Rainbow after school care: Before/After School Daycare – Rainbow / Welcome

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Your child masters the writing, reading, and math skills they need to transition to kindergarten and excel. From sensory play as a baby to writing their name, they later gain school skills and reach the educational milestones that get them school-ready.

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Get picture and message notifications about your child’s fantastic day from the convenience of your phone. The Kangaroo Time app lets you do billing, upload forms, and check your child in and out with seamless, contact-free ease.

Bring in homemade lunches, while on-site snacks fill the gaps.

Bonus! A weekly pizza lunch is your child’s favorite day.

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Broaden your child’s perspective with exciting daily enrichment activities. Music and dance strengthen the mind-body connection, while art, Spanish instruction, and baby signing advance pre-language and crucial communication skills.

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After meeting the OTR staff we felt reassured that she would be in good hands. OTR provides excellent, individualized care & great communication. We are very happy!!

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Our daughter is actively cared for and in a continuously engaging environment. I can confidently say that my daughter is in great hands! I highly recommend Over The Rainbow

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Love over the rainbow and all the staff they are the best! My daughter has been there since 4 months old and is now 3, we love it and so does she!

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Both of our babies have been at Over The Rainbow since they were three months old. My eldest is now enrolled in preschool there, with my infant about to graduate to the “waddler” room. OTR staff have been like a second family to us, and we highly recommend.

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The prosecutor’s office and the Investigative Committee began checks after the beating of a girl on Sakhalin – RBC

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Building of the State Educational Institution “Raduga Boarding School”

(Photo: raduga.edu.27.ru)

The prosecutor’s office of the Sakhalin region began an investigation after beating a pupil of the Raduga boarding school in the Smirnykhovsky district, according to the agency’s website.

During the inspection, the department will give a legal assessment of the actions of the boarding school employees who allowed harm to the pupil and her unauthorized departure.

Investigators are also looking into the circumstances of a 15-year-old girl’s injuries, who, according to media reports, was found without shoes at the gates of the orphanage and taken to the hospital.

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On the afternoon of February 21, a pupil of the boarding school was noticed by a woman passing by in a car. “I noticed that a girl was standing at the gate in socks right on the snow, in black leggings, a T-shirt, all bloody. I put her in a car, took her to an ambulance, ”ASTV quotes her as saying. According to the woman, the girl told her that in the morning she was beaten by other pupils, after which the educators placed her in the medical department, from where she left. Then “she was beaten again, with her head against the wall,” she added. At the hospital, the teenager was diagnosed with a concussion.

What is a rainbow, and everything connected with it. Why does a rainbow appear after rain

Rainbow – this magnificent colorful phenomenon has long amazed people’s imagination. Looking at the rainbow, I want to believe in miracles and magic. Which of the natural phenomena can be compared with the beauty of a rainbow? The appearance of a rainbow in the sky means that good weather will soon come and the bad weather will end. There are many legends about the rainbow, which you will learn about from this article. We will also try to understand in more detail the reasons for the appearance of this wonderful natural phenomenon and learn about interesting facts about the rainbow. Read the article, ask questions and share your impressions in the comments.

In the ancient Indian epic “Romayana” we find the expression “seven-colored bow of Thunder”. Thunderbolt – the supreme god, the king of kings Indra. The ancient Greeks imagined the rainbow as an intermediary between heaven and earth, that is, between gods and people. They identified the rainbow with the beautiful Irida and portrayed her dressed in silk, which intersected all seven colors. Golden wings were an indispensable attribute of Irida. They symbolized her fickle temper: after all, a rainbow always appears and disappears unexpectedly.

The Arabs believed that the rainbow is the bow of Kuzah, the god of light. After a grueling struggle with the forces of darkness, which sought to prevent the appearance of the sun in the sky, Kuzakh invariably emerged victorious and hung a rainbow bow on the clouds. Since ancient times, the Slavs considered a rainbow after heavy rain to be a messenger of victory won by the god Perun over the spirit of evil.

Only thunder and lightning is not enough for a rainbow to appear. If the sky is covered with clouds, and there is no shadow on the ground, the rainbow cannot be seen. And only when the sun breaks through the thickness of the clouds, conditions are created for its appearance. Beautiful! Changeable and elusive!

To explain the appearance of a rainbow in the sky from a theoretical point of view is not particularly difficult. This is elementary optics. How do rain and sun draw a rainbow!?

As you know, light consists of a combination of several colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan and violet. White light passing through a prism is reflected on the other side by all the colors of the rainbow. But in order to understand what a rainbow is, you need to understand what happens inside a prism and how white light emits so many colors.

