⁴ . Examples of such techniques are described below. Choosing the right one for your baby should be discussed with a baby sleep specialist.

One way to overcome sleep disorders is through behavioral therapy. It helps to change wrong associations and sleep patterns in a child ^4.7 . In behavioral therapy, the abandonment method is used. With him, parents immediately leave the child in the crib and leave the nursery. However, they do not return when they hear his cries or call, giving him the opportunity to fall asleep on his own ⁴ . But psychologists do not recommend using this approach if the baby is not yet 6 months old and is breastfeeding ⁴ , as this may adversely affect the baby’s condition.

In addition, the abandonment method is not suitable for all parents. For those who want to be near or calm a crying baby ⁴ experts recommend other methods – “check and hold” or “gradual repayment” ^4.7 .

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“Checking and Holding”

When getting ready for bed, the parent spends some time with the child, then puts him to bed and leaves the room or goes to bed if she is in the nursery. At the same time, they do not approach the baby for 15-20 minutes and do not react to his crying or screaming. This period is called “hold” ⁷

When the 20 minutes have elapsed, the parent goes to the child, straightens his bed and returns to himself. This part is called checking ⁷ .

It is very important not to take him out of the crib and feed him when he wakes up. The exception is children who require night feedings for age or medical reasons. In all other cases, the parent simply comes to the crib for a short time to check, and then leaves again for a 15-20 minute “hold” ⁷ .

Gradually – over several nights – increase the “hold” interval to 30 minutes ⁷ .

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Gradual repayment

This technique is designed to “repay” the child’s protests and manipulations ⁷ . There are 2 options for “gradual repayment” – with and without the presence of a parent ⁴ .

The classic option is to leave the baby alone in the bedroom for a certain amount of time, gradually accustoming him to fall asleep on his own. Unlike the “check and hold” method, the child can be calmed down. But you need to return to his bed not at the first call, but after a certain time. After the child calms down, you need to leave again, increasing the intervals when he tries to fall asleep without you ⁷ . This option is suitable for babies over 6 months old ⁴ .

Until the age of six months, use the “gradual repayment” method in the presence of a parent. It is carried out in stages ⁴ :

• The parent puts the baby to bed and sits next to it. If the bed is large, you can lie down next to the child.
• On subsequent nights, mom or dad still stays close to the baby, but gradually reduces the number of touches, communicates less with him, showing him that they are busy with something, for example, reading or cleaning the room.
• When putting the child to bed, the parent does not lie down next to him, but sits on a chair not far from the bed, about 5 meters from it, continuing to sit until the baby falls asleep.
• In the next step, the distance between the bed and the chair is increased by gradually moving it away.
• A little later you can leave the nursery for a while, but be sure to return before the baby cries.

If the child wakes up, repeat the same steps that you perform at this stage of the procedure. The stages can be stretched over several days so that the baby has time to get used to each ⁴ .

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Bedding rituals

Forming a bedding ritual is considered to be an effective method ⁴ . It can complement the “repayment” technique, but sometimes it works quite well on its own. Suitable for all ages, but the earlier it is started, the less likely babies are to develop sleep problems – they fall asleep faster and sleep longer ⁴ .

The ritual begins at the moment of the child’s drowsiness. Before you put the baby to sleep, you need to perform a number of actions. They should be predictable, regular, relaxing and positive. The total duration of the ritual is 20-45 minutes ⁴ . If it was not possible to meet the set time, most likely, you need to shift the ritual to another time and wait for drowsiness. It can manifest itself as loss of interest in surrounding toys and people, reddening of the eyelids, rubbing of the eyes, yawning ⁴ .

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What are the rituals for falling asleep?

Experts recommend preparing for sleep, which consists of consecutive, daily repeated actions, the so-called routines ⁵ . They help to speed up falling asleep, increase the quality and duration of sleep, reduce the number of night awakenings ⁵ .

The most typical nightly rituals ⁶ :

• Bathing in warm water with your favorite foam or bath product, light massage.
• Soothing sounds – “white noise”. This is a monotonous noise that does not carry a semantic load, soothes and helps to forget, for example, flowing water, a metronome, ticking clocks or recordings of nature sounds.
• Lullabies and fairy tales.
• Wishes for “good night”, “sweet dreams” or other phrases that are said only before going to bed.

Sleep experts recommend a three-step ritual that includes bathing, massage and quiet time in the crib ⁸ .

• Bath foam can be used during bathing. For babies from 6 months, JOHNSON’S ® Baby Bath Foam “Before Bed” is suitable. It has a soothing scent to help your baby get ready for bed ⁸ .
• Immediately after a warm bath, a milk can be applied to the skin, such as JOHNSON’S ® Bedtime Milk ⁸ , for children over 6 months of age, by lightly stroking the skin. Such a massage will calm the baby even more and prepare him for sleep, especially thanks to the pleasant smell of milk ⁸ .
• At the third stage, you need to change the child into pajamas, read a bedtime story or sing a lullaby ^4,8 .

As a rule, a few days are enough to form an association between the evening routine and falling asleep ⁴ .

As you can see, pediatricians and psychologists have developed various methods for healthy children’s sleep and fast falling asleep. But you need to use them, taking into account the age of the child, his habits and characteristics of the nervous system. The task of parents is to organize the baby’s daily routine and prepare him for sleep, calming and creating positive associations with the process of falling asleep. With the correct implementation of the recommendations of a specialist, the child will gradually learn to fall asleep independently and faster, will sleep longer and sounder.

You may also be interested in:

Traveling with your baby
Baby’s Skin Care Guide

Back to Contents

The information in this article is for guidance only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, contact a qualified specialist.

References:

1. E.S. Sakharova. What worries the baby? Pediatric pharmacology, 2010, volume 7, No. 2, pp. 143-148.
2. I.A. Kelmanson. Formation of the state of sleep in ontogeny and the problems arising from this. Neurology and psychiatry. Special issue “Sleep and its disorders-5”. Effective pharmacotherapy, 2017, No. 35, p.4-13
3. M.G.Poluektov, P.V.pchelina. Sleep in children: from physiology to pathology. Medical Council, 2017, No. 9, pp. 98-103.
4. P.V.Pchelina. M.G.Poluektov. How to treat insomnia in early childhood. Neurology and psychiatry. Special issue “Sleep and its disorders-4”. Effective pharmacotherapy, 2016, No. 19, pp.52-60.
5. Jodi A. Mindell, PhD; Lorena S. Telofski, BA; Benjamin Wiegand, PhD; Ellen S. Kurtz, PhD. A Nightly Bedtime Routine: Impact on Sleep in Young Children and Maternal Mood. (The Nightly Sleep Schedule: Effects on Young Children’s Sleep and Maternal Mood) SLEEP (Sleep), Vol. 32, no. 5, 2009. pp. 599-607.
6. E.A. Korabelnikova. Treatment and prevention of insomnia in young children. Russian Psychiatric Journal, 2012, No. 3, pp. 62-70.
7. M.G. Poluektov Sleep disorders in childhood: causes and modern therapy // Effective pharmacotherapy, Neurology and psychiatry. 1/2012
8. Mindell J, Lorena S, Telofsky BA et al. Nightly sleep routine: effects on young children’s sleep and maternal mood. Sleep. 2009; 23:599–606.

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90,000 how to put a child to sleep: 13 The smallest methods

• Sean Kokhlan
• Correspondent BBC

902 January 6, 2018 9000 understand the events.

Image copyright, Getty Images

Image caption,

Sleep deprivation torture is horrendous and many of us know it firsthand

Tired after Christmas? Would you like to sleep for at least 600 more minutes? Or maybe your kids jump out of bed every half an hour and have already completely brought you to the handle?

The beginning of January is a dark day for people suffering from lack of sleep.

Google search, a modern indicator of such problems, shows that the number of searches for the words “children do not sleep” reaches a maximum at this time of the year.

• Experiment: how lack of sleep affects our psyche
• Too much alcohol affects sleep
• Scientists: lack of sleep destroys the body which magically allows you to finally forget and fall asleep…

  New Year’s zombies

  Children are constantly on edge during the New Year holidays: they stay up late, staring at the screen, play computer games all the way, devastate holiday stocks in the refrigerator , and the chances of a full-fledged children’s sleep are approaching zero.

  Then, one fine day, they have to go to school again, and they trudge there in the morning like zombies, staring their eyes red from fatigue into the January darkness.

  Adults suffer no less than children. Early January is the peak time for searching for “sleep” and “I need to sleep.”

  Image copyright, Getty Images

  Image caption,

  Christmas and New Year’s is the “perfect storm”: sleep deprivation, overeating, alcohol, and a total breakdown in routine

  As the saying goes, desperate times call for desperate measures. And parents, depressed by family insomnia, begin to invent their own coping strategies.

  After looking at online sleep apps and websites like Moshi Twilight Sleep Stories and calm.com, we’ve compiled some of the more eccentric ideas.

  In each case, it is claimed that the idea has already been tested somewhere. Although one can only imagine how bad things must have been.

  These ideas have no chance of appearing in any of the many unbearably boring books that tell us how ideal parents raise their children right.

  13 strange ways to put your child to bed

  • Explain to your child the meaning of Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s infrastructure projects
  • Play an audio recording of a chapter from an 18th-century Scottish economics book read by an extremely mournful teacher
  • Watch a video of a crossword puzzle game with a child6
  • Listen to an hour-long recording of people yawning
  • Turn on the vacuum cleaner
  • Watch a movie about sheep grazing in slow motion
  • Invent a monster that doesn’t exist. For example, “Man 8 o’clock”, which catches children awake after eight.
  • Place the baby on your chest and spin slowly in a circle
  • Put the kids in the car and drive around the streets
  • Sing the national anthem to them
  • Turn the baby’s bed 180 degrees
  • Place the baby’s heartbeat under the pillow mothers
  • Put mother-smelling clothes in the crib

  “The perfect storm”

  Loughborough University professor Kevin Morgan, who works in the Department of Clinical Sleep Research, says that if one were to create a situation of chronic sleep deprivation and fatigue for the experiment, it would probably be very reminiscent of New Year and Christmas holidays.

  According to the scientist, this is a real “perfect storm”: going to bed late, overeating and unpredictable awakening times.

  Image copyright Getty Images

  Image caption,

  It’s impossible to struggle with sleep in the office after the stormy holidays

  Add to that alcohol, which worsens the quality of sleep, and the subconscious stress associated with preparing for Christmas and New Year.

  It’s a whole cocktail of bad sleep ingredients, exacerbated, according to Professor Morgan, by the fact that late December and early January are the darkest and most depressing times of the year.

  The key to good sleep is a proper, regular routine, says Kevin Morgan. But on Christmas and New Year’s days, the entire family schedule is turned upside down.

  “By January 2nd, you’ll probably be out,” says the professor. “Noisy kids are already getting on your nerves, and things are getting a little tense.”

  Image copyright, Getty Images

  Image caption,

  New Year’s holidays change the established family routine

  Set a sleep schedule

  There are, however, other, not so strange ways to improve the situation. British doctors are advising parents to set a consistent time for their children to go to bed.

  At the same time, putting the child to bed should turn into a well-known, familiar daily routine for him. Experts advise taking a bath before bed and a nighttime story in a dimly lit bedroom.

  Computers, mobile phones, televisions should be turned off as they prevent the child from falling asleep. British National Health System doctors recommend turning off all screens an hour before a child goes to bed.

  Image copyright, Getty Images

  Image caption,

  The screen keeps the child from sleeping, doctors warn

  The room where the child sleeps should be dark, tidy and quiet. Blackout curtains should block out light from the street, and the air temperature should be comfortable – neither too high nor too low.

  Professor Morgan emphasizes that the effectiveness of these simple and mundane rules depends on how well parents manage to establish a routine.

Feeding Your 8- to 12-Month-Old (for Parents)

By 8 months old, most babies are pros at handling the iron-fortified infant cereals and the puréed foods that are part of their diet, along with breast milk or formula.

Over the next few months, they will start to explore table foods.

