Spatial awareness activities: 10 Spatial Awareness Activities that Improve Development

Опубликовано: July 20, 2023 в 2:33 am

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Категории: Miscellaneous

10 Spatial Awareness Activities that Improve Development

Learn 10 easy spatial awareness activities that improve this important skill that can affect handwriting, hand eye coordination, clumsiness, and more…  

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From infancy, babies start learning and building skills that will grow through childhood and take them into adolescence and then adulthood. 

Many of these developmental milestones, from first steps, first bike rides without training wheels, and even driving a car for the first time involve complex physical and perceptual skills that begin to take shape shortly after birth.

As an occupational therapist who specializes in pediatrics, I know that the occupation of childhood is play, and the vast majority of life skills come about through play and the exploration of the world around us.

Popular childhood games such as “hide and seek,” “tag,” “duck, duck, goose,” and even free play outdoors all challenge a child’s body and mind to develop a variety of skills.  

One of those skills that’s often overlooked, but is learned through running, climbing, chasing, and physically interacting with other kids and the environment around them is spatial awareness. 

Beyond the obvious physical component of completing these activities, this deeper skill of spatial awareness requires perception of where your body is in space, what objects are in your environment and how much space they take up, and how to safely interact between the two.

 

What is Spatial Awareness?

Spatial awareness is your child’s perception of their body in relation to and interaction with their physical environment and it’s a critical skill for play, development, and learning.

It may seem simple enough, but spatial awareness (sometimes called body awareness) is a complex and higher-level physical and cognitive skill set that is deeply tied to the sensory system. 

Because our senses themselves are so interconnected, it’s important to understand how they work together to help a child know how to interact with their environment appropriately and safely.  

Touch, vision, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems all have important roles in spatial awareness. 

Touching and exploring the world with our hands and body, for example, is a critical part of understanding the physical world around us and how we can create, move, and interact with it all. 

Scanning our environment with our eyes and bringing input into the brain to be perceived and processed helps us understand where we are and provide context to the world.

Processing our head and body position with our inner ear, which the vestibular system is responsible for, allows us to internally feel and process speed, direction changes, and orientation to our own self and the world. 

And the sensors in our skin, muscles, and joints through the proprioceptive sense send important messages to our brain to allow us to use coordinated movement to move through our environment. 

This is all just the tip of the iceberg to the complex skill known as spatial awareness, and you can see why when one area of sensory is impacted through sensory processing difficulty, everything else might be impacted, too.

 

What Skills Do Spatial Awareness Impact:

Just like the sensory system is interconnected and greatly impacts how we develop spatial awareness, many other areas can be affected when spatial awareness is underdeveloped in children.

Social skills

Knowing how to respect the personal space of others, how to move through crowds, and both giving and following directions fall under important social skills that kids develop over time.

Spatial awareness is also involved in reading social cues appropriately, including body language and physical interactions like high fives, hugs, and holding hands.   

Motor skills

Navigating your environment, staying safe from dangerous obstacles, knowing how to orient your body for dressing, holding a pencil, managing fasteners, and perceiving how the world and people around you are moving all involve an awareness of your body and the space around it.

Academics

Understanding letter formation, spacing, and sentence structure, reading, following rules of grammar and mathematical concepts, like arranging equations or understanding physical sciences like geometry or size are less obvious, but still tied to spatial awareness skills.

Proprioception

Our sense of body awareness, and the sensory receptors in our joints, muscles, and skin tell us what our body is doing and where it is. An example of proprioception impacting spatial awareness are bumping into objects or other people in your environment. 

Play skills

Building towers, driving cars on a track, coloring within lines, throwing and catching a ball- almost ALL play involves spatial awareness to some degree. 

Safety awareness

A child who cannot perceive either their own space or the space around them is more likely to engage in risky or dangerous behaviors and actions. These can be unintentional, like falling off a set of steps or bed, or intentional, like jumping off a play structure that is too high. 

As you can see, these are huge areas of development that help kids become independent and functional in their play, learning, and home environments. 

But sometimes these deficits aren’t very obvious. You may be wondering what challenges a child with poor spatial awareness has.  

 

Signs of Spatial Awareness Difficulty 

A child with spatial awareness difficulties may be described as “wild,” “uncoordinated,” or even “reckless.”. 