A prism is a trihedral, usually made of clear glass or plastic. A prism “draws” a mini-rainbow by decomposing complex light into a spectrum when a narrow strip of white light hits one of the triangle’s faces. The scattering of light in a prism occurs due to the so-called “refractive index” of the glass. Each material has its own distinctive refractive index. When light travels through a material (such as light traveling through air and hitting a glass prism), the difference in refractive indices between air and glass causes the light to bend. The bending angle is different from the wavelength of the light. And as white light passes through the two planes of the prism, the different colors are bent (refracted) and a kind of rainbow appears. The rainbow itself is created by raindrops acting as tiny prisms. Light enters the raindrop, bounces off the other side of the raindrop, and exits. During this process, light is decomposed into a spectrum, just like it happens in a transparent trihedral prism. The angle between the incoming light beam and the outgoing light beam is 42 degrees for red and 40 degrees for violet. Due to the difference in bending angles, a rounded rim appears in the sky, i.e. rainbow. Sometimes two rainbows can appear at once. A second rainbow can form because some raindrops can immediately double-reflect. In order for two reflections to occur at the same time, drops of a certain size are needed. The main process for the appearance of a rainbow is the refraction (refraction) or “bending” of light. Light bends, or rather changes its direction, when it moves from one medium to another. A rainbow appears due to the fact that light travels at different speeds to different mediums.

So, the bend of the light beam hits a transparent prism. One side of the light wave is slightly slower than the other, so the beam passes through the air-glass interface at different angles (essentially the beam of light is reflected off the surface of the prism). The light turns again when it exits the prism because one side of the light is moving faster than the other. In addition to the light-bending process itself, the prism separates white light into its component colors. Each color of white light has its own characteristic frequency, which causes the colors to move at different speeds as they pass through the prism.

A color that is slowly refracted in glass bends more when it enters the prism from the air, because the color moves at different speeds in different media. A color that moves faster in the glass does not weaken much, so it does not bend as much. Due to this, all the colors of the rainbow that make up white light are separated in frequency, passing through the glass. If the glass refracts light twice, as it does in a prism, a person sees all the separated colors of white light much better. This is called scattering. Raindrops can refract and scatter light just as it does inside a prism. Under certain conditions, as a result of such refraction of light, a rainbow appears in the sky. Each drop is unique in its own way: the drop has a completely different size and consistency compared to a glass prism. When white sunlight enters a few drops of rain at a certain angle, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet colors appear in the sky, i.e. rainbow. Completing the rainbow are the red and violet colors of the visible light spectrum.

When light travels through the air into a drop of water, the color constituents of white light begin to scatter, with the speed at which each color moves depends on their frequency. Violet color reflected in the drop is refracted at an obtuse angle, and red at a sharp angle. On the right side of the drop, some light escapes into the air, while the rest is reflected back. Some of the reflected light exits from the left side of the drop, and refraction occurs again as the light travels towards the air.

In this way, each drop scatters white sunlight into its component colors. But why do we see wide ribbons of color, as if each rainy area scatters only one specific color? This is because we only see the color that comes from each drop. When, for example, droplet A scatters white light, only one red light comes out at a certain angle, visible to our eye. Other color rays are refracted at a different angle, so we can’t see them. Sunlight penetrates falling drops equally, so all nearby drops emit red light. Drop B travels slightly slower across the sky, so it can no longer emit red light. But since all other colors have a smaller wave, drop B in this case will emit orange and all other colors of the rainbow in descending order. The last to close the rainbow is the purple color with the smallest glow wave. If you look at the rainbow from above, you can see a whole circle, consisting of seven thin circles of different colors. From the ground, we can only see the arch of the rainbow appearing on the horizon. Sometimes two rainbows appear in the sky at once, one of which has a clear outline, the other looks like a blurry reflection of the first. A dim rainbow is formed according to the same principle as a clear one, however, in this case, the light is reflected from the surface inside the droplet not once, but twice. As a result of this double reflection, the light exits the drop at a different angle, so the second rainbow appears slightly higher. If you look closely, you will notice that the colors in the second rainbow are reflected in reverse order compared to the first rainbow. As a result of this refraction of light and scattering of rays, a rainbow appears. Habitual for us sunlight and water together create a new work of art, presented to us by mother nature.

Brilliant with bright, magnificent colors, the rainbow amazed the poetic imagination of primitive peoples. It either stretches above the ground, or sparkles in the very garden of Iria, where birds of paradise and winged souls rest on it.

A special, divine character was recognized behind the rainbow, as well as behind all the luminaries, therefore, just as in nature the rainbow is on the verge between thunderstorm and sunlight, so in folk tales it is in connection with the god of thunder and lightning Perun and the bright goddess Lada , one of the names of which, by the way, is Perunitsa the Thunderer. In legends, the rainbow is compared with a wide variety of objects.