Changing Eating Habits

Offer your baby a variety of tastes and textures from all food groups. Start any new food with a trial run (a few days to a week) to look for any allergic reactions. Babies younger than 12 months old should not have:

• honey until after a baby’s first birthday. It can cause botulism in babies.
• unpasteurized juice, milk, yogurt, or cheese 
• regular cow’s milk or soy drinks before 12 months instead of breast milk or formula. It’s OK to offer pasteurized yogurt and cheese.
• foods that may cause choking, such as hot dogs, raw vegetables, grapes, hard cheese, popcorn, and nuts
• foods with added sugars and no-calorie sweeteners
• high-sodium foods

Babies this age are likely showing more interest in table foods. You can fork-mash, cut up, blend, or grind whatever foods the rest of the family eats. To prevent choking, cook table foods a little longer, until very soft, and cut or shred them into small pieces that your baby can handle safely.

Around 9 months old, infant usually can pick food up between their finger and thumb so they can try feeding themselves.

If you haven’t already, have your baby join the rest of the family at meals. They enjoy being at the table.

After the first birthday, babies are ready to switch to cow’s milk. If you’re breastfeeding, you can continue beyond 1 year, if desired. If you decide to stop breastfeeding before your baby’s first birthday, give iron-fortified formula. If your baby is over 12 months, give whole milk.

Let your baby keep working on drinking from a cup, but do not give juice to infants younger than 12 months. After 12 months, you can serve whole milk in a cup, which will help with the move from the bottle.

Feeding Safety

Always supervise when your child is eating. Make sure your child sits up in a high chair or other safe place. Don’t serve foods that your baby could choke on. 

If you’re unsure about whether a finger food is safe, ask yourself:

• Does it melt in the mouth? Some dry cereals will melt in the mouth, and so will light and flaky crackers.
• Is it cooked enough so that it mashes easily? Well-cooked vegetables and fruits will mash easily. So will canned fruits and vegetables. (Choose canned foods that don’t have added sugar or salt.)
• Is it naturally soft? Cottage cheese, shredded cheese, and small pieces of tofu are soft.
• Can it be gummed? Pieces of ripe banana and well-cooked pasta can be gummed.

Making Meals Work

Keep your baby’s personality in mind when feeding your baby. A child who likes a lot of stimulation may enjoy it when you “play airplane” with the spoon to get the food into their mouth. But a more sensitive tot might need the focus kept on eating with few distractions.  

If your baby rejects new tastes and textures, serve new foods in small portions and don’t give up. It can take 8-10 tries before a baby accepts a new food.

How Much Should My Baby Eat?

Infant formula and breast milk continue to provide important nutrients for growing infants. But babies will start to drink less as they learn to eat variety of solid foods.

Watch for signs that your child is hungry or full. Respond to these cues and let your child stop when full. A child who is full may suck with less enthusiasm, stop, or turn away from the breast or the bottle. With solid foods, they may turn away, refuse to open their mouth, or spit the food out.

Let your baby finger feed or hold a spoon while you do the actual feeding. This is good preparation for the toddler years, when kids take charge of feeding themselves. And if you haven’t already, set regular meal and snack times.

Food for 1-year-old: Menu and nutrition

Choosing the right foods for a 1-year-old can help them embrace new flavors and see meals as fun.

No single meal plan is right for all children, but these guidelines can help with feeding a toddler.

Share on PinterestToddlers can often safely eat many fruits, vegetables, proteins, and grains.

Toddlers can eat the same foods that their family members eat, though it may be necessary to modify some foods to make them easier and safer to eat.

Children may need to try a food many times before they like it. Parents and caregivers should never force a food, and never punish children, but continue offering a wide variety of nourishing options.

Some toddler-friendly foods to consider include:

• Fruits: Avocados, bananas, oranges, berries, mangoes, and other fruits are great choices. It is important to cut berries, grapes, or hard fruits into small pieces.
• Vegetables: Toddlers can enjoy all of the same vegetables as adults, so parents and caregivers can introduce new ones on an ongoing basis. Some toddlers enjoy baby food purees that include both vegetables and fruits, providing a sweet taste.
• Protein: Toddlers can eat bits of meat in baby-sized bites. They may also enjoy other proteins, such as lentils, beans, or tofu.
• Grains: Grains such as oatmeal offer healthful fiber that can prevent constipation.

There is no need to disguise food, add sugar to it, or try to make it taste better in other ways. Children learn to eat the things that parents or caregivers give them.

Toddlers respond to texture and shape changes. If a child dislikes a specific fruit, try cutting it into different shapes, arranging it into a smiley face, or offering it in a smoothie. Make food fun and creative, and do not try to control how much the child eats.

Eat together at mealtimes, and offer the toddler the same foods as the rest of the family rather than creating special toddler meals. Offer the child something that they like and be willing to give them a second portion if they indicate that they want more.

Where possible, it is best to develop an eating schedule and stick with it. Although toddlers should not have unhealthful snacks, such as cookies, with no nutritional value, they may need several healthful snacks throughout the day, particularly during a growth spurt.

The schedule only applies to foods, as it is important to give children water whenever they indicate that they want some.

Between the ages of 1 and 2 years, toddlers can begin enjoying the same foods as their parents or caregivers, as long as the food is in a child-friendly form.

Young children face a very high risk of choking on certain foods. Choking is a leading cause of childhood injury and death. Parents and caregivers can reduce the risk of choking by:

• Being mindful of dense foods that change shape: Peanut butter, squeezy cheese, and similar foods can block the airway. Avoid giving them on a spoon or in large globs. Some people prefer to thin these foods with water or spread a small amount over a cracker.
• Giving peanuts in smaller pieces: Doctors used to think that parents and caregivers should delay giving babies peanuts, but research now shows that the early introduction of peanuts reduces the risk of allergies. Cut peanuts into small pieces or blend them into peanut butter.
• Cutting small, round foods: Blueberries, grapes, and similarly sized foods present a significant choking hazard. Cut them into very small pieces — for example, divide a large grape into eighths. The same is true of canteloupe or other dense melon-type fruits.
• Avoiding choking hazards that offer no nutritional value: Popcorn and some other snacks, such as tortilla chips, present a high risk of choking. As they also offer few health benefits, it is best to avoid them.

It is also advisable to monitor children while they eat, discourage them from eating while playing, and remind them not to talk and eat at the same time. In addition, never allow a child to eat alone or in the backseat of a car, as choking is usually silent.

Sweet beverages, such as sodas and sugary juices, encourage tooth decay. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) note that there is no reason to give healthy children juice. If parents or caregivers want to give juice, the AAP recommend no more than 4 ounces of juice per day.

However, babies and toddlers should always have access to water.

There is no need to feed children differently, just because they are sick. If the child’s appetite is unaffected, and they are not vomiting, it is fine to continue giving them their usual meals. However, some children regress when they are sick.

Toddlers who are still breastfeeding may want to breastfeed more. Those who have just switched to solid foods may want purees or baby food instead. Encourage the child to listen to their body, then offer them healthful foods based on their needs. For example, a child who does not want to chew food can still get excellent nourishment from a fruit smoothie.

When a child cannot keep down food or does not want to eat, it is essential to continue giving them water. If a child has diarrhea or a very high fever or is vomiting frequently, ask a doctor about giving them an electrolyte drink to replace lost fluids and prevent dehydration.

Some doctors recommend sticking to a very bland diet for a few hours after a child has had diarrhea or been vomiting. People can use the acronym BRAT to remember suitable foods:

• Bananas
• Rice
• Applesauce
• Toast

Learn more about the BRAT diet here.

Most toddlers need 1,000–1,400 calories per day. Larger and more active children may need slightly more.

Parents and caregivers should not worry about trying to provide perfect portion sizes. Instead, they can offer a wide array of healthful foods and allow the child to decide what to eat. Many toddlers achieve balance over time by eating large meals one day and almost nothing the next.

Toddlers should eat every 2 to 3 hours, or five to six times per day. A sample daily schedule might look like this:

Breakfast options

• one-half of a cup of oatmeal and one-half of a cup of fruit, such as sliced blueberries or bananas
• fruit smoothie containing avocado, frozen berries, and banana
• cottage cheese
• scrambled eggs

Mid-morning snack options

• fruit and vegetable smoothie containing kale, apple, mango, banana, and carrot
• yogurt
• hummus or nut butters with dippable fruit or soft crackers

Lunch options

• sliced chicken or cheese and a fruit salad
• tuna and crackers
• lentil soup
• peanut butter sandwich with fruit on the side
• Greek yogurt with fruit

Postnap snack options

• frozen fruit smoothie “popsicle,” consisting of apple, mango, banana, and orange frozen in a popsicle mold
• cottage cheese with sliced avocado
• a few pieces of cheese
• mild salsa with pita bread

Dinner options

• cooked quinoa, lentils, or beans
• tofu stir-fry
• tender chopped hamburger with beans or macaroni and cheese on the side (or black bean burger for a plant-based option)
• grilled cheese sandwich with tomato soup
• vegetable soup and an egg omelet
• cooked vegetables and ground beef or other chopped tender meats

Toddlers who eat dinner several hours before bedtime may also need a pre-bedtime snack.

Some 1-year-olds still drink breast milk. All major public health agencies say that it is fine to continue giving breast milk for as long as the breastfeeding adult and child mutually desire. Breast milk provides nutrition, so breastfed 1-year-olds may eat slightly less than those who have already weaned.

Once the child is ready to wean, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise replacing breast milk with milk rather than with formula.

Every toddler is different. Some have barely started eating solids at 1 year of age, while others enjoy a wide range of complex flavors. However, children will eventually start trying new foods.

The job of parents and caregivers is to introduce new foods and turn meals into a pleasurable experience.

It might be helpful to discuss nutritional goals with a pediatrician or dietitian.

What would you like to eat? Nutrition for a child from one to one and a half years. What to feed a baby at 15 months

Your baby is one year old. It is very good if you continue to breastfeed your baby in the morning and at night. But it is also necessary to introduce more “adult” products into his diet.

Is it necessary to wean a year?

If you continue to feed your baby with your milk, then do not rush to wean him from the breast. There are studies that support the value of occasional breastfeeding even at this age. you give the child not only food, but also a sense of peace, security and confidence in mother’s love. In addition, milk contains protective antibodies that help the baby resist infectious diseases. nine0005

It is almost impossible to overfeed with breast milk (this is one of its unique properties – the ability to “automatically” adjust to the needs of the child), i.e. the mother produces the amount of milk and with the properties that the baby needs at the moment. But this does not apply to feeding with mixtures. So if your child is an “artificial”, measure the volumes strictly in accordance with his age and the recommendations of the pediatrician.

How much cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt to give a child per year

So, the first group of products needed by a baby who has crossed the one-year milestone is dairy products. They include proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals. What to choose from a variety of dairy products: mixtures (the so-called subsequent formulas), milk, cottage cheese, yogurt, kefir or cheese? The use of “following formulas” (if the child is “artificial”) is hardly to be abandoned, despite the indicated age – “from 6 to 12 months”.

This is due to the fact that in recent years, many nutritionists are increasingly recommending to postpone the baby’s acquaintance with whole milk to a later age (2-2.5 years) due to the increased number of cases of food allergy to cow’s milk protein. nine0005

Any yogurt is prepared on the basis of yogurt sourdough – bulgarian sticks and thermophilic streptococcus. It is these lactic acid cultures that make a tasty product also useful. However, the healing properties of these bacteria are preserved only in “live” or “short” yoghurts that have not undergone heat treatment. The shelf life of such yoghurts does not exceed 30 days at temperatures from + 2 to +8 “C. “Long” yoghurts can be stored for more than three months even without being in the refrigerator. They can be extended either with the help of preservatives or due to heat treatment. All useful mineral At the same time, substances and vitamins are preserved, and bacteria die.Most yoghurts contain natural fruits, their taste in some cases compensates for the absence of sugar or its substitutes.
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Kefir contains lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria that regulate the normal microflora of the human gastrointestinal tract, which not only improves digestion, but also has a positive effect on the immune system.

However, it should be remembered that fermented milk products are highly acidic and in large quantities are not very useful for the child’s body. Studies conducted by the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS) showed that the use of kefir in the amount of 400 ml by children of 6-8 months old can lead to small punctate hemorrhages in the intestine (accompanied by loss of hemoglobin and iron). Do not forget about this and introduce kefir into the diet of 6-7 month old babies. According to the new recommendations of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, this product can be given to children from 9-12 months in an amount not exceeding 200 ml per day.

Yogurt is also a fermented milk product.