The following list are some red flags to look for if you think your child might be struggling with spatial awareness:

 

  • Trouble respecting personal space, standing too close, leaning on others, or keeping hands to self. 
  • Difficulty with reading, writing, or math in the school aged years.
  • Coordination problems, such as appearing clumsy, being unable to throw or catch a ball, misses if trying to kick a ball. 
  • Trouble using 2 hands together for zippers, buttons, play activities.
  • Seems oblivious to environmental dangers such as curbs, corners, and objects in their path.
  • Looking down at their feet while walking because they stumble otherwise.
  • Fearful of play equipment that other children seem to be comfortable playing on.
  • Misses the mouth when self-feeding.
  • Problems understanding directions like left vs. right and up vs. down in school years.
  • Trouble following instructions with directions such as “your crayons are under the table” or “the soap is next to the towel.”
  • Writing vertically instead of horizontally or starting sentences in the middle of the page.
  • Poor hand eye coordination 
  • Poor legibility and sizing/spacing/orientation to writing.

 

Cause of Spatial Awareness Difficulties

Multiple areas of the brain play a role in spatial awareness, and typically, this skill starts developing in infancy. 

There are several clinically based reasons a child may have trouble developing spatial awareness, such as: Sensory Processing Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, 

Dyspraxia, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.  

However, many kids struggle with spatial awareness without a clear diagnosis. There are many factors that shape these skills including sensory and motor development, vision skills, and cognition and perception abilities.

 

How to Improve Spatial Awareness in Kids

Fortunately, you can improve spatial awareness skills with practice, and there are so many ways to do this.

In young children, identifying body parts through silly songs like “Head, shoulder, knees, and toes” are a great way to build these skills. Even simple nursery rhymes with hand gestures can help kids learn where they are in space.

For older kids, regularly discussing locations and distances helps reinforce those concepts. Simple map following or reviewing directions as you walk around the block can help. 

Play-based activities are my favorite way to address these skills, because kids don’t even know they’re working on them. Construction toys like Legos, magnet tiles, blocks, and Lincoln Logs are all great for this.

Drawing, crafts, and even some video games, like Minecraft, where you must manipulate objects and build, or puzzle games like Tetris and Rush Hour, help develop spatial awareness. 

The key is to practice, practice, practice. The more opportunities your child has to challenge their own sensory and motor systems, the more opportunity they have to build these skills.

 

10 Spatial Awareness Activities

If you’ve identified that your child may be struggling with spatial awareness and want to practice, try some of the following activities:

1.Puzzles

Depending on your child’s age and abilities, different types of puzzles help practice spatial awareness skills. Shape sorters, jigsaw puzzles, peg puzzles, and 3D puzzles are all options.

Shape and nesting puzzles are a great choice.  There are so many things kids can make, it offers great practice.

For older kids, another great puzzle activity is something like Mental Blox.   It’s different from standard puzzles and requires kids to use three dimensional shapes to recreate the images.

2. Build Obstacle Courses

This is a tried and true occupational therapy activity that kids love. 

The ability to maneuver through an obstacle course requires spatial awareness. Put together sequential steps for your child to complete with objects from around the house. Include crawling, climbing, and following a path. 

Or, head outside to a playground and have your child complete climbing, running, jumping, or crawling. 

Get inspired with this fun obstacle course that also targets handwriting skills. 

3. Follow the Leader

Play a game of follow the leader and have your child mimic big and small body movements. That could include jumping, lunging, or walking on tip toes and putting hands on hips. You can also practice giving appropriate space between participants. 

Games like “Simon Says” and “Mother May I?” are great for developing spatial awareness.  

4. Hide a Toy

This is such an easy game to play, and you can use just about any toy. 

Hide an object somewhere within the room and use directional instructions to tell your child where it is and have them find it. 

For example, “The bear is under a blanket on the second shelf.” For older kids, you can have them close their eyes as you call out directions like “take 1 step to your left and 3 steps forward.”

5. Building and Block Play

Construction of towers and block play is a foundational skill that is important in early childhood.

Learning the cause and effect of balancing items, crashing them down, and how to construct them is a great way to practice spatial awareness. Here are a few of my favorite blocks for different ages: 

Large interlocking blocks, wooden blocks, and these classic cardboard building blocks. 