Slavs since ancient times believe that the rainbow “drinks” water from lakes, rivers and seas: like a snake, lowering its sting into the water, it draws water into itself, and then releases it, which is why it rains; at the ends of the rainbow there is a cauldron with ancient gold coins. The legend draws three deities, one of which holds a rainbow and raises water from the river with it, the other creates clouds from this water, and the third, tearing them apart, causes rain. It is like a triune incarnation of Perun.

The Western Slavs have a belief that a witch can steal a rainbow and hide it, which means causing a drought on the earth.

There are also such beliefs: a rainbow is a bridge between heaven and earth; or the belt of the goddess Lada; or the path to the other world, along which the souls of the dead sometimes come to the sinful earth. This is a symbol of abundance, and if the rainbow has not appeared for a long time, one should expect hunger, crop failure.

In some places, it was believed that the rainbow is a brilliant rocker, with the help of which Lada Perunitsa draws water from the sea-ocean, and then irrigates fields and fields with it. This wonderful rocker is kept in the sky, and at night – in the constellation Ursa Major. Riddles about the rainbow also retained its likening to a yoke and buckets of water: “Two seas hang on an arc”, “A multi-colored yoke hung over the river.”

Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians and western Ukrainians believe that those who pass under the rainbow change their gender. In Western Bulgaria, they believed that “if someone wants to change his gender, he must go to the river during the rain and where the rainbow“ drinks water ”, he must drink in the same place, and then he will turn from a man into a woman and from a woman to a man”. This property of the rainbow can be used to magically change the sex of the unborn child. “If a woman who had only girls was born, goes to drink water at the place where the rainbow “drinks”, then after that she boys will be born.”

In Bulgaria, there is also a notion that the rainbow is “the belt of the Lord, which he rinses during the rain or dries after the rain”. At the same time, the rainbow is also called the “belt of samovil.” Serbs and Croats say that God shows women how to weave and what colors to use with the help of a rainbow.

In ancient India, the rainbow is the bow of Indra, the god of thunder; in addition, in Hinduism and Buddhism, the “rainbow body” is the highest yogic state attainable in the realm of samsara.

In Islam, the rainbow consists of four colors – red, yellow, green and blue, corresponding to the four elements. In some African myths, a heavenly serpent is identified with a rainbow, which serves as a guardian of treasures or encircles the Earth in a ring. American Indians identify the rainbow with a staircase that leads to another world. Among the Incas, the rainbow was associated with the sacred Sun, and the Inca rulers wore its image on their coats of arms and emblems. Among the Chibcha Muisca Indians, the rainbow was considered a good deity. In the specific mountainous conditions of the Cordillera, an amazing natural phenomenon is observed: sometimes a rainbow appears against the background of a foggy haze, as if framing the multiply enlarged reflection of the observer himself. The main sanctuary dedicated to the goddess of the Rainbow, chibcha, was erected next to the mountain waterfall Tekendama, where the brightest arc is always displayed as soon as the sun’s rays fall on the water spray. In Scandinavian mythology, “Bivrest” (“shaking road”, “trembling path”) is a rainbow-bridge connecting heaven and earth. He is guarded by the guardian of the gods Heimdall. Before the end of the world and the death of the gods, the bridge collapses. In ancient Greece, the goddess of the rainbow was the virgin Irida, the messenger of the gods, the daughter of Taumantus and the oceanides Electra, the sister of the harpies. She was depicted with wings and a caduceus. Her attire is made up of dew drops shimmering with rainbow colors. According to the ancients, the rainbow connected heaven and earth, therefore, with the design of Olympic mythology, Irida was considered an intermediary between gods and people. Unlike Hermes, Iris carried out the orders of Zeus and Hera without showing her own initiative. The canonical image of Iris is a winged maiden (usually sitting next to Hera), holding a vessel of water in her hands, with which she delivered water to the clouds.

According to the Bible, the rainbow was created by God after the global flood, as a sign of his promise to never flood people again. In the Talmudic tradition, the rainbow was created by God on the sixth day of creation. The Greeks have a rainbow – a manifestation of the goddess Iris. In medieval Christian images, on the day of the Last Judgment, Christ is seated on a rainbow. The rainbow is also associated with the Virgin Mary, the mediator between God and people. The symbolism of the rainbow depends on the number of colors in it.
So in China, five colors are distinguished in the rainbow, the combination of which personifies the unity of yin and yang. On the basis of the Aristotelian triad, the Christian West sees in it only three (symbol of the Trinity) primary colors: blue (the heavenly nature of Christ), red (the passion of Christ) and green (the mission of Christ on earth).
A rainbow is an image of peaceful heavenly fire, in contrast to lightning as an expression of the wrath of heavenly powers. The appearance of a rainbow after a thunderstorm, against the backdrop of peaceful nature, along with the sun, made it possible to interpret it as a symbol of peace. In the Bible, the rainbow appears (in the episode with Noah’s ark) as a sign that the water will no longer be a flood; in general, it is seen as a symbol of the covenant between Yahweh and people. The hemisphere of the rainbow was considered a sphere (the second half of which is supposedly submerged in the ocean), which is
emphasized the divine perfection of this natural phenomenon. According to a common interpretation, the red color of the rainbow represents the wrath of God, yellow – generosity, green – hope, blue – the appeasement of natural forces, purple – greatness.