Kefir is a traditional diet food product. To obtain kefir, kefir fungi are used, which are a symbiosis of many microbes (lactic acid streptococci, lactic acid bacilli, acetic acid bacteria, aroma-forming bacteria and yeast). The use of kefir tones the cardiovascular and nervous system, normalizes and improves the functioning of the kidneys and intestines.
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A one-year-old baby can only receive specialized children’s milk (not cream) yogurt with a moderate fat and carbohydrate content. These yogurts are made in baby food factories, have a limited shelf life (a few days) and are sold in baby food departments. They can be given to children from 8-12 months.

Cottage cheese as a source of protein and calcium is necessary for a child, but within reasonable limits – about 50 g per day. It must be remembered that due to the high protein content, cottage cheese is not a very easily digestible product. In addition, the search for the protein part of the diet is not at all harmless – in some babies it can lead to a decrease in appetite, and in the future will lead to an increased risk of atherosclerosis ¹ , obesity, other disorders.

Sour cream, cream and cheese are used in the nutrition of a baby of the second year of life in small quantities (just like cottage cheese and yogurt, it is better not to give them every day). Sour cream is added to ready-made dishes. It is desirable to grind the cheese (for example, on a grater). This product can be given in combination with pasta, or can be used as a separate dish.

What kind of porridge to cook for a child

The next group of products is cereals, which are a source of carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, vitamins, and minerals. In the first place in terms of nutritional value are buckwheat and oatmeal. A lot has already been written about the influence of semolina porridge, beloved and still widely used in the nutrition of young children. But it must be recalled: semolina refers to cereals containing gluten (a cereal protein that can cause allergies, especially in infants). And there are not so many vitamins and minerals in semolina. Therefore, you should not get involved in such a product. nine0005

Rice is very easy to digest and absorb into the body. It is widely used for children with digestive problems. Unfortunately, the content of vitamins (eg E and B1) and minerals (eg potassium) in rice is even lower than in semolina.

Corn also cannot boast of a special value of vitamin and mineral composition. In addition, it contains a lot of starch. But corn is one of the sources of selenium. After a long park, such porridge is easily absorbed by the baby. nine0005

Fruits and vegetables in the diet of children after a year

It is useful for a child of the second year of life to add fruits or vegetables to cereals (for example, apples in rice, pumpkin in oatmeal).

At this age, it is already possible to expand the assortment of fruits offered to the baby (fresh and in the form of juices, puree) by oranges, apricots, strawberries, kiwi (in limited quantities; if juice – 100 ml, if puree – 100 ml).

Pureed gooseberries, cherries, currants, cranberries, raspberries, cranberries, and blackberries are very useful. Biologically valuable vitamin drink can be prepared from rose hips,

Grapes have the ability to enhance the processes of fermentation in the intestines. In addition, it oversaturates the child’s diet with carbohydrates. Combined with the relatively low vitamin content, this makes it a product intended for older children.

Vegetable menu can be enriched with beets, turnips, green peas, beans. Legumes should be given with great care and only in a well-steamed, carefully chopped form, since, despite the saturation with vegetable proteins, these vegetables contain coarse fiber. It causes increased gas formation and significantly increases intestinal motility, as a result of which the child’s stool becomes more liquid. nine0005

How to cook meat and fish for a 1 year old child

Meat products play an important role in children’s nutrition. They are given in the first half of the day (taking into account the longer period of time required for assimilation), and not only in the form of minced meat and meatballs (like children of the first year of life), but also in the form of steam cutlets.

Expansion of the diet is due to lean pork, offal (especially tongue), chicken, rabbit meat, turkey. Not recommended waterfowl meat (ducks, geese), fatty pork and lamb because of the difficulty of their digestion. And, of course, no sausages, sausages and sausages. nine0005

Low-fat varieties of fish (hake, pollock) can also be added to the child’s diet. Fish should be given 2 times and a week, provided that there is no allergic reaction to it.

Fish contains a large amount of useful minerals and vitamins. It can be boiled, stewed with vegetables, cutlets and meatballs, soufflé.

And caviar, so beloved by many adults, can only be given occasionally and with great care (it can cause an allergic reaction).

Which eggs are better: chicken or quail

Eggs contain easily digestible protein, valuable amino acids, vitamins, micro and macro elements. One egg should be included in the daily diet of a baby of the second year of life (except when the child suffers from a food allergy to chicken protein).

This can be a whole egg, a steam omelette or eggs added to culinary products (cottage cheese, pancakes). Never give raw eggs to children.

Quail eggs differ from chicken eggs not only in their higher protein content (with a large amount of the amino acid tryptophan), but also in their higher content of fat and cholesterol. However, they can be a good alternative for children with chicken protein intolerance (1-2 pieces a day or every other day). nine0005

Butter, butter and vegetable

Another source of fat in the diet of a baby of the second year of life is butter. It is better to give butter in its natural form (for example, spread it on bread or add it to ready-made dishes), without subjecting it to heat treatment.

The same applies to vegetable oils (sunflower, olive, soybean, corn). It is used in the final stage of cooking vegetables.

Is it possible for a 1 year old child to have sweets?

The baby should not eat pastries, cakes, chocolates, fatty biscuits. Of the confectionery, marmalade, jams, marshmallows, jams can be recommended. nine0005

You have to be very careful with honey, because in addition to its undoubted benefits, it has a high ability to cause allergic reactions.

It is better to use fructose instead of sugar.

What kind of bread to give to a child

It is better for children under one and a half years of age to give white bread, as it is easier to digest.

Drinks for children 12-18 months old

From drinks (except for the already mentioned fruit and vegetable juices and dairy products), tea (natural and weakly brewed) is allowed for a child of this age. Carbonated drinks (even mineral water) are not included in the child’s diet. nine0005

Sample menu for 3 days for a child 12-15 months
First day	Second day	Third day
Breast milk or formula	Breast milk or formula	Breast milk or formula
Breakfast Milk porridge with fruit and baby cottage cheese Bread with butter or grated cheese	Breakfast Children’s cottage cheese Oatmeal (dairy-free) with apples Tea with milk	Breakfast Milk porridge with fruit Bread with butter Tea
Lunch Pumpkin puree Vegetable puree with meat (zucchini, veal) Bread Fruit juice (apple-cherry)	Lunch Vegetable soup with spinach Fish fillet with cauliflower Bread Compote	Lunch Chicken soup Steam cutlet with mashed potatoes Biscuits Kissel
Snack Baby kefir or baby yogurt Baby biscuits Fruit puree (apple with oatmeal)	Afternoon snack Baby kefir, milk or milk formula (if allergic to cow’s milk protein), baby yogurt Croutons Apple	Snack Children’s yogurt or children’s biokefir Baby biscuits
Dinner Hard boiled egg Vegetable puree (green peas with potatoes) Tea	Dinner Steam Omelet with Cheese Apple and Carrot Puree Banana and Pear Nectar	Dinner Cottage cheese casserole with sour cream Rosehip puree with cream Multivitamin juice
At night Breast milk or formula	At night Breast milk or formula	At night Breast milk or formula

Cooking for a child

So, the baby’s nutrition should be balanced, energetically valuable and correspond to the age capabilities (biting, chewing, digestion and assimilation of food). nine0005

Food, as in the earlier period, remains ground (now not through a fine sieve, but on a grater), boiled meat and fish can be turned in a meat grinder only once. It is possible to prepare pancakes, casseroles, soufflés and puddings.

Do not give up ready-made specialized products for baby food. They are produced under high quality control and composition of the product.

Do not forget about the variety of food, the taste preferences of the child: let him get acquainted with as many foods as possible that are allowed at this age. nine0005

Daily regimen and nutrition of a child at 15 months

Up to 1.5 years old, the regimen of four to five meals a day remains relevant, the intervals between feedings are 4-5 hours.

Hours of eating should be strictly fixed (deviations of 15-30 minutes are allowed) in order to develop a conditioned reflex in the baby and, accordingly, better assimilation of food.

Lunch should be the most high-calorie, the afternoon snack should be the least. To maintain a good appetite, you should not give anything between feedings (except for water). nine0005

The daily amount of food for children from 1 to 1.5 years old is about 1000-1200 ml (excluding liquids). It should be noted that milk and kefir are not drink at this age, but food.

Approximate norms for daily consumption of various food products (taking into account the recommendations of Russian nutritionists):

nine0357 150-200 g

nine0357 40 g

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Product name	Product per day
Kashi
Vegetables	250-350 g
Fruit (juice puree)	200 ml
Milk (mixture), kefir	500-600 ml
Curd	50 g
Cheese	5 g
Sour cream (cream)	5-10 g
Bread
Meat	70-80 g
Fish	25-30 g
Egg	1 pc.
Butter	15-20 g
Vegetable oil	5-7 g
Sugar	30-40 g
Salt	3 g

¹ Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease characterized by the deposition of cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels, leading to narrowing or blockage of their lumen.

My Nikita is already 1 year 4 months old. And we have been eating for a long time almost everything that is mentioned in the article. He sucked his breast until 8 months, introduced the first complementary foods from 4 months – vegetables, then from 5 months – cereals (I grind cereals myself), at 6 months. started cooking a small piece of meat (chicken), at 7 months. they started giving us cottage cheese and biolact (kefir) in the dairy kitchen. Then they started eating fish, liver, etc. nine0455 For breakfast (9 o’clock) we eat various porridges 250-300 ml. with crackers,
for an afternoon snack (17 hours) I breed a liver in milk (the usual “Jubilee”), add cottage cheese from the dairy kitchen and fruits (apples, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, bananas, apricots – everything that was available during the season) )-150-200 gr.
And for dinner (9 p.m.) we have kefir or biolact from a dairy kitchen – 200 ml.
We drink depending on the season – now compotes, juices, water. I breed juices for him, although our pediatrician advised us to give whole ones. But I have seen in the literature that the stomach is not yet adapted to whole ones. He drinks when he wants to – he always has a bottle. Hot – drinks a lot. Cool – less. And the fact that juices should be given before meals is also true. Promotes appetite. Try it for yourself! nine0455 Yes, a child has times of deterioration or an increase in appetite. Immediately after a year, I didn’t eat even half, although until a year I ate everything, it even seemed that I didn’t eat enough. It took me several days to restructure my views. Somewhere in 1 year 3 months. started eating properly again.
And who, besides a mother, knows her child so well as to say what he needs at this moment? Well, I didn’t finish my porridge in the morning – give him more for lunch. If he doesn’t want to eat, take away all the snacks and taste the food: are you going to eat this muck yourself? nine0455 Yes, the child will taste food from adult plates. Well, is it difficult to give him a separate plate and pour a little of what you can already eat by age? Or, for example, give a cracker, an apple, cheese, etc. to gnaw. It helps us a lot.
It is also strange for me to watch mothers on the playground complaining to each other that their children “do not eat at all!” And these children immediately run around with chocolates, sweet gingerbread, waffles and cookies in their little hands. Well, where did you put the chocolate to him? Yes, in my 30s I can not eat all day after a chocolate bar. Why does a child need pure carbohydrates? Give him a banana, an apple, a pear to chew on. Mine loves croutons made from toasted bread. And for teeth training, and there is no harm. nine0455 And everything is very true about the regime. We had a neighbor’s child (he is an artificial) about our age who was fed when he started screaming. He ate with them for future use – what if they don’t give it next time? And then the health problems started, obesity. Is it really possible to mock children like that? It is better to be tormented once in infancy, accustoming to the regime, than to suffer all your life later, not knowing whether the child is hungry or not.
And my boy clearly knows that his mother will feed him and does not worry about it. Now to my question “Do you want to eat?” can give the answer “Am-am-am.” It is immediately clear that the child is ready to eat. nine0455 And about the jars and boxes… I once bought some ready-made porridge (when I stopped breastfeeding) – just in case. I was too lazy to cook it myself – I gave it from the box, so he burped it all up. Well, I guess it’s a coincidence. The other is the same. Since I cut it off, I can’t even look at these boxes. And with jars as well – the toad strangles to pay for what you can do yourself. Probably for big cities such canned food is relevant, but everything grows in our country. You just need to spare no time for your child. Everything harmful in his life will still be – give him the good that you can! nine0005

