The learning tree sneads fl: The Learning Tree Early Education Center

Опубликовано: August 20, 2023 в 10:50 am

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The Learning Tree Early Education Center

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About the Provider

Description: The Learning Tree Early Education Center is a Child Care Facility in Sneads FL, with a maximum capacity of 103 children. The provider also participates in a subsidized child care program.

Additional Information: Provider First Licensed on: 3/7/07;

Program and Licensing Details

  • License Number:
    C14JA0419
  • Capacity:
    103
  • Enrolled in Subsidized Child Care Program:
    Yes
  • Type of Care:
    VPK Provider; After School;Before School;Drop In;Food Served;Full Day;Infant Care
  • Initial License Issue Date:
    Mar 07, 2007
  • District Office:
    Judicial Circuit 14
    383 Phillips Road
    Tallahassee, Florida 32308
  • District Office Phone:
    (850) 778-4034 (Note: This is not the facility phone number.)
  • Licensor:
    Crystal Higgins

Location Map

Inspection/Report History

Pinnacle Pointe Daycare Academy – Union City GA Child Care Learning Center

Where possible, ChildcareCenter provides inspection reports as a service to families. This information is deemed reliable,
but is not guaranteed. We encourage families to contact the daycare provider directly with any questions or concerns,
as the provider may have already addressed some or all issues. Reports can also be verified with your local daycare licensing office.

Report Date
2022-04-11
2022-03-03
2021-11-03
2021-08-19
2021-07-02
2021-03-05
2021-02-11
2020-12-09
2020-11-04
2020-05-22
2020-03-11
2020-02-20
2020-01-14
2019-11-22
2019-11-04

If you are a provider and you believe any information is incorrect, please contact us. We will research your concern and make corrections accordingly.

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Decision tree: what is it, what is its essence, types, advantages of the method

Decision tree has been used in various areas from customer service to machine learning. We tell you what problems this method solves in data analysis and how to build a decision tree.

  • What is a decision tree
  • Decision tree structure
  • Where is the method applied?
  • What tasks does the method solve
  • Advantages and disadvantages of the method
  • How to create a decision tree
  • The main steps in building a decision tree
  • Expert advice

What is a decision tree

A decision tree is one of the machine learning algorithms. The algorithm is based on the rule: “If , then “. For example:

If the subscriber pressed the number “1” after the voice greeting, then the call must be transferred to the sales department.

Decision trees are often used in the banking sector and in areas where scripts are used to communicate with customers and decision-making processes need to be managed. An example of such an area is financial services, where banks and insurance companies check customer information in a strict sequence to assess risks before entering into a contract.

When a bank employee receives a loan application, he follows the tree to decide whether to approve the application or not

Structure of a decision tree

A decision tree consists of nodes and leaves.

At the top of the tree is the initial root node into which the entire selection falls. Next, there is a check for the fulfillment of a condition or the presence of a sign. As a result of such a check, the data group is divided into subgroups: a subgroup of data that passed the test, and a subgroup of data that do not meet the specified condition.

Further data subgroups get to the next node with a new check. And so on to the final node of the task tree, which meets the given goal of data analysis or completes the decision-making process.

Leaves are end nodes with test results

Related material:

What is machine learning

Where the method is used companies, sales and customer service.

For example, the user did not complete the card payment through the bank application, he writes to the support service chat. The bank employee who answers the request will follow the algorithm: for example, the first thing he will ask is the payment ID. Further, the decision tree will branch depending on whether the user knows the identifier or not.

Scripts for the sales department are also most often based on the decision tree model: managers ask questions to a potential client and, depending on the answer, adjust the next question.

ISP Help Desk Operator Can Handle Calls Using Decision Tree Algorithm

In machine learning, statistics, and data analysis, Decision Trees can be used to make predictions, describe data, divide data into groups, and find relationships between them.

A simple and popular problem is binary classification. That is, the division of the set of elements into two groups, where, for example:

1 – success, yes, the answer is correct, the user returned the loan;
0 – failure, no, the answer is incorrect, the user did not return the loan.

For example, based on meteorological observations for the past 100 days, you need to predict whether it will rain tomorrow. To do this, you can divide all days into two groups, where:

1 – the next day it was raining;
0 – It didn’t rain the next day.