In the sky the rainbow shines and glitters,
As if a passage through it is open to us.
A multicolored ray descended from the heavens,
The forest shines in beautiful rainbow dust.

Foliage shimmers like an emerald,
Reflections of a rainbow are visible here and there,
The forest has plunged into a fairy tale and calmed down,
He wants to delay a wonderful moment.

Science has long explained everything for us,
But it is not possible to fully understand nature.
Seeing a rainbow in the blue sky,
We dream that these are symbols from outside.

Rapture takes us on a sky-high flight,
Perhaps there is a solution to a miracle.
A rainbow shines for us, fresh and good,
Eyes shine with happiness from bright colors.

The rainbow has always attracted people’s attention with its incredible beauty and unusualness. Only not everyone can explain what it is, where it comes from. What does a rainbow really look like? Try to describe this most interesting phenomenon to a person who has never encountered it. Will it work? Let’s try together.

What a rainbow looks like

If you take five different colors and draw stripes one after another in a semicircle on a blue sky in a sweeping semicircle, you will get something similar to this miracle.

Describe it in different ways. But any observer can find similar features of the phenomenon. First, it is always a piece of an arc. At best, half a ring, each tip of which rests on the ground. Sometimes you can see only a piece of the arc. It depends on the position of the observer. Ancient people worshiped this phenomenon, considered it a special “sign”. Naturally, everyone had to know what a rainbow looks like so as not to miss such a heavenly “message”. And now, to be honest, people admire this phenomenon with pleasure. They even say that this is a sign of upcoming good luck. The rainbow is compared with the “heavenly yoke”, the bridge, the gate, and so on. It comes out of nowhere, doesn’t rely on anything. It cannot be touched, only admired to look at. Its meaning is interpreted unambiguously – only in a positive sense. Not a single people on Earth considered this beauty to be something sinful or a bad sign. What can not be said about the study of this phenomenon.

From the history of

The church did not welcome the attempts of scientists to delve into the processes of rainbow formation. She insisted that the Lord creates all physical phenomena in nature. Examples of this can be found in the history of the 17th century. So, the scientist Dominis, who tried to conduct such studies, was excommunicated and put into custody. He did not wait for the verdict of the Inquisition, having died in prison. However, his corpse was burned (this was done with heretics). The same fate awaited other inquisitive researchers. Although their way of thinking was generally correct. Obviously, talking about how a rainbow looks like, why it occurs, they had to get close to the basic optical laws. The conclusions were made by the Czech scientist Mark Martsya.

The nature of white light

It happens that a person investigates one small phenomenon, and receives conclusions that will later be called fundamental. That is, a revolution in science can begin with a small experiment. Now the famous Czech was interested in nature, examples of which he observed in everyday life. Only he was not satisfied with the explanations of the Church about the divinity of their origin. He did simple experiments with the sun’s rays. Namely, he considered rays passing through faceted glass. Once, perhaps by accident, a piece that vaguely resembles a prism fell into his hands. He passed a thin beam through it in a dark room. There was no limit to his surprise. One beam entered a piece of glass, and as many as five came out, and multi-colored! So the experimentally complex structure was proved. Later, Newton theoretically substantiated it.

What happens in a prism and how does it relate to the appearance of a rainbow?

When a white beam enters another medium, it is refracted. Since it consists of different waves, each of them behaves in its own way. When passing through flat surfaces, this cannot be seen. But in a prism resembling a pyramid, white light is decomposed into a spectrum. That is, a wave of a certain color is refracted in its own way. The output is no longer a white beam, but a rainbow stripe. Now remember that the phenomenon under study appears during rain. The sun’s rays pass through the droplets, each of which resembles a prism, and are divided into a spectrum. And the viewer sees a rainbow in the sky. It looks like it was painted in the air. The magic of this phenomenon is unlikely to disappear, even if the mechanism of its occurrence is fully understood.

What are the colors of the rainbow?