2008-08-16, Olga

I read it and was horrified! Once again I am convinced that all such articles are sheer harm, but someone reads and believes. It seems that the author, like other pediatricians, nutritionists and all sorts of specialists, not only does not have their own children, but also that they have never seen children at all. This conversion to grams is amazingly simple!!! Unless, of course, there is absolutely nothing to do. And if the baby does not eat up 100 g of soup? Why does no one think that a child is the SAME PERSON, like all of us, who is trying to decide what he SHOULD like and what not. And maybe he likes salted food, with added sugar, etc. And try to keep such an adult baby from not having to overeat all of the parent’s plates. nine0455 And for example, you don’t have to be allergic to milk, you can just not like it!! My child does not like porridge at all! And now what? But he likes to drink juice a whole bag of 0.2l. And sometimes he eats chocolate. Many of my friends deprive their children of honey after such advice, you see, it’s dangerous! And trying to give it is also dangerous!
A mixture of one and a half years is strong!
“The hours of food intake must be strictly fixed (deviations of 15-30 minutes are permissible) in order to develop a conditioned reflex in the baby and, accordingly, better assimilation of food.” It’s getting scary!! And if he did not want to eat up to failure at lunch, then he must sit and wait until his mother decides that he has already been swallowed. Do you eat by the hour yourself? nine0455 It also often happens that a child wants to eat only one thing for several days.
But, apparently, we all have to grow robots that meet the “useful recommendations of nutritionists”, otherwise they will have nothing to do, and everyone earns as best they can…

2004-08-14, Marina

Does the author of the article have any discrepancies?
At the beginning it is written about dairy products that it is better not to eat cheese and sour cream until 2 years old, and it is advisable to use cottage cheese and kefir alternating every other day! nine0455 And in the sample menu there are dishes: COTTAGE CHEESE casserole with SOUR CREAM on the same day with KEFIR or Omelette with CHEESE, bread with grated CHEESE???
How to understand this?
We are 1.2 years old, we eat almost always by the hour, something like this:
7-00 Milk 200 ml + 2 cookies (dissolve in it)
13-00 Chicken soup 80g
vegetable puree 200g (everything you have at home: potatoes, turnip onions, cabbage, beets, carrots, cauliflower, etc. with r. oil)
meat 50g (chicken or jar)
piece of bread
juice 50g (or milk)
vitaminka (multitabs)
16-00 Fruit 100g (there are 2 types at home, apple and carrot) + milk 50g
19-00 Milk porridge 200gr (buckwheat, rice, wheat, corn with oil and sugar)
Bathe
20-00 Fall asleep with breastfeeding.
I grind all vegetables and fruits in a blender, I don’t give anything between feedings, only water, I don’t give adult food, I don’t give salt. I add sugar 1/3 tsp only to cottage cheese and cereals. nine0455 Our weight is normal, but I’m thinking of replacing breakfast with porridge, and dinner with a second course.
I also make fresh curd myself every day.
Here is the RECIPE FOR QUICK COTTAGE CHEESE:
Bring 100g of fresh milk to a boil, remove from the burner. Pour in 50g of kefir. Stir until flakes form. Do not interfere anymore, otherwise the cottage cheese will turn out to be fine-grained. Leave alone until cool. The output of the finished product is 50g of the freshest and most useful cottage cheese.
Good luck everyone!
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2010-12-12, ozanina
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I am by nature a person who likes everything to be right, I read a lot of different articles about nutrition, I have my own pediatrician who also advises on how to feed. Firstly, early in the morning the child should not be heavily loaded with food, especially after an early breakfast (8.00) the child wants to sleep again. He generally woke up to eat and fall asleep again. Lunch should be dense, a half-time meal should be light, and before going to bed, it is better to give porridge so that the child sleeps well and is full. The feeding schedule depends on which child, i.e. What time does he finally wake up in the morning and when does he go to bed. From here we “dance”. My daughter is an owlet, i.e. she lives according to our regime with her husband. We always stay up late and she doesn’t sleep either, so our schedule differs slightly from the standard:
8.00 – fermented milk mixture NAN (230ml)
Next, we sleep until 11. 00
11.00 – juice 50ml
12.00 – lunch:
Vegetable puree 140g/ -50g From 13.00 to 14.00 – Walk
from 15.00-17.00 (17.30) – SO
18.00 – SUPPLE:
Fruit puree – 70g
Cotton Agusha – about 50g
Dairy mixture – 120ml
1 cookies
19.00 – juice 50 ml
22.00 – Demon :
porridge 150g
fermented milk mixture -170ml
1 biscuit
23.00 juice 50 ml
24.00 – lights out
In between meals I also give dried fruit compote (apple, pear, prunes, dried apricots)
We are 1 year old. The daughter is developing normally.
I have another question. I want to give in the morning instead of the fermented milk mixture – yogurt “Agusha”, but how much I can – I don’t know.

2005-02-24, Olga

The article is bullshit (the authors will forgive me)
firstly, the child is different from month to month, but here all children are treated with the same brush, a child at 1 year and 2 months, this is not a child at 1 year and 5 months. , they have different needs for food, different possibilities (at least in terms of the number of teeth) not only in volumetric quantity, but also in the quality of food
secondly, my daughter ate kiwi, bananas, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cheese, tangerines, corn porridge, salted fish, beef, pork, sausages, ketchup, etc. before the year. all sorts of harmful things, but she is not allergic to them, such as carrots, peaches and pumpkins, my daughter’s body believes that these foods are useful to her within reasonable limits, she does not eat on schedule, she does not need to go to kindergarten, therefore she does not eat “harmful” foods in buckets, a few grams are enough for her to satisfy her body’s needs for them (it’s like in the forest, I have a buffet on a coffee table in the hall, I put saucers with food on it, mostly vegetables, fruits and meat, as necessary, I change dishes throughout the day, the whole day the child, depending on the needs, eats from it, if something is missing, then he goes to the kitchen)
thirdly, at the dawn of his civilization, a person was gathering, what he found and ate (it was then that he began to hunt and learn to store food), he was not used to eating according to a schedule, in the womb a person goes through all the stages of his evolution, so do not interfere with this stages to go further, the child will grow up and become a man

2007-09-15, Algiz

My son is almost 11 months old. And I completely agree with the article. Well, i.e. I accept it as an option … because there are a million opinions. My child eats 3 times (except breast) for tomorrow porridge with cottage cheese and fruit puree, for lunch meat and vegetable puree and vegetable oil, for dinner again porridge with fruit puree and yolk. Each meal is 200-300 grams. In breaks I give to drink, gnaw cookies and crackers, apples, bananas, pears. Eats very well, I do not complain about my appetite. The weight is normal, not at all fat! I think he would have eaten the afternoon snack offered in the article, but with us it somehow does not fit into the regimen. We have our own meal plan. We get up late and stay up late… and during the day we suck tit between the edges. I believe that the article should not be taken as the last resort and make a judgment on whether or not you feed your child correctly or not. Read other articles!! Many recommend, among other things, cow’s milk until two years old at all. And kefir and yogurt are just starting to be introduced a year. nine0005

And another comment: I don’t understand why you should give puree soup first, and then vegetable puree with meat?! Those. two different servings of vegetable puree are obtained! Soup, in my opinion, is when pieces of vegetables, noodles, etc. float in a liquid. But this is when the child learns to chew. In the meantime, I have not learned how to make just one vegetable puree … just more and meat – either in puree or separately as a meatball.
And it is recommended to drink before meals, not after … or between!

2008-04-09 Sofia

Ladies, read carefully – the reaction to the recommendations will be calmer! Firstly, the menu is “approximate”, secondly, for children aged 12-15 months, and thirdly, why be surprised that children refuse a set of healthy foods?! What did you eat during your pregnancy? Now what are you eating? Children exactly copy their parents, and this applies not only to behavior! My hair stood on end in horror when I read that children are given sausages, curds, cheese masses, fried (!) Food – HORROR!!! The fact is that the consequences of using these products can appear many years later. Only then it will be too late! It used to be that sausages and cheese mass were harmless to children’s stomachs, because they included natural ingredients; they did not contain preservatives and other chemicals that are contraindicated for your children! Today, in my opinion, everyone knows about the dangers of fried potatoes! There is such a wonderful kitchen appliance – a double boiler. It takes a little more time, does not require constant monitoring (so as not to burn), and the food is healthy and tasty! nine0455 If the baby eats less than indicated, and at the same time remains vigorous and healthy, it is not so scary. No one is forcing you to tie up your child and force food into him! You were looking for recommendations – they were given to you, and then it’s up to you whether to follow them or not.

2008-08-28, Marina

Total 94 reviews Read all reviews.

Complementary foods at 12 months | Nutrilak

Author of the article

Ksenia Kushalieva

pediatrician, lactation consultant

About the expert

Ideally, a year old baby almost does not need outside help at the table. He holds a spoon, scoops up and almost without loss brings thick and semi-liquid food to his mouth, except that the soup can still splash along the way. And you are sitting next to you and finally you can also eat hot food and drink your morning coffee before dinner. But if the ideal is still far away, don’t be discouraged either. Each child has his own pace in mastering household skills. Give the baby more independence, and sooner or later everything will work out.
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Complementary foods for a 12-month-old baby, recommended daily allowances.

A one-year-old baby can eat dishes from a common table, if you take into account the characteristics and needs of the child’s body when preparing them. The baby is still not and will not soon be able to eat fried, fatty foods, smoked meats, canned food with marinades, and sausages. Dishes for him are still not recommended to be salted, add sugar, hot and spicy spices to them. For the whole family, this is a good chance to switch to a healthier diet.
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• Vegetable puree – 150 g.

• Porridge – 200 g.

• Meat puree of industrial production / boiled meat – 80-100 / 40-50 g.

• Fruit puree – 90-100 g.

• Yolk, 1/2.
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• Cottage cheese – 50 g.

• Fish puree – 30-60 g.

• Fruit juice – 80-100 ml.

• Kefir and other children’s fermented milk drinks – 200 ml.

• Children’s cookies – 5 g.
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• Wheat bread, crackers – 10 g.

• Vegetable oil – 6 g.

• Butter – 5 g.

Until the child learns to chew food well, there is a high risk of getting pieces of it into the respiratory tract.
This is very dangerous, so don’t overestimate your baby’s readiness to eat solid foods or vegetables and fruits with small, dense grains, such as corn, peas, or pomegranate.

Gagging Cough in Babies: What Should You Do?

Why do babies gag?

There are lots of reasons why a baby gags. The gag reflex is an automatic response that helps prevent choking. Until your newborn baby is four to six months old, they have a reflex that causes them to thrust their tongue forward the moment something stimulates the back of their throat. The tongue-thrust reflex can make early feedings challenging for some babies —and their parents!

Gagging after eating

Gagging after eating is normal in four- to six-month-old babies when you introduce solid foods. The gag reflex brings food forward in your baby’s mouth so that they can more easily chew it and safely swallow smaller pieces. Gagging after eating becomes less frequent as your baby develops and learns to regulate the quantity of food they swallow.

Try to keep your baby relaxed when they’re eating, and don’t push them to eat more than they want to. Also, introduce solids only when they’re ready for them. Start by placing a small amount of food on a spoon. Tilt the spoon and place some of the food on the front of their tongue. This way, they can take the remaining food from the spoon slowly without setting off the automatic reflex at the back of their throat.

Once your child is ready to eat food at a table, make sure their food doesn’t pose any choking hazards. Cut their food into small pieces (no bigger than half an inch) and avoid giving them foods like nuts, popcorn, and whole grapes, which are easy to choke on.

Coughing while sleeping

Sometimes children cough while sleeping because of sleep apnea. Enlarged adenoids and tonsils that block their upper respiratory passages can make breathing difficult. When the muscles of the throat relax at night, these enlarged glands can temporarily prevent air from entering the lungs. Children with sleep apnea usually don’t show signs until they are between three and six.

If your baby is coughing while sleeping due to sleep apnea, a doctor can help. They may refer your child to an ear, nose, and throat specialist, who will evaluate their adenoids and tonsils. A simple outpatient surgery to remove the glands may solve the problem.

Colds, allergies, and asthma can also result in coughing while sleeping. Call the doctor if your baby has difficulty breathing, a cough lasting for more than one week, a fever, or if the cough starts suddenly or they are choking while coughing. You can try elevating the head of your child’s bed (but consult your healthcare professional first), giving them extra fluids, and running a humidifier in their room at night. You can also ask your doctor to prescribe medication to help with the cough.

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Baby choking on saliva

Your baby might also choke on their saliva sometimes. This might be because of swollen tonsils that block the flow of saliva. In infant reflux, the esophageal sphincter isn’t fully developed and can’t keep the stomach contents from coming up. To decrease infant reflux, try these tips:

• Keep your child upright for at least 30 minutes after feeding.
• If your baby is drinking formula, try a different brand.
• Give your baby less milk, but feed them more frequently.