As children set up, crash down, and rearrange blocks, they become more aware of space and positioning of objects.  

Try giving verbal instructions like “put the green block on top” or even mirroring designs for your child to copy. 

6. The Floor is Lava

This childhood favorite is an awesome way to work on spatial awareness skills. Similar to an obstacle course, create pathways for your child to follow that avoid certain areas so they have to practice maneuvering around large and small items. 

7. Secret Handshakes or Songs with Motions

There is a reason why nursery rhymes often have songs with movement. Kids love them, and they are great for learning spatial awareness. 

“Ring around the Rosy,” “Itsy Bitsy Spider,” “Pat-a-cake” and “If You’re Happy and You Know It” are a fun way to start working on these skills from infancy into the school years.

8. Sports and physical activity

Basketball, baseball, soccer, or any game involving a ball helps develop spatial awareness. 

Learning how much force to dribble a basketball or to kick the soccer ball so it reaches the net, and how to swing a baseball bat just in time to hit the ball thrown by the pitcher are athletic skills that require spatial awareness.

Gymnastics and dance also help build a strong sense of body awareness and a better understanding of space and proximity to others and to the objects around you.

Organized sports are definitely not the only way. ALL play and movement, whether it’s skiing, rock climbing, biking, swimming, or just running around the yard help improve spatial awareness. 

9. Coloring, painting, or simple crafts

Simple crafts involve a combination of visual, perceptual and motor skills to follow directions, color, cut, and paste items together. Having your child follow physical examples of crafts are a great way to encourage these skills and build spatial awareness.

10. Yoga 

Yoga is not only a great way to build spatial awareness for kids, but is also a sensory powerhouse for children who have sensory processing difficulties. 

Between the movement, direction following, and focus on breathing and mindfulness, it is a perfect way to work on a range of developmental skills in childhood.  

Check out Cosmic Kids Yoga or these yoga cards to try with your kids.

There you have it. These 10 activities will help you encourage your toddler or child to build valuable spatial awareness skills. 

If you’ve got a child at home who struggles with spatial awareness, which activities will you try to help them out? Let us know below…

 

Learn More About Supporting Your Child’s Development

Sensory toys for Toddlers, Autism, and SPD

10 Winter Occupational Therapy Activities 

Sensory Diet Template post

 

 

Laura Mau is a licensed occupational therapist and member of the Your Kid’s Table team. She has over 8 years of clinical experience in helping families navigate complex feeding and eating, sensory processing, and reaching developmental milestones with their children. She currently practices in Colorado and has 2 young kids of her own.

Alisha Grogan is a licensed occupational therapist and founder of Your Kid’s Table. She has over 18 years experience with expertise in sensory processing and feeding development in babies, toddlers, and children. Alisha also has 3 boys of her own at home. Learn more about her here.

 

10 Fun Activities For Boosting Spatial Awareness Skills In Children

by Manpreet Singh

When your child is walking around the room, trying to catch a ball, or having fun at the playground, they are using their spatial awareness skills to maneuver these tasks. Spatial awareness is the understanding of your position with respect to other objects in space. Therefore, a baby cannot easily reach out for the rattle because they are yet to understand how far the rattle is and the extent to which they must extend their arms to catch it. Similarly, a toddler needs practice before they can perfectly catch a ball. 

As we can see, spatial awareness doesn’t develop overnight. As kids experience the world around them, they continue working on these skills and get proficient with time and experience. Hence, giving kids ample opportunities to enhance their spatial awareness is a necessity to support their development. Spatial awareness activities are an ideal way to work on spatial skills. Include them daily in your child’s routine and see the difference.

Fun spatial awareness activities for kids

We have enlisted ten interesting activities you can do with kids at home or when you are outdoors. Take a look and try them out!

1. Find Your Favorite Toy

Hide your child’s favorite toy (with their permission, of course!) somewhere in a room and give them a mission to find it. Seeking the toy in the room will work those spatial skills as your child kneels to find it under the bed or inside the closet. You can even give them hints to help them in their search. For example, you could say, “your toy is kept ‘on’ something and not ‘under’ something. This will also teach them spatial vocabulary while they look out for their favorite toy!