Not everyone perceives this phenomenon in the same way. It depends on the specific conditions, even the characteristics of the human retina. But this does not mean that rainbows appear in different ways. No, they’re all the same, it’s just that sometimes certain colors are less noticeable. Sometimes the phenomenon itself looks pale, and sometimes very bright. After reviewing the theory, you can say with accuracy what colors the rainbow should have. Red comes first. It is followed by orange. They can merge into one band for a person with low retinal sensitivity. Then yellow and green appear. Next – blue with blue. They can also be perceived as a single band of the arc. It ends in purple. Such a “perfect” rainbow is rarely seen. Except in the lab. There is even a rhyme for children that remembers the colors of the rainbow. Here it is: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits.” The first letters of the words are similar to the name of the color that makes up this magnificent natural phenomenon.

Can you see a rainbow without rain?

If you understand how it is formed, the question will seem very strange. In order to get a rainbow, two conditions are needed: sunlight and drops of water sprayed in the air (on the surface of plants). When does this happen? A beautiful rainbow (photo) can form in a waterfall or fountain jets. In this case, all conditions are met. It is important to consider here that you can see a rainbow when the observer stands between the water “suspension” and the sun. So, if possible, wander around the fountain on a fine day. You will definitely find such an angle when this magnificent phenomenon appears in the air. It also sometimes occurs in strong surf, when the waves break up into many splashes. If at the same time the sun shines brightly, then you can see multi-colored stripes in the air.

A look from heaven

It must be understood that the main natural phenomena have their own patterns. If we talk about the rainbow, then they have been studied enough. So, people were wondering why does it look like a piece of a circle? It turns out that it depends on the point from which to observe it. The rays of the sun, refracted, fall into the eyes of a person. They are all straight. If you draw them on a piece of paper, you get exactly the arc. And if you look at it from above, then it will look like a rainbow ring. It is quite rare to see several “sky bridges”. They occur when sunlight is refracted more than once in droplets. Cases of the appearance in the sky of two, three and five rainbows at once are described. Magnificent spectacle!

A different perception of the rainbow

The scientific justification for the phenomenon is boring. It is incomparable with the sensations experienced by the viewer. Sometimes it’s even a pity that everything is explained in such detail by science. including this “sign of heaven”, fill the audience with a feeling of incredible joy, an extraordinary miracle. It is even described in Holy Scripture. It was a sign from the Lord to the long-suffering righteous man. When Noah, fleeing the flood, swam in stormy waters without hope, but with deep faith in his soul, a sign was given to him. It was a rainbow that appeared in the sky after a rainstorm that lasted forty days. Noah realized that he was saved. It was from that time that a multi-colored arc began to be considered a good omen, a sign from the Almighty. It is said that she appears only to good, righteous people. Have you seen a rainbow yourself?

Near-horizontal arc.

Known as the “fire rainbow”. Colored stripes appear directly in the sky as a result of the passage of light through ice crystals in cirrus clouds, covering the sky with a “rainbow film”. This natural phenomenon is very difficult to see, as both ice crystals and sunlight must be at a certain angle to each other in order to create a “fire rainbow” effect.

Brocken’s Ghost.

In some regions of the Earth, a surprising phenomenon can be observed: a person standing on a hill or mountain, behind whom the sun rises or sets, finds that his shadow, falling on the clouds, becomes incredibly huge. This is due to the fact that the smallest drops of fog refract and reflect sunlight in a special way. The phenomenon got its name from the Brocken peak in Germany, where, due to frequent fogs, this effect can be regularly observed.

Near-zenith arc.

The circumzenithal arc is an arc centered at the zenith, located approximately 46 degrees above the Sun. It is rarely visible and only for a few minutes, has bright colors, clear outlines and is always parallel to the horizon. To an outside observer, she will remind the smile of the Cheshire Cat or an inverted rainbow.

Foggy rainbow.

The misty halo looks like a colorless rainbow. Like a regular rainbow, this halo is formed by the refraction of light through water crystals. However, unlike the clouds that form an ordinary rainbow, the fog that gives rise to this halo consists of smaller particles of water, and the light, refracted in tiny droplets, does not color it.

Gloria.

When light is subjected to a backscattering effect (diffraction of light previously reflected in the water crystals of the cloud), it returns from the cloud in the same direction it came in and forms an effect called “Gloria”. This effect can only be observed on clouds that are directly in front of the viewer or below him, at a point that is on the opposite side to the light source. Thus, Gloria can only be seen from a mountain or from an airplane, and the light sources (the Sun or the Moon) should be directly behind the observer. The rainbow circles of Gloria in China are also called the Light of the Buddha. In this photo, a beautiful rainbow halo surrounds the balloon’s shadow on the cloud below.

Halo at 22 degrees.