You can analyze a set of characteristics of each day: average temperature, humidity, whether it has rained in the past two weeks. The decision tree algorithm will search the total amount of data for those repeated conditions by which it is easiest to divide all days into “1” and “0”‎. Such conditions increase the likelihood of the desired result.

For example, it rained 50 days out of 100. Of these 50 rainy days, 40 of those rainy days also rained the next day. It turns out the forecast: if it rains today, then tomorrow with a probability of 80% it will also be

It’s not easy to figure out how to analyze data using a decision tree on your own. It is even more difficult to learn how to correctly interpret and present the results of your research. Students of the Data Analyst course develop these skills by solving real cases from different professional fields.

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What problems does the method solve?

In machine learning and data analytics, a decision tree is used to: and subcategories.

2. Determine the most significant conditions
The decision tree algorithm helps to evaluate the importance of a feature (from English feature importance). That is, to find such conditions that are most important for the given purpose of the study. Such conditions are closest to the beginning of the division of the main sample. If you build 100 trees to solve the same problem, then, most likely, at the beginning of these trees there will be the same conditions.

3. Increase the reliability of the result
A decision tree helps to form the most suitable sample for all conditions or make the most accurate forecast based on the available data.

An example of solving a problem using a decision tree

The task is to make a classifier of points that belong to circle number 1 or number 2.

For clarity, you can use Jupyter Notebook, an interactive development environment and a tool for data analysis. This will help visualize how the decision tree works.

Visualization of the problem in Jupyter Notebook: two circles whose points need to be classified, and data on these points

A circle centered at the origin can be described by a simple equation of the form:

x² + y² = R².

With this expression, you can reflect the relationship between the x and y coordinates and uniquely determine the relationship of a point to a circle of 1 or 2.

This is how the model with point data will look when using a decision tree of limited depth in three divisions

You can see the split for each individual factor, but the model will have a clear error – three splits form three lines.

How the model will look on the delayed selection

That is, in this task it is not enough to select the inner circle, because you will get a sector of points that is erroneously assigned to the outer circle.

If you visualize the separating surface in Jupyter Notebook, you can see the problem

This problem can be easily solved by adding a third variable, the sum of the squares of the x and y values.

This is how the data on points with the third variable will look like

After building the model on the generated data, you can see the result of the model on the new data.

Now, for the model, one division on the variable r is sufficient for unambiguous division

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

Advantages one attribute, so you can easily interpret the results and quickly find conditions that influenced them the most. For example, why a bank employee refused a loan to an applicant: because of age, lack of a certificate confirming income, or past due payments on past loans.

Disadvantages

Limited application
The simplicity of the method is both an advantage and a disadvantage. Because of this, the use of the decision tree is limited. The algorithm is not suitable for solving problems with more complex dependencies.

Propensity to overfit
The decision tree model adjusts to the data it receives and looks for features that increase probability. The tree creates subgroups of elements until the final subgroup becomes homogeneous in all respects or gives a perfect prediction. Because of this, the algorithm will not be able to make a prediction for characteristics that were not in the training sample.

Linear models can make predictions for values ​​that were not in the sample, but decision trees cannot, since this method is based on averaging values ​​

How to create a decision tree

In data analysis and machine learning, a decision tree no need to manually create. Analysts use special libraries for this, which are available in two programming languages: R and Python.

Within Python, for example, there is a free scikit-learn library of standard machine learning models that provides a Decision Tree class with pre-built code.

Basic Steps for Building a Decision Tree

Before building a decision tree using pre-built code, analysts should:

1. Gather data and do exploratory analysis.
First, experts analyze the data and look for common patterns and anomalies. Then they form a hypothesis about the format of the model – why the decision tree is suitable for the task. At this stage, hypotheses are also built about the influence of factors on the dependent variable and the data pre-preparation pipeline.

2. Carry out preparation.
The data is converted to the desired format and cleaned of anomalies. There are special algorithms and approaches for data preprocessing:

● filling gaps with average, median values,

● normalizing indicators relative to each other,

● removing anomalies if necessary,

● categorizing variables.

3. Create a delayed fetch.
A small part of all the data needs to be set aside, analyzed by yourself and determine the main value for the final result. This is done so that after training the decision tree model, you can compare the results and check the quality of the algorithm on observations that the trained model has not seen before.