2. Construct and Deconstruct

Kids love playing with legos, blocks, magnetic tiles, and similar toys. Building a tower and then breaking it down is something that most kids enjoy. Interestingly, while doing so, kids are not only having a great time but also working on their spatial awareness. Whether a child is building a tower using block pieces, creating a castle using magnetic tiles, or solving lego challenges, they are utilizing their understanding of the position of different objects in a given space.

3. Fill and Pour 

Set up this activity in your patio, backyard, or in the bathroom. A place where you wouldn’t mind things getting a little wet. Give your child different types and sizes of containers. Provide them with a bucket full of water and see them fill and pour water from one container to another. This activity gives them a chance to work with liquids and understand how it behaves differently from solid objects. They will also see how pouring water from less height causes fewer spills compared to pouring it from more height.

4. Do What You Hear 

In this activity, the child should do what they hear. For example, you could say things like, ‘pick up a toy and keep it on the bed’ or ‘take three rounds around the table, etc. By listening to the instructions and doing what is asked, kids develop an understanding of spatial concepts of over, under, around, on top of, etc. A couple of rounds of this activity every day is sufficient to revise and rehearse these spatial concepts.

5. Cross an Obstacle Course

Make an obstacle course for your child by placing toys, cushions, bean bags, etc., in the playroom or living room, wherever you have more space. Now let your child make their way through the obstacle to reach their final destination. Ask your child to jump over the cushions, crash land on the bean bag, and try not to bump into toys when crossing the obstacles. If you have a backyard, you can even be more creative with the obstacle course. Add in a play tunnel, or a small trampoline, or make arches with swim noodles to crawl under. We’re sure your kid will love it.

6. Recreate Patterns

Patterns help improve visual-spatial and visual-motor skills. This activity can be done with kids who have knowledge of different shapes. You can begin by drawing shapes in a pattern. Now ask your child to identify or draw which shape will come next. You can increase the difficulty level by asking them to identify which two shapes will appear next in the pattern. Another idea would be to create a simple dot-to-dot diagram and ask your kid to recreate the pattern in a similar grid. 

7. Solve a Puzzle

Puzzles are one of the best tools for improving spatial awareness. When solving a puzzle, kids must visualize the position of a puzzle piece before adding it to the puzzle solution. They also learn to manipulate and comprehend different pieces of puzzles and how they fit into one another to complete the puzzle. You could buy a few jigsaw puzzles or a tangram puzzle set to let your kid solve them during playtime and work on those spatial concepts.

8. How Far Is It?

Understanding distance is also crucial for spatial awareness. This activity creates awareness about distance and how far or close things are. Explain to your child how they can measure the distance between two objects using a simple method such as measuring the distance with their feet. Demonstrate how they can find the distance between them and the tv using their feet. Once your child gets the idea, let them practice by asking them to figure out how far other objects are from their current position using their foot measurement.

9. Left or Right

Teach the spatial concept of left and right using this simple activity. Begin by telling your kid about left and right directions and how they can use their left and right hands to identify these directions. Things that fall towards their left hand are on the left-hand side, while those positioned toward their right hand are on the right-hand side. Now name an object and ask them to identify if it is on their left or right side. You can even give them an object and instruct them to keep it on one specific side to check their understanding.

10. Do the Hokey Pokey Dance

Music and dance play a very important role in a child’s development. They can be used to teach many things to young children in a fun and enjoyable way. The Hokey Pokey song is a great tool to introduce spatial concepts and raise spatial awareness in children. Play the song on tv and let your child do the activities along with it. They will learn to identify different body parts and how to put them in or bring them out of a given circle. Do the Hokey Pokey dance with your kid and see how much they enjoy your company!

Wrapping up,

Apart from the activities mentioned above, you can also involve your child in activities like soccer, dance, or gymnastics to refine their spatial awareness skills to help them easily carry out their day-to-day tasks. These games promote physical and mental well-being in children and also give them several opportunities to use spatial skills.

Although spatial awareness begins to develop in childhood, it is a lifelong process. By training kids in spatial awareness, we prepare them to tackle everyday tasks with ease. Some kids pick up these skills on their own as they explore the world around them, while some need a little help to understand these concepts. Use these simple yet effective activities with your kids and fine-tune their spatial awareness skills.

Formation of spatial perception in preschool children

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    x

    What is spatial and temporal perception?

    content

    What is spatial perception?