White circles of light around the Sun or Moon, which result from the refraction or reflection of light by ice or snow crystals in the atmosphere, are called halo. There are small water crystals in the atmosphere, and when their faces form a right angle with the plane passing through the Sun, the one who observes the effect, and the crystals, a characteristic white halo surrounding the Sun becomes visible in the sky. So the edges reflect the rays of light with a deviation of 22 degrees, forming a halo. During the cold season, halos formed by ice and snow crystals on the surface of the earth reflect sunlight and scatter it in different directions, forming an effect called “diamond dust”.

Rainbow clouds.

When the Sun is at a certain angle to the water droplets that make up the cloud, these droplets refract the sunlight and create an unusual “rainbow cloud” effect, turning it into all the colors of the rainbow. Clouds, like rainbows, owe their colors to different wavelengths of light.

Lunar arc.

The dark night sky and the bright light of the moon often give rise to a phenomenon called “lunar rainbow” – a rainbow that appears in the light of the moon. Such rainbows are located on the opposite side of the sky from the Moon and most often appear completely white. However, sometimes they can be seen in all its glory.

Parhelion.

“Parhelion” in Greek means “false sun”. This is one of the halo forms (see point 6): one or more additional images of the Sun are observed in the sky, located at the same height above the horizon as the real Sun. Millions of ice crystals with a vertical surface, reflecting the Sun, form this most beautiful phenomenon.

Rainbow.

Rainbow is the most beautiful atmospheric phenomenon. Rainbows can take many forms, but the common rule for them is the arrangement of colors – in the sequence of the spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Rainbows can be observed when the Sun illuminates part of the sky and the air is saturated with moisture droplets, for example, during or immediately after rain. In ancient times, the appearance of a rainbow in the sky was given a mystical meaning. Seeing a rainbow was considered a good omen; driving or walking under it promised happiness and success. The double rainbow was said to bring good luck and grant wishes. The ancient Greeks believed that the rainbow was a bridge to heaven, while the Irish believed that the legendary leprechaun gold was at the other end of the rainbow.

Northern Lights.

The glow observed in the sky in the polar regions is called the aurora borealis, or the aurora borealis, and also the southern one – in the Southern Hemisphere). It is assumed that this phenomenon also exists in the atmospheres of other planets, such as Venus. The nature and origin of the auroras is the subject of intense research and numerous theories have been developed in this regard. ” Auroras, according to scientists, arise from the bombardment of the upper atmosphere by charged particles moving towards the Earth along the geomagnetic field lines from a region of near-Earth space called the plasma layer. The projection of the plasma sheet along the geomagnetic field lines onto the Earth’s atmosphere has the form of rings surrounding the north and south magnetic poles (auroral ovals).”

Condensation (inversion) trace.

Contrails are white streaks left in the sky by airplanes. By their nature, they are condensed fog, consisting of moisture found in the atmosphere and engine exhaust gases. Most often, these traces are short-lived – under the influence of high temperatures, they simply evaporate. However, some of them descend into the lower layers of the atmosphere, forming cirrus clouds. Environmentalists believe that the contrails of aircraft transformed in this way have a negative impact on the planet’s climate. Thin high-altitude cirrus clouds, which are obtained from modified aircraft tracks, prevent the passage of sunlight and, as a result, lower the temperature of the planet, unlike ordinary cirrus clouds, which are able to keep the earth warm.

Rocket exhaust trail.

Air currents in the high layers of the atmosphere deform contrails of space rockets, and particles of exhaust gases refract sunlight and color the contrails in all the colors of the rainbow. Huge multi-colored swirls stretch for several kilometers across the sky before evaporating.

Polarization.

Polarization is the orientation of electromagnetic oscillations of a light wave in space. Light polarization occurs when light strikes a surface at a certain angle, is reflected, and becomes polarized. Polarized light is also free-roaming in space, just like normal sunlight, but the human eye is generally unable to detect the change in color hues as a result of the increased polarization effect. This image, taken with a wide-angle lens with a polarizing filter, shows the intense blue color that electromagnetic charge gives the sky. We can only see such a sky through a camera filter.

Star trail.

A “star trail” invisible to the naked eye can be captured on a camera. This shot was taken at night, using a camera mounted on a tripod, with the lens aperture wide open and a shutter speed of over an hour. The photo shows the “movement” of the starry sky – the natural change in the position of the Earth as a result of rotation causes the stars to “move”. The only fixed star is Polaris, which points to the astronomical North Pole.

Twilight rays.

Twilight rays – diverging beams of sunlight that become visible due to the illumination of dust in the high layers of the atmosphere. Shadows from the clouds form dark bands, and rays propagate between them. This effect occurs when the Sun is low on the horizon before sunset or after dawn.

Mirage.