4. Create a decision tree and start training the model.
At this stage, the data or the part that remained after the formation of the delayed sample, and the conditions of the problem are loaded into the library. “If…then…” rules are generated automatically during model training.

5. Compare the results on the training set and on the delayed one.
If the results are comparable and the delayed sample is formed correctly, then the model algorithm is working correctly. The analyst then saves the code of the trained model and uses it to make decisions and create predictions based on the new data.

Expert advice

Alexander Tolmachev
A decision tree is a basic algorithm that is studied in the first lessons of machine learning courses. It is useful for a data analyst to know and understand such algorithms because they help interpret research results. In addition, it is the basis for solving more complex problems.

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Guide to Decision Trees in Machine Learning and Data Science | by Margarita M | NOP::Nuances of Programming

Published in

·

7 min read

·

Feb 6, 2019

Decision trees are a class of very efficient machine learning model that allows to obtain high accuracy in solving many problems while maintaining a high level of interpretation. The clarity of information representation makes decision trees special among other machine learning models. The “knowledge” mastered by the decision tree is directly formed into a hierarchical structure that stores and presents knowledge in a form understandable even for non-specialists.

You have probably already used decision trees to make choices in your life. For example, you need to solve what will you do this coming weekend. The outcome may depend on whether you want to go somewhere with friends or spend the weekend alone. In both cases, the decision also depends on the weather. If it’s sunny and your friends are free, you can go play football. If it rains, you will go to the cinema. If your friends are busy, then you will stay at home to play video games, even if the weather is fine.

This example demonstrates well the real life decision tree . We built a tree and simulated a series of sequential, hierarchical decisions that eventually lead to some result. Please note that we have chosen the most general solutions so that the tree is small. The tree will be just huge if we set many possible weather options, for example: 25 degrees, sunny; 25 degrees, rainy; 26 degrees, sunny; 26 degrees, rainy; 27 degrees, sunny; 27 degrees, rainy, etc. The specific temperature is not important. We just need to know if the weather will be good or not.

In machine learning, the concept of decision trees is the same. We need to build a tree with a set of hierarchical decisions that will eventually lead us to the result, i.e. our classification or regression prediction. The solutions are chosen in such a way that the tree is as small as possible, while maintaining the accuracy of the classification or regression.

Decision tree models are built in two steps: induction and pruning. Induction is where we build a tree, that is, set all the boundaries of a hierarchical decision based on our data. Due to their nature, trainable decision trees can be subject to significant overfitting. Pruning is the process of removing unnecessary structure from a decision tree, effectively making it easier to understand and avoid overfitting.

Induction

Decision tree induction goes through 4 major building steps:

  1. Start with a training dataset that contains the features of the variables and the results of the classification or regression.
  2. Determine the “best feature” in the data set to split them. We will talk about how to determine this “best feature” later.
  3. Divide the data into subsets that will contain possible values ​​for the best feature. This split basically defines a node in the tree, meaning each node is a split point based on a certain feature from our data.
  4. Recursively generate new tree nodes using the subset of data created in step 3. Continue splitting until you reach a point where the maximum precision, optimized in some way, is found. Try to minimize the number of splits and nodes.

The first stage is simple. Just collect your dataset!

At the second stage, the choice of a feature and a certain partition is usually carried out using a greedy algorithm to reduce the cost function. If you think about it, splitting when building a decision tree is equivalent to splitting the feature space. We will try different split points several times, and in the end we will choose the one that has the lowest cost. Of course, we can do a couple of clever things, such as splitting only on a range of values ​​in our dataset. This will reduce the number of calculations for testing split points, which are obviously useless.

For a regression tree, you can use the simple squared error as a cost function:

Where Y is the hard data and Y with a header is the predicted value. We sum over all the samples in our dataset to get the total error. For classification, we use the Gini coefficient function :

Where pk is the proportion of class k training examples in a particular prediction node. Ideally, the node should have an error value of zero, meaning that each split outputs one class 100% of the time. This is exactly what we need, because by getting to this particular decision node, we will know what the output will be, depending on which side of the border we are on.

This concept of a single class per node in a dataset is called “information gain”. Look at the example below.