If necessary, the doctor may recommend removing your child’s tonsils.

Additionally, a cold or an allergy can make it difficult for your child to swallow the thick mucus or saliva. Your doctor may advise treatments to thin the mucus, including a vaporizer or saline drops. Teething can also cause excess saliva, causing some babies to cough or gag.

Newborn fluid in lungs

Before babies are born, their lungs contain fluid. During labor, babies’ bodies release chemicals that help their lungs remove this fluid. The pressure of delivery during a vaginal birth also removes the fluid from their lungs. However, sometimes fluid remains in some baby’s lungs for a couple of days after birth. This can cause newborns to сough as they try to remove the fluid themselves. The fluid then collects at the back of their throat and may cause gagging and gurgling.

Why do babies wake up coughing? 

Your baby might wake up coughing because of sleep apnea (because of swollen adenoids or tonsils), infant reflux, colds, allergies, or asthma. If your baby repeatedly wakes up coughing, visit the doctor to get an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

How to distinguish gagging from choking

Gagging isn’t the same as choking. Choking implies that there is a partial or complete blockage in your child’s airway, preventing breathing. Here’s how to distinguish gagging from choking:

Your baby may be gagging if they are pushing their tongue forward or out of their mouth, making a retching movement, and trying to bring food forward. Their eyes might water. Gagging can lead to coughing or vomiting. As difficult as it may be to watch, it’s best to let your baby keep gagging and coughing. As long as they’re still breathing, this is the best way for them to get saliva, mucus, or food from their throat.

Your baby may be choking if they aren’t able to cough, gasp, or cry. They may produce odd sounds or no sound while opening their mouth. To remove the blockage you may have to do chest thrusts or back blows on your baby.

Reasons to call a doctor

If your child develops any of these symptoms, seek immediate medical care:

• They have difficulty breathing.
• Their chest and ribs are pulling inward while inhaling.
• They produce high-pitched or soft sounds when inhaling.
• They can’t cry or produce much sound.
• Their coughing is weak and ineffective.
• Their skin turns bluish.
• They lose consciousness.

Lots of parents worry when their baby is gagging or coughing. Gagging after trying solid foods is normal in four- to six-month-old babies. There are a number of things that can cause children to cough while sleeping, including sleep apnea, colds, allergies, and asthma. Your baby may also choke on their saliva due to infant reflux or swollen tonsils. Some newborn babies gag because of fluid in their lungs. It can be scary when your child is gagging, coughing, or choking, but now you’ve got the information you need to take action when necessary.

What is teething diarrhoea: Everything you need to know

The moment you sit on the couch and take one deep breath, your baby starts crying (again) and it’s time to change his diaper for the eighth time. This sure isn’t something you expected when you dreamed about being a mother.
As you change the diaper and put your baby to sleep again, you wonder if they are teething?

Diarrhoea during teething is normal. From symptoms to treatment, here is everything you need to know about teething diarrhoea in babies.
Common symptoms of teething and diarrhoea

You will be surprised to know that around one in 3,000 babies is born with their first teeth. But most babies get their teeth between four to seven months. Sometimes even after 12 months.

Here are the signs that your baby is teething:

Biting and sucking: If your baby is biting and sucking everything at hand, it’s an attempt to make the sore gums feel better and your baby knows how to self-soothe.

Gum pain: Sensitive gums can make your baby fussy. So, if your baby is being fussy without a reason, you need to check if he is teething.

Increased saliva: Is the front of your baby’s shirt wet all time? Is he drooling a little more than usual? All babies bite, chew and drool more around 4 months as they are teething.

Facial rash: Your baby has got a facial rash from the constant moisture of the drool. The moisture can irritate your baby’s skin and cause a rash.

Rise is the body temperature: A slight rise in body temperature, which is less than 100.4 F, can be because your baby is teething. A body temperature above 100. 4 is not due to teething and you must consult a doctor.

Diarrhoea during teething

If you are breastfeeding your baby, his poop might be yellow, soft, runny and sometimes lumpy.

If your baby is fed formula milk, his poop is camel to brown in colour and has a thicker consistency.

If there is a change like:

Frequency – If your baby is pooping several times a day, he has diarrhoea.

Volume – Diarrhoea means the diaper will be fuller than usual.

Consistency – If the poop is too liquidy, you might even have to change their clothes with the diaper.

If your kid has diarrhoea, the colour and odour of the poop might also change. Diarrhoea can turn the poop to green colour and the smell may be really hard to bear.

Why do babies get diarrhoea while teething?

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, teething does not directly cause diarrhoea. There are other reasons why babies get diarrhoea when they are teething. Teething usually starts around 4-6 months, exactly when parents start offering their babies solid foods. It takes time for your baby’s digestive system to get used to new foods, which can cause a change in their stools, leading to diarrhoea.

Also, it is around this same time that the babies start losing the antibodies they got from their mother at the time of birth. Fewer antibodies make them more prone to getting an infection, leading to diarrhoea.

To soothe the gums, children start putting anything and everything in their mouth, which increases their chances of getting an infection.

Treating diarrhoea in babies

If your baby is feeling fine and is not losing weight, all you need to treat their diarrhoea is to keep changing their diapers and offer them fluids and foods.

Make sure to keep your baby hydrated and dehydration can result in some serious other issues. Continue giving them breastmilk/formula milk like usual and be easy while giving them solid foods. Take time and introduce each food group one by one.

Because your baby puts everything in his mouth, make sure everything around him is clean and germ-free.

Tips to relieve teething pain

– Rub your baby’s gums with your finger. You can also use a cotton fabric dipped in water to ease the pain.

– You can give them a chilled teething toy to chew on, a cold spoon, a chilled food in a mesh feeder.

– If your baby is crying and cannot handle the tooth pain, you can consult the doctor and give them pain medication for infants.

– Teething in some cases can cause severe pain. So, if your baby is extremely cranky for more than a day or two, consult the doctor.

When should you consult a doctor?

– Diarrhoea doesn’t go away after two weeks

– Your baby has a fever for more than 2-3 days

– There is blood in the stool

– Your baby is losing weight

– Your baby is dehydrated

– Your baby seems limp, unresponsive, listless or has lost familiar light in their eyes.

The child coughs in his sleep. Article Babysleep about the reasons for coughing in children in a dream-Baby-sleep.ru

06.04.2021

33174

1

Why not sleeping at night

Article

Natalya Trofimova

Senior consultant for SN , pediatrician

Mother of two daughters

Cough is the most common symptom of acute respiratory infections in children. This is a reflex process, and although there are many reasons for it and it happens to be different, sooner or later every parent faces it. Night cough occurs with a number of conditions, it is important to be able to distinguish them and it is not always necessary to immediately sound the alarm. For example, after 5 months of life, during teething, due to abundant salivation against the background of complete health, the baby may choke on saliva in a dream. He just does not have time to swallow it, it is not dangerous. nine0003

Child crisis calendar

Why night cough occurs and how to help

The most common cause of night cough in children is SARS. Even an uncomplicated course can provoke a nocturnal cough in the first days due to an increase in the cough threshold (increased sensitivity of cough receptors), due to an increase in the production of protective mucus in the nose and its drainage, due to a painful feeling of tickling and swelling of the nasopharynx. In these cases, cough and runny nose will be in the daytime. In order not to provoke these symptoms at night, you should not give expectorants at night and do inhalations before bedtime, after which the child will begin to cough harder. But it is desirable to clear the nose before going to bed. nine0003

During daytime sleep or at night, coughing may increase with concomitant ARVI inflammation in the paranasal sinuses or inflammation of the adenoids, since in a horizontal position the inflammatory exudate enters the back of the throat and irritates the cough receptors. Inflammation in the sinuses in children is more often of a viral nature and resolves on its own [1]. Inflammation of the adenoids usually lasts longer. A characteristic cough when falling asleep and at night in a horizontal position on the back appears a couple of days after the onset of SARS and can continue even after recovery. First, a rather long conservative treatment is applied, the removal of adenoids is not always recommended. nine0003

False croup

Isolated (that is, without combination with other symptoms) nocturnal cough symptom may indicate the onset of such a serious condition as stenosing laryngotracheitis (false croup). Its development is also caused by viruses: influenza, parainfluenza, measles, chicken pox, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus. During the day, everything was calm, the baby fell asleep, and at night there were bouts of dry “barking” cough, breathing was difficult due to swelling of the larynx and vocal cords, the voice became hoarse or disappeared. The child takes a forced position in bed due to shortness of breath or excitedly rushes about, turns pale, cyanosis (blue) of the nasolabial triangle appears. If at this moment the baby does not receive help, swelling and suffocation will increase. Emergency drugs to relieve increasing swelling – glucocorticosteroids in the form of inhalation, and in the absence of a nebulizer intramuscularly. nine0003

What parents can do before the ambulance arrives. Be sure to try to calm the child, because fear and excitement increase the attack.

It is not necessary to do hot steam inhalations, use mustard plasters and give expectorants, at the moment of increasing suffocation, this will only interfere.

Another unpleasant condition with bouts of nocturnal cough is bronchial obstruction, it occurs when the airway lumen decreases due to mucosal edema, smooth muscle spasm, and accumulation of viscous sputum. All these elements can be present at the same time or only a part of them, depending on the cause of the obstruction. nine0003

Bronchial obstruction can be caused by pathogens of acute respiratory infections (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydia, fungi), as a rule, this occurs on the 3rd–5th day of an acute illness, tobacco smoke particles during passive smoking, as well as contact with an allergen in bronchial asthma. Nocturnal asthma attacks occur outside of colds, mainly due to contact with pillow feathers, dust from soft toys, and dust mites [2].

Syndrome of bronchial obstruction is manifested by paroxysmal excruciating dry cough. Shortness of breath leads to a forced posture, and it is specific: the child sits, resting his hands on the bed, and cannot exhale completely, the chest expands and “freezes on inspiration”, whistles are heard at a distance when breathing. Inhalation with a nebulizer with a bronchodilator (a drug that dilates the bronchi) will help relieve the obstruction. In the case of an attack of bronchial asthma, viscous sputum in large quantities leaves at the end and breathing becomes normal. With obstruction against the background of acute respiratory infections, the effect is not so fast and various wheezing during breathing during treatment can still continue. The cough variant of bronchial asthma without typical attacks is not typical for young children (physiologically they are prone to obstruction), and it is difficult to prove that this is asthma, since spirometry can be performed only from 6–7 years of age. nine0003

Whooping cough

Whooping cough is the most common nocturnal cough infection. At the beginning of the disease, everything goes like with a normal ARVI, then the cough intensifies, especially in the evening and at night, and becomes paroxysmal. Exhausting series of coughing shocks follow each other, classic reprises (noisy whistling breaths at the end of a series of coughing shocks) are rare, more often you can see a protruding tongue with a raised tip. The toxins produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis have various unpleasant effects, but the main one is prolonged irritation of the cough receptors. This leads to pathological excitation of the cough center in the medulla oblongata, and this persists for a long time, even when the bacterium itself is no longer there. Moreover, a cough can be caused by dry air, a normal touch, a loud sound. The excitation of the cough center can become so strong that it stops sending impulses to the respiratory muscles and stops breathing. In the medulla oblongata, next to the respiratory center, there is also an emetic center, a vasomotor, and vestibular nuclei involved in the redistribution of muscle tone, so excitation that passes to them also leads to repeated vomiting when coughing and other serious consequences. Timely treatment with a suitable antibiotic reduces the severity of the disease, but has little effect on the duration of the cough. Evening and nocturnal cough lasts for several months. nine0003

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux)

Another cause of coughing during sleep can be gastroesophageal reflux, we wrote about it in detail here. For a child in the first months of life, GER is physiological, but its long-term persistence and, moreover, painful symptoms indicate complications and the formation of GERD disease. With frequent profuse regurgitation, the baby wakes up, cries, coughs, suffers from otitis media or pneumonia several times in a row due to aspiration of the contents of the stomach, the voice becomes hoarse. Treatment by a gastroenterologist or even surgery will help. Remember that the safest sleeping position for a small child is on the back, in other positions (except upright in the arms of the parent) reflux does not decrease and becomes even more dangerous. nine0003

Foreign body

A sudden onset of coughing at bedtime may occur when a small foreign body is inhaled that does not completely block the airway or descends below the vocal cords. At the same time, the cough is paroxysmal, dry, appears when changing the position of the body, for example, when trying to lie down. Blueness of the nose, fingertips, shortness of breath with difficulty in inhaling may appear. If it is impossible to exclude the inhalation of a foreign body, the baby was unobserved for some time and had small objects at his disposal, after which he began to choke and cough, the Heimlich maneuver should be performed [3]. nine0003

A child under one year of age should be placed on his hips on his stomach upside down, fix his chin and make 5 rhythmic strokes with the base of the palm in the area between the shoulder blades. Then you need to check the oral cavity for the detection of an object. After that, you need to turn the child on his back and rhythmically press 5 times in the region of the lower third of the sternum, then repeat the turning and actions. At this time, you need to call an ambulance.