The optical effect caused by the refraction of light when passing through layers of air of different density, is expressed in the appearance of a deceptive image – a mirage. Mirages can be observed in hot climates, especially in deserts. A flat surface of sand in the distance becomes like an open source of water, especially when looking into the distance from a dune or hill. A similar illusion occurs in the city on a hot day, on asphalt heated by the rays of the sun. In fact, the “water surface” is nothing more than a reflection of the sky. Sometimes mirages show whole objects that are at a great distance from the observer.

Pillars of light.

Flat ice crystals reflect light in the upper atmosphere and form vertical pillars of light that seem to emerge from the earth’s surface. Light sources can be the Moon, the Sun or lights of artificial origin.

And this phenomenon, which the inhabitants of the island of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean, once observed, defies any classification.

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Types of rainbow. What rainbow is?

Primary rainbow – a type of rainbow formed as a result of a single reflection of light.

As we already know, a rainbow occurs as a result of multiple internal reflections of light in water droplets. The more reflections experienced by a beam of light, the less energy it has.

Therefore, the brightest rainbow is formed from rays that have experienced only one reflection. This is the so-called primary rainbow


with a corner radius of 42°.

A polyrainbow is a kind of rainbow formed as a result of multiple reflections of a beam of light in a drop of water.

Often over the first, or primary, rainbow, we observe the second, the so-called secondary

or secondary rainbow

, with a corner radius of 52°. Together these rainbows form a poly rainbow


or multiple rainbow


.

When the Sun reaches an altitude of 42°, the primary rainbow is no longer visible. And when the Sun reaches a height of 52 °, the side one also disappears.

The primary rainbow is formed as a result of a single reflection of a beam of light in a drop of water. A secondary rainbow is a product of double reflection. Each reflection in the drop “flips” the beam, so the colors in the secondary rainbow are in reverse order, i. e. the outer band is purple and the inner band is red.

Sometimes you can see the third rainbow (angular radius 60°), and even the fourth and fifth. But this is already an extremely rare optical phenomenon in the atmosphere.

Alexander’s stripe – is not a kind of rainbow, but is studied during the passage of the topic “Types of a rainbow”.

is the strip of sky between the primary and secondary rainbows. It got its name from the philosopher Alexander of Aphrodisias, who first described it in 200 AD.

Alexander’s strip looks darker than the surrounding sky. To explain this phenomenon, let us recall the drawing depicting Descartes’ ray. As we remember, the rays that have experienced a single reflection illuminate the sky under the primary rainbow, leaving the drop at an angle of no more than 42.1 ° to the sun.

As a result of double reflection, the rays from the drop come out at an angle greater than 50.9°, illuminating the sky above the secondary rainbow. That is, that region of the sky, which lies between 42.1 ° and 50.9 °, is not illuminated either during the primary or secondary rainbows. So it turns out that the strip of Alexander, about 9 ° wide, is darker than the rest of the sky.

Lunar rainbow – a type of rainbow formed by moon rays.

You can watch a rainbow not only during the day, but also at night. In this case, it is no longer the sun’s rays that are refracted in the raindrops, but the moon’s.

No different from the sun, except for the brightness. To the human eye, due to the peculiarities of its structure, the lunar rainbow is most often seen as white. But in long exposure shots, you can also get colors.

Just like the solar rainbow, the lunar rainbow appears on the side opposite the moon, and the night luminary should be as low as possible above the horizon. The lunar rainbow appears only on nights when the moon is especially bright, namely on the full moon and nights close to it.

In other words, for a lunar rainbow to appear, three conditions must be met:

Full moon;

Moonrise or moonset;

Rain in the opposite side of the sky from the Moon.

It is clear that all these conditions are rarely met simultaneously, and therefore the lunar rainbow is a very rare optical phenomenon in the atmosphere.

A red rainbow is a type of rainbow that forms at sunset.

If a rainbow appears at sunset, then a phenomenon such as rainbow red


. It is sometimes unusually bright and visible even after sunset.

Why is the sunset rainbow red? The rays of the Sun, passing through the thickness of the atmosphere, are scattered, and the intensity of scattering of rays of different colors is not the same. For example, shorter blue waves scatter 16 times more intensely than red ones, so the sky is blue during the day.

At sunset, the rays of the Sun travel a long way in the atmosphere and shorter rays are scattered along the road. Only long waves of yellows, reds and oranges reach us. They form an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere – a red rainbow.

Rainbow on dew – a type of rainbow formed in drops of dew.

Sometimes in the early morning, just after sunrise, you can see rainbows on the dew


.

Its formation mechanism is the same as that of an ordinary rainbow.

However, the shape of the rainbow on dew is not circular, but hyperbolic, which is a characteristic feature of this unusual type of rainbow.

It is extremely rare, but it is an unforgettable sight.

A double rainbow is a type of rainbow formed in raindrops of different sizes.

are two rainbow arcs starting at the same point.