If we had to choose a partition where each output has a different class depending on the input data, then we would not get any information. We wouldn’t know more about whether a particular node, i.e. feature, affects data classification! On the other hand, if our partition has a high percentage of each class for each output, then we0278 got information that splitting in such a specific way on this specific variable gives us a specific output!

Now we could keep splitting until our tree has thousands of branches… But that’s a bad idea! Our decision tree would be huge, slow, and overfitting for our training dataset. Therefore, we will set some predefined stopping criteria to stop building the tree.

The most common stopping method is to use a minimum calculation on the number of training examples assigned to each node in the tree. If the number is less than some minimum value, then the partition is not considered and the node is assigned as the final node of the tree. If all vertices of the tree become finite, then learning stops. The smaller the minimum number, the more accurate the partition will be and, accordingly, you will get more information. But in this case, the minimum number is prone to overfitting by the training data. Too many minimum numbers will cause training to stop too soon. So the minimum value is usually set based on the data, depending on how many examples are expected in each class.

Clipping

Due to their nature, training decision trees can be subject to significant overfitting. Choosing the right value for the minimum number of examples per node can be a difficult task. In many cases, one could simply go the safe route and make this minimum very small. But in this case, we would have a huge number of partitions and, accordingly, a complex tree. The fact is that many of the resulting partitions will turn out to be superfluous and will not help to increase the accuracy of the model.

Tree pruning is a technique that reduces the number of splits by removing, i. e. pruning, unnecessary tree splits. Pruning generalizes the decision boundaries, effectively reducing the complexity of the tree. The complexity of the decision tree is determined by the number of partitions.

A simple but very effective pruning method goes from bottom to top through nodes, evaluating whether a particular node needs to be removed. If the node does not affect the result, then it is cut off.

Decision trees for both classification and regression are convenient to use in the Scikit-learn library with a built-in class! First, we load the dataset and initialize the classification decision tree. The training will be very easy!

 from sklearn.datasets import load_iris 
from sklearn import tree

# Load in our dataset
iris_data = load_iris()

# Initialize our decision tree object tree induction + pruning)
classification_tree = classification_tree.fit(iris_data.data, iris_data.target)

Scikit-learn also allows you to visualize a tree using the graphviz library, which has some very useful options for visualizing decision nodes and splits learned by the model . Below, we denote the nodes with different colors, starting from the signs of names, and display the class and attribute of each node.

 import graphviz 
dot_data = tree.export_graphviz(classification_tree, out_file=None,
feature_names=iris.feature_names,
class_names=iris.target_names,
filled=True, rounded=True,
special_characters=True)
graph = graphviz. Source(dot_data)
graph.render("iris")

In addition, Scikit-learn allows you to specify several options for the decision tree model. Below are some of these settings that allow you to get the best result:

  • max_depth: maximum tree depth – the point at which node splitting stops. This is similar to choosing the maximum number of layers in a deep neural network. Fewer numbers will make the model fast, but not accurate. A larger number increases accuracy, but creates risks of overfitting and slows down the process.
  • min_samples_split: required minimum number of samples to split nodes. We have already discussed this above along with how to set a high value to minimize overfitting.
  • max_features: number of features to find the best point to split. The higher the number, the better the result. But in this case, the training will take longer.
  • min_impurity_split: Threshold for stopping tree growth early. The node will only break if its precision is above the specified threshold. Such a method can serve as a compromise between minimizing overfitting (high value, small tree) and high accuracy (low value, large tree).
  • presort: select whether to presort the data to speed up the search for the best split when fitting. If the data is pre-sorted for each feature, then it will be much easier for the learning algorithm to find good values ​​to split.

Below we describe all the pros and cons of decision trees that will help you understand whether you need to build such a model to solve a specific problem or not. We will also give some tips on how to use them effectively.

Pros

  • They are easy to understand. At each node, we can see exactly what decision our model makes. In practice, we will be able to know exactly where the precisions and errors come from, what kinds of data the model will handle, and how the feature values ​​affect the output. The visualization option in Scikit-learn is a handy tool to help you better understand decision trees.
  • Does not require extensive data preparation. Many machine learning models require data pre-processing (such as normalization) and need complex regularization schemes. On the other hand, decision trees are efficient after tweaking some parameters.
  • The cost of using an inference tree is the logarithmic of the number of data points used to train the tree. This is a big advantage, since a large amount of data will not greatly affect the output speed.