Source: https://ppt-online.org/410795

Video demonstrating help for a grown-up baby with aspiration of a foreign body:

Other causes

Less often than in acute conditions, a nocturnal cough may indicate heart failure, circulatory disorders in the pulmonary circulation due to heart defects, a serious disorder rhythm, dystrophic changes in the myocardium. A “cardiac” cough is usually dry, accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath (rapid shallow breathing), increased heart rate. In this situation, it is important to diagnose the cause and treat it. Cough in this situation is not in the first place, there will be other daytime symptoms of heart failure. nine0003

Traditionally, many consider it necessary to check the child for helminths during the night cough. Yes, helminthiases can cause coughing, since the excreted waste products of worms are strong allergens, but this is not only a nighttime cough, it also happens during the day. Even with the migration of roundworm larvae into the lungs, there is not only a nocturnal cough. There are a lot of reasons that cause a nocturnal cough, there are both exotic and frequent ones.

Important symptoms requiring emergency care

Important symptoms requiring immediate medical attention:

• coughing fit with shortness of breath, inability to take a deep breath or exhale, change in skin color;
• coughing fits to vomiting;
• cough with bloody or purulent expectoration;
• cough that suddenly starts while eating or playing with small objects.

Preventive measures

Cough is not a disease, but only a symptom of the disease, which does not always require serious and long-term treatment, especially in children. nine0003

Is it possible to prevent night coughing attacks? There are events that cannot be influenced: a family predisposition to allergies and asthma, a baby’s tendency to rapid adenoid hypertrophy, a child’s encounter with a virus that causes laryngotracheitis. There are those that can be influenced: temperature and humidity in the sleeping room, drinking regimen, cleansing the nose in case of an acute illness, hypoallergenic pillow filler, lack of soft toys in the bedroom for an allergic person. It is important not to leave children under 4-5 years old alone with small objects, to follow the doctor’s prescriptions, to take basic drugs for bronchial asthma in a timely manner, to treat adenoiditis, to be vaccinated against whooping cough, measles, chicken pox, and influenza. nine0003

Your daily contribution to physical activity, walks, healthy nutrition of the child is also a good prevention of viral diseases and coughs.

Sources:


[1] https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-bacterial-rhinosinusitis-in-children-clinical-features-and-d…

[2] https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GINA-2020-report_20_06_04-1-wms.pdf

[3] Strozenko L.A., Lobanov Yu.F., Ivanov I.V., Morozova O.P. – Emergency care for children at the prehospital stage. Textbook – M .: INFRA – M, 2020.- 262s.

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Rabies in cats: signs, symptoms, prevention

September 21, 2018

Contents

• Rabies in cats

• Case history

• Modes of infection

• Symptoms and signs of rabies in cats

• Which diseases in cats can be mistaken for rabies

• Disease forms

• What to do if your cat shows symptoms of rabies

• Rabies vaccination for cats: the main method of prevention

• Can rabies be transmitted to humans

• What to do if you are bitten or scratched by an animal suspected of having rabies, or by any stray or wild animal

Rabies in cats is a dangerous viral disease that poses a serious threat to the health and life of not only the cat, but also the owner. To protect yourself and your pet, you need to know the ways of infection, the first signs of the disease and methods of prevention. nine0003

Rabies in cats

The rabies virus has been known since antiquity. It is deadly for almost all animals and for humans. Other names for the disease: rabies and rabies (from Latin “fury”).

Conventionally, according to the focus of infection, forest rabies is distinguished, when wild animals become the focus and peddler, and urban, if the disease spreads among urban, mostly homeless animals. But pets can also become victims of this virus. nine0003

Cats are among the most susceptible groups of animals to be infected with the rabies virus. Especially, cats on their own or living in the yard. Indeed, by their nature, these cute pets are dangerous predators, in whose claws small rodents often fall. And they can act as carriers of the rabies virus. Cats that are completely home (apartment) content can also become infected with the rabies virus. For example, when traveling for a routine examination to the veterinarian.

Case history

Rabies has been known since ancient times. The first cases of human disease were described as early as the 1st century AD by the ancient Greek scientist Cornelius Celsus. He called the disease “rabies” and described cases of human infection from the bite of a sick dog. In the tracts of ancient Greek physicians, methods of protection from the disease were described, including cauterization of a wound from a bite. And in France and Belgium there was a belief that a pilgrimage to the tomb of Saint Hubert, the patron saint of hunters, could save you from rabies. nine0003

In history and literature, many cases of disease in dogs are described, and the phrase “mad dog” has become a household word. There are practically no such materials about cats, but this is due more to the isolated lifestyle of cats than to the absence of cases of the disease among them.

In 1885, Louis Pasteur created the first rabies vaccine. Empirically, he received information that the introduction of virus-infected material allows animals not to get sick in the future.

The first person saved from illness was nine-year-old Josef Meister. After being attacked by a dog, his parents brought him to Pasteur. The developed vaccine saved the boy’s life, he did not get rabies. But, even despite this, the vaccine was not immediately recognized as effective.

Today, rabies vaccination is the only way to fight the disease and save the lives of people and their pets.

Methods of infection

Rabiologists from all over the world have concluded that the causative agent of the disease survives for a short time outside the host’s body. You can get infected by direct contact with the saliva and other secretions of a sick animal. Most often – through a bite or saliva getting into a wound, scratch or mucous membranes. Cases of infection are also known when pets living in a private house or outside the city became infected after sick animals ate from their bowl and left droplets of infected saliva on dishes or food. For example, hedgehogs often enter private households without fear in search of food. It is also very common for cats to become infected with rabies by eating sick rodents. nine0003

As soon as the virus enters a healthy body, it begins to multiply and move along the nerve fibers that are in the salivary glands, intestines, and mucous membranes. Subsequently, viral encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) occurs. It leads to a change in behavior, aggression or depression, paralysis, coma and death of the pet in the last stages of the disease.

The incubation period for rabies in cats can range from ten days to two months. At this time, the cat does not yet have severe symptoms, but may already be a carrier. The duration of this period depends on several factors: the amount of the virus that has entered the body, the place of its entry, the depth of the wound, the general immunity of the cat. The most dangerous are bites to the head and genitals, as there are many nerve endings in which the virus develops. After the first clinical symptoms of the disease, the cat lives no more than 7-8 days, with the exception of the atypical form of rabies, which can last up to several months from the moment of infection. nine0003

The risk group primarily includes stray cats and cats on their own. But, unfortunately, the answer to the question of whether a completely domestic / apartment cat can become infected with rabies is positive. The virus can be infected on the way to the veterinarian, it can be “brought” from the street on the owner’s shoes.

Symptoms and signs of rabies in cats

Symptoms of infection with the disease depend on its stage. The stages of rabies in cats can overlap or rapidly replace each other. nine0003

• The first stage of infection is the incubation period. It passes without visible symptoms, but the virus is already actively multiplying and moving along the fibers of the central nervous system. Symptoms at this stage are usually subtle, but almost every owner who knows his pet well can feel something is wrong. The pet looks unusually calm, lethargic, refuses food and favorite treats. Excessive caution and suspicion may appear in behavior. The cat may be too silent, or vice versa, often meow for no reason, while the pet’s voice becomes muffled or hoarse. nine0080
• The second stage is prodromal. It lasts about a day and rapidly passes into the stage of excitement and aggression. At this stage, the owner may notice expressive and unexpected changes in the behavior of the pet. Self-sufficient and unsociable cats suddenly become too friendly and even intrusive. And sociable ones, on the contrary, withdraw into themselves and look for dark corners. Also, the cat may behave strangely in food. Having refused a favorite treat, a pet may try to eat absolutely inedible things, such as a stone. nine0080
• The third stage is excitement, or that frenzy that gave the name to the disease. In cats, rabies occurs in a violent form much more often than in other animals. This phase can last up to a week, or the animal will immediately move from the prodromal stage to the paralysis stage. At the stage of excitement, the cat is most dangerous, and the number of virus particles in her body is the highest. An affectionate pet becomes irritable, extremely nervous and vicious. Attacks of aggression or hysteria can be provoked by a sharp sound or flash of light, a draft from an open door, or splashing water. In addition to mutilations from claws and teeth, the cat carries another terrible danger – a high probability of transmitting the virus to humans. In addition to pronounced nervousness or aggression, the pet suffers from muscle spasms, it has severe salivation. Also during this period, the cat can no longer eat and drink due to muscle spasm. nine0080
• The next stage of rabies infection is the so-called “silent” stage. After excitation, paralysis occurs, which manifests itself in chaotic, uncoordinated movements of the cat and convulsions. It leads to death.

At all stages of the disease, the pet is also dangerous for its owner, since rabies is transmitted to people as well. Among them:

• Epilepsy. Unfortunately, cats also suffer from this disease. The disease can manifest itself both in a kitten and in an adult pet. An epileptic seizure with salivation can not only frighten the owner, but also be mistaken for a symptom of rabies.
  How to tell the difference: after a seizure, after a while, the domestic cat recovers and behaves as usual. Attacks that recur too often are stopped with the help of special drug therapy.

nine0079 Head injuries. Domestic cats are very mobile and often injured. A concussion or hematoma in the animal’s brain often has symptoms very similar to those of the later stages of rabies. The pet may refuse food and water, poorly navigate in space, move unsteadily due to impaired coordination, be lethargic or, conversely, excited.

• Stroke. Cats also have strokes, due to which the pet may experience paralysis, salivation, and incoordination. nine0080
• Poisoning, both with poisons and drugs from the owner’s first aid kit, can be easily confused with the symptoms of rabies.
• Aujeszky’s disease (false rabies or pseudo-rabies). It is caused by a pathogen from the genus of herpeviruses. You can become infected by eating the meat of an infected animal (cattle, pigs, rats and mice are susceptible to the disease). The symptoms of infection are very similar to the classic violent form of rabies: lack of coordination, unmotivated aggression towards relatives (but almost never towards humans), refusal to eat and drink, fearfulness, excitability. Pseudo-rabies has a distinctive feature: severe itching, due to which the animal can feverishly and intensively itch in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe muzzle and ears, or comb the whole body until it bleeds. Also a hallmark of Aujeszky’s disease from rabies is the type and consistency of saliva. In rabies, it is viscous and hangs from the animal’s mouth in long threads, and in pseudo-rabies it resembles shampoo foam, bubbles and flows onto the chest. Unlike rabies, Aujeszky’s disease, although difficult, is treatable, so when the first symptoms appear, you should contact your veterinarian. nine0080
• Foreign body in the mouth. Often in cats, rabies symptoms can be misdiagnosed by the presence of a foreign body in the mouth or throat, such as a bone. The cat saliva flows profusely, the pet behaves restlessly or aggressively, cannot eat or drink. An experienced veterinarian in this case will quickly recognize the symptoms and help the pet get rid of the problem.

In all cases described, the cat needs the help of a doctor. It will also help prevent rabies in your pet. nine0003

Forms of the disease

Rabbit scientists distinguish four forms of rabies: abortive, violent, paralytic and atypical.

Violent rabies is the most common form in cats. Its symptoms of infection appear almost immediately after the incubation period.

The symptoms of the violent form differ at different stages of the disease. The following signs of the disease are noted:

• Changes in the behavior and habits of the animal. A contact pet can become closed, hide even from the owner, cautiously get out of their shelter. And unsociable cats can suddenly show excessive obsession, demand attention to themselves. This stage can abruptly turn into unmotivated aggression of a pet, which can be provoked by absolutely harmless things: a rustle, a knock, a flash of light. nine0080
• A pet may show aggression towards other animals and the owner, even if this has never been observed before. He may try to scratch or bite, and very often aims at the head and face. There may also be attempts to escape from the house, even in fully “apartment” cats.
• Abnormal eating behavior: the animal refuses to eat and drink, but suddenly begins to eat and gnaw on inedible things: furniture, paper, stones, and the like.
• The cat’s voice changes, it becomes low, hoarse, rough. This is due to damage to the salivary glands. nine0080
• Changes in appearance. A previously well-groomed cat becomes untidy, the coat looks dirty due to the fact that she does not tidy it up. There is a strong salivation (in rare cases, lacrimation).