    What is the perception of space? The ability for spatial perception is the ability to perceive one’s relationship with the outside world (exteroceptive processes) and with oneself (interoceptive processes).

    What is spatio-temporal perception?

    This is the ability of a person to find and navigate in relation to objects, people and his own body in a given space. This is the ability to determine what is on the right or on the left; in front or behind; above or below itself, or another object in relation to another.

    What are temporal-spatial representations?

    Spatial representations help the child to better know and understand the space in which he is included, thereby facilitating his experiences in this place, as well as a wider view of this space. Temporal representations favor the temporal construction, that is, the notion of the simultaneity of events.

    What is time and space logic?

    Spatial logical thinking or spatial orientation includes numbers, data and sticks. Spatial thinking is an important skill that generates concepts and solutions to problems that arise in areas such as architecture, engineering, science, mathematics, art, games, and everyday life.

    What are the types of perception?

    types of perception

    • Visual perception.
    • Auditory perception.
    • Olfactory perception.
    • Taste perception.
    • tactile perception.
    • Temporal perception.
    • Spatial perception.
    • proprioception.

    How to work with spatial perception?

    It works like this: first you take disposable cups or some kind of scrap, which has a large amount and can be scattered on the floor. After the obstacles are set, the child will be placed on one side of the track and the adult on the other.

    What is the meaning of temporal perception?

    The perception of time is a brain construct that can be manipulated and distorted under certain circumstances. These time illusions help reveal the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.

    How to work with temporary space?

    Classes with games and games, with music and dance, working with rhythm and moving the body, contribute to the expansion of organizational skills and the structuring of temporary space.

    How to work with temporal perception in preschool education?

    Make it a habit to ask your little ones questions about their daily routine, such as what time does school start or what will happen first, time to eat or time to leave; also ask what they did yesterday and what they will do tomorrow, among other questions related to daily habits.

    What are temporary concepts?

    Concept of temporality (approximate age):

    Find out the day of the week: 4 years. Recognize morning, day: 5 years. Specify the day of the week: 6 years. Specify month: 7 years.

    What are spatial representations?

    Spatial concepts of orientation, direction, proximity, laterality, external and internal, place, distance.

    What are you working on in spatial representations?

    These are relationships that are established in a space close to the child and begin to develop from birth, such as: inside, outside, above, below, in front, behind, near, far, the idea of ​​​​neighborhood, separation, continuity, order and involvement.

    What are examples of spatial organization?

    What are examples of spatial organization? Spatial organization refers to the perception of the Self in relation to the environment and other objects. To be successful, this perception depends on good cognitive and neuropsychiatric maturity.

    What is the spatial organization?

    The spatial organization (ecological system) should be characterized as an organized formation on the surface of the Earth, formed by the physical/natural and anthropic subsystems, as well as their interaction.

    What is included in spatio-temporal structuring?

    Spatial-temporal structuring is the ability to place one’s own body in space, in relation to fixed and moving landmarks and obstacles, to determine the location of other objects based on such landmarks, to perceive the speed of movement of one’s own body and objects, as well as the trajectory of their movement.

    What are the three phases of perception?

    Perception is a process that proceeds in three stages: selection, organization and interpretation.

    What 3 factors influence perception?

    According to attribution theory, three factors influence internal or external determination: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. The difference lies in how consistent a person’s behavior is in different situations.

    What are the types of perception, name three types?

    In addition, there are types of perception associated with other senses, such as: auditory perception (sound signals), tactile perception (information associated with touch), olfactory perception (associated with smell) and gustatory perception (associated with taste) . . ).

    What is visual-spatial perception?

    is the ability to perceive the position of two or more objects in relation to each other or in relation to oneself.

    What is it like to be an astronaut?

    A person who possesses it has the ability to accurately perceive the visual world and carry out transformations and modifications in relation to the observed. This possibility applies to both real and imaginary scenarios.

    What are sense perceptions?

    Sensory perception is a function of the brain, including the sense organs – touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision, vestibular and proprioceptive systems.

    For Boyd and Zimbardo (2005), time perspective refers to “the subjective and often unconscious way in which each of us relates to time and the process by which the continuous stream of personal and social experience is sorted and categorized.” or frames to help shape, …

    How to improve the perception of time?