The violent form of rabies in cats ends with a paralytic stage and death.

Paralytic rabies is characterized by an abrupt transition from the incubation period to the stage of paralysis, with little or no manifestations of aggression. nine0003

Symptoms of paralytic rabies:

• The cat is too calm and affectionate, she sleeps a lot and refuses to eat.
• Pet is salivating and has difficulty swallowing.
• The cat cannot swallow saliva or water even if it tries to drink.
• The lower jaw and tongue may droop.
• In rare cases, the animal can go blind as the virus paralyzes the eye muscles.

This stage usually lasts 2-4 days, after which the animal dies. nine0003

Abortive rabies is quite rare in cats. It has not yet been fully explored. The symptoms of the virus at the first stage are similar to the classic violent form. A pet can behave unpredictably, fall into a riot, then into apathy, eat inedible. There is severe salivation, possibly an upset bowel.

Paralysis does not occur in the next round of the abortive form of rabies. The animal makes a full recovery. There are versions that this form can occur in animals that have previously met with a weakened virus and have antibodies to it. nine0003

Also, apart from the classical course, with the passage of three phases from prodromal and violent to paralysis and death, there is an atypical form or the so-called “silent rabies”. It passes without the stage of excitement. Its symptoms:

• Absent, indifferent look of the animal. Especially if earlier the pet was distinguished by liveliness and curiosity.
• The cat looks untidy, the coat becomes dirty, the muzzle and front paws are wet with saliva.

nine0079 Pupils may be variable in size and greatly enlarged.

• The pet has a drooping lower jaw and increased salivation.
• The cat cannot eat or drink. It seems that the water pours out of the mouth back.

Usually an atypical form of the virus leads to paralysis and death. In rare cases, this form can become atypical or chronic.

Atypical rabies is rare in cats. It can last from 3 months to a year. Symptoms are similar to “silent rabies”, but more extended in time. In addition to the symptoms typical of the virus, the animal may appear and pass the symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and heart, as by multiplying, the virus affects the nerve endings in different organs of the animal. nine0003

What to do if a cat has symptoms of rabies

If a pet is suspected or has symptoms of rabies, it must be urgently isolated from people and other animals. Try to minimize contact with your pet, be careful and attentive. If it is not possible to isolate the pet in a separate room or room, it is better to wear the most closed clothes with long sleeves before contact, and also take care of the face. If a cat has a violent stage of rabies, it is the face and head that can become an object of attack for her. After contact, be sure to wash your hands with soap, preferably household soap, as it is more concentrated. nine0003

If you manage to place the animal in the carrier, contact the clinic immediately. Usually, if rabies is suspected, the animal is quarantined. If rabies is not confirmed, after ten to fourteen days the pet will be returned to the owner.

Rabies vaccination for cats: the main method of prevention

Unfortunately, there is no cure or treatment for the rabies virus in cats. A person has a chance to be saved if emergency vaccination is started on time. nine0003

Only timely vaccination can protect an animal from the virus. For wild and homeless animals in regions where the situation with rabies is particularly tense, oral vaccination is used. Special edible briquettes with an attractive smell and a capsule with a vaccine inside are laid out in the forest and places where homeless animals are most concentrated in the city.

Pets are vaccinated according to a special scheme at the veterinarian. The kitten should receive the first vaccine no earlier than 3 months. During the period of change of milk teeth, pets cannot be vaccinated. After the first rabies vaccination, revaccination is carried out annually. nine0003

Many veterinary clinics offer several rabies vaccines to choose from:

• Single-component vaccines consist of only one component and give the cat immunity only from rabies.
• Complex preparations make it possible to vaccinate a pet against several diseases at once. For example, there is a vaccine for the prevention of not only rabies, but also panleukopenia, calcivirosis and rhinotracheitis.

Experts will tell you what type of vaccine to choose. nine0003

To prepare your cat for vaccination, do the following.

• Two weeks before vaccination, the cat should be treated for worms and lice (at intervals of at least 3-4 days).
• On the day of vaccination, the veterinarian should examine the kitten or cat and only after the examination vaccinate the animal.
• Pay attention to the diet. Cats are carnivores and need protein. If a meat-based diet is not an option, adult cats can use Purina One Balanced Dry Food with a high content of chicken or Purina One Moist Complete Food with Chicken and Carrots. nine0080

Only healthy animals should be vaccinated. Pregnant and lactating cats are not vaccinated.

Can rabies be transmitted to humans

The rabies virus is dangerous for both animals and humans. You can become infected both through a bite and after eating the meat of infected animals. In rare cases, infection can occur through the saliva of a sick animal on the mucous membranes of a person or through microtrauma on the skin. The virus is not transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets. nine0003

The incubation period for rabies in humans can range from a week to 1-3 months. In rare cases – up to 6 months or more. It is very important to start the emergency vaccination course as early as possible. She is the only chance to stop the virus and save lives.

First, moving along the nerve fibers, the virus enters the spinal cord. From there, it enters the brain, where an acute inflammatory process subsequently develops.

Symptoms of rabies in humans:

• There is a very noticeable discomfort at the site of the bite, pain, aching and pulling sensations. In the same period, the appearance of fears, severe depression, phobias is possible.
• Respiratory and swallowing muscles may convulsively contract due to muscle damage by the virus. This results in profuse salivation.
• Damage to the nervous system is expressed in convulsions, severe phobias, including hydrophobia (fear of water), aerophobia (fear of drafts) and the like. The patient may react painfully even to a whisper, flashes of light, a slight draft. nine0080

With a more severe virus infection, multiple organ failure and paralysis develop, which leads to coma and death.

What to do if you are bitten or scratched by an animal with suspected rabies, or any homeless or wild animal soap.

The soap solution destroys the virus. It is better to use “household” soap, it has more alkali. nine0080

Next, the wound must be treated with an antiseptic and contact the emergency room.

If a bite from a rabid animal is suspected, emergency vaccination is recommended according to a special schedule consisting of six injections. The animal should be isolated and monitored.

Do not forget that the rabies virus is almost always incurable. Without timely vaccination, it leads to death.

If the cat does not die within 7-12 days, vaccination can be stopped. Sometimes people who fall into the risk group (veterinarians, foresters, cynologists) are vaccinated against rabies according to plan. The current rabies vaccine is not as aggressive as its predecessor, which consisted of 40 injections into the abdominal cavity. It has minimal side effects, almost all of them are local, that is, they can be itching or redness at the injection site, which disappear within a few days to a week. nine0003

Sometimes, in addition to emergency rabies vaccination, immunoglobulin injections (particles of purified blood with antibodies to the virus) are also used. Typically, such a protocol is used if there are many bites, a long period of time has passed from the bite to the address, or the bite was very close to the head or to the head and face.

The rabies virus is a disease that ends in death for an animal. It is possible to diagnose rabies in an animal only posthumously, by brain sections and the presence of antibodies in them. Therefore, only routine vaccination will help protect your pet from danger. Vaccination not only protects the animal, but also opens up many opportunities for it, because a pedigree pet without a rabies vaccination will not be able to take part in exhibitions or accompany the owner on vacation in another country. nine0003

• FUN FACT
• CLUE

The University of Tokyo conducted an experiment where cats were addressed by their owners and strangers, while the cats did not see who exactly was talking to them.

Plus 3 Tips to Help Them in a Right-Handed World

Photo by: Lauren Naefe / Stocksy United

By Carolyn Sweeney Hauck

Are you wondering if your baby will be left-handed?

You may have to wait a couple of years to know. Starting out, babies will use both hands to reach for mobiles, your sparkly necklace, or to pull your face in close. That’s because reaching, grabbing, (and of course, putting their oh-so-adorable hands in their mouths for some good ol’ slobbery sucking) are simple tasks that don’t require control over specific, smaller muscles. Hand dominance only evolves as baby’s fine-motor skills develop. Until those skills develop, both hands get equal play.

As children grow, however, so does their ability to perform increasingly complex tasks (like scribbling or eating with a spoon). It’s at this point, usually around age two or three, that you may notice your tot using one hand more than the other.

However, some children will exhibit signs of left-handedness around the 18-month mark. Does she reach for food or toys with her left hand all the time? When she paints, does she hold that brush in a cute little left-handed fist? These signs may indicate you’ve got a lefty, but not necessarily: Generally speaking, you’ll have to wait for her to fully establish her handedness (around age five or six) to see whether you’ve got a true “southpaw.”

Does left-handedness or right-handedness really matter in life? Some people certainly think so. After all, only 10 to 12 percent of people are left-handed, a statistic that automatically connotes a certain “specialness” to the lefties of the world. Science journalist/proud lefty David Wolman even wrote an entire book about being left-handed. (The right-handed people among us have no such tome.)

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Special or not, lefties are born, not made: Genetics are at least partially responsible for handedness. Up until last year, it was assumed that hand preference comes from asymmetrical genes in the brain—two hands, two brain hemispheres, one is dominant. Well, here’s the problem with that theory: Babies in the womb already show preference by moving one arm more than the other, before the part of the brain responsible for those movements is functional. Turns out that by the eighth week of pregnancy, genes in the baby’s spinal cord already show the beginning of right-left preference—before the connection between the spinal cord and brain is fully formed. In other words, evidence shows that the brain isn’t where hand preference starts. The spinal cord is!

This new finding may well put to bed our obsession with linking handedness to left and right brain hemispheres. That’s a lefty myth worth busting: Many people believe that lefties are more artistic, because (so goes the thinking) they use the right hemisphere of the brain more, which is responsible for spatial and visual understanding. As it turns out, though, none of us have a right- or left-brain preference—we all use both sides of our brain equally. So no, your left-handed child isn’t genetically set up to become the next Mozart or Matisse.

The only area of lefty advantage that might have some muscle behind it is sports, as it has been shown that there is a pronounced presence of lefties in interactive sports like tennis and baseball. Why? It could be that right-handed players have a harder time blocking them, or that certain movements are easier to perform left-handed—but the jury is still out on whether there’s an actual advantage there.

All of this is to say is that if you end up having a left-handed child, you have…well, a left-handed child. He’ll be no different than his right-handed friends—well, of course, he’ll be different, his own version of himself with an infinite number of future possibilities in front of him. Teacher, dancer, computer programmer, pilot, salesperson—his options are unlimited, no matter what hand he uses.

Still, there are some, ahem, handy parenting tips to make sure your left-handed child becomes the confident learner she’s meant to be. Take a look!

Photo by: Victor Torres / Stocksy United

1. Invest in a Good Pair of Left-Handed Scissors

Right-handed scissors have the sharper part of the blade on the left side, so if a child tries to use them with his left hand (which he will), the dull part of the blade won’t cut the piece of paper or string. (ARGH!) Your child might feel like he doesn’t know how to cut it himself, and no kid likes that feeling. It’s not his fault—the scissors weren’t made for him! Keep him confidently crafting with his own pair of lefty scissors.

Pro tip: It’s easier to find lefty scissors online.

2. When You Can, Use Your Left Hand

While you can probably get away with using your right hand to teach her how to, say, eat with a fork, it’s going to get more complicated if you want to teach your left-handed child how to tie her shoe, use chopsticks, or write her name.

As a righty, modeling these tasks with your left hand can be a brain puzzler, but you actually have the advantage here! As a right-handed person trying to do something with your left hand, you’ll likely need to slow down and think through the steps a little more carefully—plus, kids usually need grown-ups to slow down when they’re teaching something. That said, it’s probably a good idea to practice on your own a few times before you show him how to make “the bunny ear”!

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3. Celebrate Your Lefty

It is true that lefties are uncommon, and it’s also true that it’s a right-handed world out there. Many a kitchen pot and coffee mug are made with handles for right-handed orientation (a subtle distinction you righties might not ever have noticed). Right hands are presented for hand shakes, not left hands. Plus, there’s the whole elbow thing at a crowded table: A lefty will probably be sitting next to a right-handed person, which means they’ll be knocking elbows as they try to eat. Alas!

Luckily, to make up for these injustices, there are gifts—like the notebooks with the wire spiral on the right side so lefties don’t have to rub their hands in pen ink. (Genius!) When you’re raising a left-handed child, it’s nice to buy her a few fun gift items for her birthday (in addition to her scissors) so she feels like the special girl she is.

handedness – Better Health Channel

Summary

Read the full fact sheet

• Researchers still don’t understand why around 10 per cent of the population turn out to be left-handed.
• Most children have a preference for using one hand or the other by the age of about 18 months, and are definitely right or left-handed by about the age of three.
• If your child is naturally left-handed, don’t try to force them into using their right hand.

Whether a person favours their right hand or their left, and what this reveals about brain function, has been studied for at least 150 years. However, researchers still don’t understand why around 10 per cent of the population turn out to be left-handed.

In the past, children who were naturally left-handed were encouraged or forced to use their right hand, mainly because of prejudice against the awkwardness of left-handed writing and the prevalence of ‘right-handed’ utensils. These days, left-handedness is more accepted.

If your child is naturally left-handed, don’t try to force them into using their right hand. While we know very little about what influences hand preference, we do know that handedness reflects the wiring of the individual brain.

Causes of left-handedness

Just why one in 10 people favour their left hand is a mystery. A straightforward genetic link hasn’t been proven, and it is possible for two right-handed parents to have a left-handed child. Theories include:

• Genes – perhaps genetic factors predispose a child to favour the right hand. A single gene might be passed from parents to children to influence which hand a child favours. If a particular version of this gene is inherited, the child may be more likely to be left-handed, depending on reinforcement and other environmental influences. However, more recent research suggests it is more likely that lots of different genes ‘add up’ to produce a left-handed person.
• Sex – slightly more boys than girls are left-handed. This suggests to some researchers that the male hormone testosterone has an influence on right and left-handedness.
• Fetal development – some researchers believe that handedness has more of an environmental influence than genetic. They propose that environmental factors in the womb (including exposure to hormones) may influence whether we favour the right or left hand later in life.
• Modelling – children learn to choose their right or left hand by copying parents and other significant caregivers. However, this doesn’t explain why right-handed parents sometimes have left-handed children, and vice versa.
• Brain damage – a small percentage of researchers theorise that all human beings are meant to be right-handed, but some type of brain damage early in life causes left-handedness. For left-handers and parents of lefthanders, it is important to note there is no hard evidence to support this rather controversial theory.
• Adjustment – some people who are naturally right-handed become left-handed because of the need to adjust to injury.

The development of preferred handedness

Very young children often use both hands equally. Hand preference in the early years seems to rely on which hand is closer to the desired object; for example, a toddler may reach for a toy on their left side with their left hand because of convenience, regardless of future hand preference.

Most children have a preference for using one hand or the other by the age of about 18 months, and are definitely right or left-handed by about the age of three. However, a recent UK study of unborn babies found that handedness might develop in utero. About nine out of 10 unborn babies preferred to suck their right (rather than their left) thumb, and this hand preference was borne out later in life.

Researchers still looking for answers

The brain has two hemispheres, the left and the right. Researchers into the brain once believed that handedness revealed which brain hemisphere was dominant. However, if this were true, it would indicate that other functions controlled by the brain should be influenced by this ‘dominance’. This doesn’t appear to be the case; for example, the speech centres tend to be located on the left side of the brain, regardless of hand preference.

Another difficulty for researchers is that handedness isn’t always cut and dried. While some people use one hand exclusively for all tasks, others tend to swap depending on the activity; for example, some people write with their left hand but open jars with their right.

It was once believed that a right-handed person has general dominance on the right side of their body, which means their favoured foot, eye and ear are also on their right side. We now know this isn’t the case. Many people may be right-handed but, for example, always take the first step with their left foot. The more we find out about right and left-handedness and their links to brain function, the more we realise we don’t know.

Cross laterality explained

Cross laterality is an ambidextrous mixture (for example, being left handed but dominant in the right eye and foot). This may cause coordination difficulties. However, some sports (such as gymnastics) benefit from the distribution of brain dominance. Research into cross laterality is ongoing.

Problems for left-handed people

Since 90 per cent of the population is right-handed, left-handed people do experience some practical problems, including:

• Western writing runs from left to right. A left-handed person has to ‘crab’ their hand in order to write without smudging the ink.
• Left-handed children learning to write often write back to front (‘mirror’ writing). This is a natural inclination, not a sign of dyslexia, and will resolve given time, practice and encouragement.
• Implements such as scissors are designed for use with the right hand.
• Tools such as circular saws can be dangerous if operated with the left rather than the right hand.
• Some research has suggested that learning difficulties, epilepsy and autism are more common in left-handed people. However, other researchers have been unable to confirm these findings and current knowledge suggests that handedness is not associated with learning disabilities.

Advantages for left-handed people

Being left-handed also has its perks, including:

• Left-handed people are at an advantage in a wide range of sports, from fencing to boxing.
• The sporting advantage also includes taking the right-handed opponent by surprise, because right-handed athletes aren’t used to playing against left-handed opponents.

Where to get help

• School teacher and principal (in the case of a child’s writing difficulties)
• Your doctor

• Handedness [online], Gale Encyclopaedia of Childhood and Adolescence, via LookSmart’s FindArticles. More information here.
• Frequently asked questions [online], Anything Left Handed, UK. More information here.
• ‘Handedness develops in the womb’ [online], in New Scientist, vol. 10, no. 58, 22 July 2004. More information here.
• ‘Left-handers win in hand-to-hand combat’ [online], in New Scientist, vol. 13, no. 37, 8 December 2004. More information here.

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What will happen if a left-handed child is forced to write with his right hand

The life of left-handed children cannot be called easy. They need a special ruler, because when using a regular ruler, they close the values ​​with their second hand. There is also a problem with neatness in a notebook – when writing, left-handers move their hand over the already written text, due to which the wet ink can be smeared. And when the teacher says: “Take it in your right hand …”, a left-handed child should do the opposite, because this phrase means that you need to take the object with your dominant hand.

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The list of difficulties left-handed children face goes on. It is not surprising that many mothers and fathers strive to ensure that the child becomes right-handed. And how will this affect his development and ability to learn? Ekaterina Klopotova , teacher-psychologist, associate professor of the Department of Preschool Pedagogy and Psychology of the Faculty of Educational Psychology, senior researcher at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research of Modern Childhood MSUPE (Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University) told Gazeta.ru about this.

How to tell if a baby is left-handed

As a rule, by the age of 5, most children are already determined with the dominant hand. Before this age, it is not worth drawing conclusions.

It is enough to observe the child: with what hand does he most often take cubes, roll the car or hold a spoon. But it is worth remembering that there are children who equally successfully use both hands – these are the so-called ambidexters.

It is better for the parents of such a child to orient him to the right hand. However, if it is more convenient for him to take objects with his left, there is no need to insist.

What does it mean to orient? Give items to the right hand, but if the child shifts them to the left, you do not need to ask him to return them back. If this is not important for him, then having received a spoon, pencil or toy in his right hand, he will act like a right-hander. And if it is more comfortable for him to act with his left hand, he will shift the object. And here the main thing is not to insist on the opposite.

Why, given the opportunity, should the child be oriented towards the right hand? We live in a right-handed culture and it is absolutely certain that at the everyday level it is more convenient to be right-handed – it is more convenient to write, open a door, a book, hold scissors, and so on. Although it is worth noting that now there are left-handed items, such as pens and scissors. But as practice shows, they are not suitable for all left-handers.

What is the difference between left-handed and right-handed children

There is a common opinion: the right hemisphere is responsible for imaginative thinking and creativity, therefore left-handers are more successful in artistic activities, they are more emotional and sensitive. And the left hemisphere is more responsible for logical thinking – therefore, right-handed people are more rational, organized and consistent. But this is a very conditional division.

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Studies show that left-handed children quite often begin to speak later than their peers, they often have difficulties with the development of motor skills, in elementary school reading and writing is difficult, and they also have a lot of speech problems. However, not everything is so bad!

Many left-handers who have problems in elementary school become even more successful in secondary school than right-handed peers.

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What is the reason for this? A left-handed child has to make more efforts to learn reading, writing and counting than a right-handed one: the teacher shows all actions for right-handed people, all prescriptions are made under right-handed people, even an oblique vertical ruler in notebooks is also for right-handed people, and it confuses left-handers. Therefore, a left-handed child gets used to working hard (although often this is not given to him immediately and with great difficulty). But as a result, he develops ways of mastering the material that other children do not have, and he subsequently successfully uses them all his life and has some advantage over right-handers.

What happens if a left-handed child is retrained to write with his right hand

Fortunately, the problem of relearning left-handers is not as acute now as it was thirty years ago, when it was a task of teaching in elementary school and the methods used for this could truly be called cruel.

If you decide to retrain a left-handed child to write with his right hand, you must understand that you are interfering with the work of the brain.

An example is a watch mechanism, where all the gears are interconnected and ensure synchronous operation. If you try to turn one gear in the opposite direction, the operation of the entire mechanism will go wrong. Same with lefties.

If the child’s dominant hand is left, then he will perform actions with his right hand more slowly and less successfully. You need to understand that his body (the whole body!) Functions successfully when actions are performed with the left hand.

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By retraining a child, we disrupt the functioning of the brain. The consequences of this, as a rule, are quite unpleasant and will not take long to wait.

• Relearning will slow down the normal process of development , because the huge resources of the child will be spent on adapting to the situation, which contradicts the logic of his development.

Perplexed by the question “To retrain or not?” you need to understand the main thing: the leading hand is determined by the dominant hemisphere of the brain.

There is a cross link here. The left hemisphere dominates – the child will be right-handed, the right hemisphere dominates – left-handed. That is, whether a child will be left-handed or right-handed depends on how his brain works.

The main disorders that appear in overtrained left-handers are associated with impaired development of cognitive processes, impaired speech, motor skills and the nervous system.

• In the cognitive sphere the processes of processing and storing information are disturbed .

• In the development of speech speech therapy problems appear .

• There are more persistent and pronounced difficulties in orientation in space and on a sheet of paper .

• Retraining almost always entails nervous tics or stuttering .

However, until the child has a dominant hand, he can be oriented to the right. But at the same time, in no case should you force it, because in the modern world, adult left-handers feel completely comfortable in almost all areas of life.

Left-handed is the norm

You discovered that your child is left-handed, and immediately thought about whether to retrain him? Many experts are unanimous in their opinion that it is not only not worth retraining a child, but even dangerous, as this can affect his mental development.

Worth knowing.

A left-handed child does not just eat with his left hand, he behaves somewhat differently, since his perception of the world is different than that of right-handed children. A left-handed child is usually more emotional than a right-handed child, he is more easily excited and much more active than other children. In addition, the thinking of such a baby is figurative and makes it possible to more sensitively perceive everything that happens around. According to scientists, based on the results of many years of research, unretrained adult left-handed people are much more successful and talented than right-handed people.

Cause of left-handedness.

The reason that a child is born left-handed is the dominance of the right hemisphere of the brain, while in right-handed people the left hemisphere dominates. It follows from this that, by retraining the child to write, eat, draw with the right hand, parents are trying to correct the natural activity of the right hemisphere. As a result of such relearning, psychological disorders can occur that can slow down the normal development of the child, lead to stuttering, nervous tics, and learning lag.

When does it become clear that a child is left-handed?

It is not too early to conclude that your child is left-handed. Very often, small children at six to seven months begin to take toys with their left hand, but this is not a sign of left-handedness. The opinion of experts is as follows: before the child is three years old, it is impossible to say that he is left-handed. In addition to the fact that there are left-handed and right-handed people, there is a certain percentage of people who are excellent with both hands, they are called ambidexters. Such children are recommended to focus on the use of the right hand, but should be taught gently and carefully.

In order to determine whether a child is right-handed or left-handed, it is enough just to observe :

• which hand he gesticulates more;
• ask to comb;
• which hand waves goodbye;
• picks up an object from the floor;
• pours water into a cup;
• which hand brushes his teeth;

To determine the leading foot, you can ask to jump on one foot. If you invite the baby to look through a telescope (a sheet of paper folded into a tube), then he will look with his leading eye, and if the baby is allowed to listen to the ticking of the clock lying in front of him on the table, he will listen with his leading ear (while you can’t take the clock from the table).