    Meditation also helps because it is based on mindfulness, a mental state that also causes the brain to observe and internalize everyday sensations with greater attention and concentration, and therefore as new sensations.

    How does the perception of time change?

    The time when we are happy

    And we don’t stop thinking, we just live. That’s why it seems to us that time flies unnoticed, because we have fun. On the other hand, when we feel bad (or experience other emotions), our perception of time changes.

    What is the significance of the space-time scale?

    The time scale gives geographical research a broader perspective on the emergence of environmental and social phenomena, allowing for a more complete analysis to understand the dynamics of the current landscape, since, knowing the previous characteristics, one can infer its structure and . ..

    How to evaluate the temporal orientation?

    Questionnaire – time orientation

    1. What day is it today?
    2. Do you know what the other days of the week are called?
    3. What is the day before Tuesday? And then?
    4. How many days are there in a week?
    5. What month are we in?
    6. And other months, do you know the name?
    7. How many months are there in a year?
    8. What month is Children’s Day?

    What is spatial orientation used for?

    Spatial orientation is the ability of a person to find and navigate in relation to objects, people and his own body in a given space. This is the ability to determine what is on the right or on the left; in front or behind; above or below itself, or another object in relation to another.

    What are representations of early childhood?

    They appear from birth and improve until they reach their mature form. The development of this type of perception is fundamental to the acquisition of complex perceptions. Simple perceptions include visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory, as well as proprioceptive or kinesthetic perception.

    What aspect of play practice allows students to form spatial and temporal representations and explore the greatest number of textures, colors, shapes and sizes?

    QUESTION 4. What aspect of play practice allows students to form spatial and temporal representations and explore the largest number of textures, colors, shapes and sizes? a) Spaces and team formation.

    What is the purpose of perception in early childhood education?

    Improves motor coordination, concentration and thinking

    Activation of sensory perception is important at all stages of life, but up to 7 years it is even more important. After all, this is the moment when a child can learn more, being considered a sponge for knowledge.

    What are temporary skills?

    Temporal resolution is the ability responsible for detecting the time intervals between sound stimuli, rapid and sudden changes in a sound stimulus, or determining the shortest time interval necessary for a person to perceive differences between sound signals 7,9.

    What is time space in psychomotor?

    The temporal organization of space is the ability of a person to place and orient himself in relation to objects, people and his own body in a given space. This is the ability to determine what is on the right or on the left; in front or behind; above or below itself, or another object in relation to another.

    What are measurements of time?

    The time dimension defines the representation of time in the database. These dimensions help determine the historical composition of the geo object.

    What are the spatial differences?

    Spatial differentiation is the result of the combined action of natural and social processes that have created a fragmented, uneven, complex and variable, but articulated surface of the Earth. Thus, the earth’s surface can be viewed as a kaleidoscope, allowing for various readings.

    How to work on spatial orientation in elementary school?

    Have students write their location in class on a sulfite sheet. At this point, they can use the resource they find most appropriate: drawing, cutting and pasting, or even, for those who can already read and write, a written description. Ask them not to give their names.

    What are the concepts of space-time laterality?

    Laterality is the ability to perceive the concepts of right and left in the outside world, regardless of your own physical situation. In the process of growth, naturally, lateral dominance is determined in a child: he will be stronger and more mobile on the right or left.

    What is space exploration?

    Spatial analysis is necessarily related to geography, it corresponds to the study of the spatial distribution of any phenomenon, the search for forms, mechanisms and spatial patterns, as well as what this organization represents in the dynamics of this area.

    What is spatial?

    Meaning of space

    adjective relating to space, speaking especially of space, interstellar space, the universe with all its stars: spaceship. What exists or is contained in this space: cosmic stars.

    What is a space system?

    A spatial reference system is a set of parameters used to represent geometry. These parameters are: The name of the coordinate system from which the coordinates are obtained. Numeric identifier that uniquely identifies the spatial reference system.

    What is attitude?

    A) spatial arrangement is an activity in which the child must localize himself and place objects among other objects and people in a given space. Has a static value. Example: find items above, below, left or right of something; present your position in the classroom or elsewhere.

    What is visual-spatial perception?

    is the ability to perceive the position of two or more objects in relation to each other or in relation to oneself.

    What are spatial representations?

    Spatial concepts of orientation, direction, proximity, laterality, external and internal, place, distance.