It can occur when it rains a mixture of large and small drops. Large drops flatten under their own weight, small ones remain the same shape.

These two types of droplets form two arcs intersecting at the starting point.

A rainbow wheel is a type of rainbow that occurs when it rains heavily.

is a broken rainbow. Dark patches occur when it rains too heavily, preventing the light from the rainbow from reaching the observer’s eyes. Also, dark clouds can participate in the formation of gaps.

The result is a rainbow that looks like a cartwheel. And if the clouds are moving quickly at the same time, then the illusion of the “wheel” movement arises.

Foggy rainbow – a type of rainbow that forms in drops of fog.

Misty rainbow

also called white rainbow


or misty arc

. It is a wide white arc, sometimes faintly colored along the edges. The outside can be dyed purple and the inside can be orange. A white rainbow is formed in very small fog droplets with a radius of no more than 25 microns.

The nature of the white rainbow is different in that the drops that form this rainbow are much smaller than the drops that form an ordinary rainbow. The white color of the rainbow is associated with the phenomenon of light diffraction in water droplets. The smaller the droplet radius, the stronger the effect of diffraction. Diffraction, in simple terms, is the combination of light beams of different colors into one white. That is, if in large drops the light decomposes into components and forms an ordinary rainbow, then in small drops, on the contrary, it merges into one and forms a foggy rainbow.

In this article, we examined the Types of the rainbow and answered the question: What kind of rainbow happens? Read further:

We all saw how a multi-colored arc appears in the sky. But what is a rainbow? How is this miraculous phenomenon formed? The mystery of the nature of the rainbow has always fascinated mankind, and people tried to find an explanation for what is happening with the help of legends and myths. Today we will talk about just that. What is a rainbow and how is it formed?

Myths

Everyone knows that ancient people were inclined to deify and mystify most natural phenomena, whether it be thunder and lightning or an earthquake. They did not bypass the rainbow. What do we know from our ancestors? What is a rainbow and how is it formed?

• The ancient Vikings believed that the rainbow is the Bifrost bridge, connecting the land of the people of Mitgard and the gods (Asgard).
• The Indians believed that the rainbow is a bow belonging to the thunder god Indra.
• The Greeks did not go far from their contemporaries and also considered the rainbow to be the dear messenger of the gods Irida.
• The Armenians decided that this was not a natural phenomenon, but the belt of the Sun God (but without deciding, they changed the “specialty” of God and “forced” him to be responsible for art and science).
• The Australians went further and animate the rainbow, making it the patron serpent of water.
• According to African myths, where the rainbow touches the ground, you can find a treasure.
• It’s interesting what the Africans and the Irish have in common, because their Leprechaun also hides a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

We can list the myths and legends of peoples from all over the world for a long time, and we would find something interesting in everyone. But what is a rainbow, really?

History

The first conscious and close to reality conclusions on the atmospheric phenomenon we are considering were given by Aristotle. It was just a guess, but he became the first person to translate the rainbow from the myth section into the real world. Aristotle hypothesized that a rainbow is not an object or substance, and not even a real object, but simply a visual effect, an image, akin to a mirage in the desert.

However, the first scientific study and substantiation was carried out by the Arab astronomer Qutb ad-Din ash-Shirazi. At the same time, similar studies were carried out by German researchers.

In 1611, the first physical theory of the rainbow was created. Mark Antony de Dominis, on the basis of observations and experiments, came to the conclusion that a rainbow is formed due to the refraction of light in drops of water contained in the atmosphere during rainy weather. To be more precise, he described the full picture of the appearance of a rainbow due to the double refraction of light at the entrance and exit from a drop of water.

Physics

So what is a rainbow, which was defined by Aristotle? How is it formed? Probably everyone heard about the existence of infrared and ultraviolet radiation? This is the “light” that comes from any material objects in different measurement ranges.

So, sunlight consists of rays with different wavelengths and includes all types of radiation from “warm” red to “cold” violet. When passing through water drops, the light is divided into rays with different wavelengths (and different colors), and this happens twice, when it enters the water, the beam is divided and slightly deviates from its trajectory, and when it exits, it deviates even more, as a result of which a rainbow can be seen naked eye.

For children

Of course, anyone who has graduated from high school will tell you about the rainbow. But what to do if a child comes up to the parent and asks: “Mom, what is a rainbow? Where does it come from?” The easiest way to explain this is: “These are the rays of the sun, passing through the rain, shimmer.” At a younger age, children do not need to know the physical background of the phenomenon.

Everyone knows the colors of the rainbow have a strict order and always the same sequence. As we have already found out, this is the result of physical processes. However, for some reason, many adults (parents, kindergarten teachers) require children to know the correct order of the colors in the rainbow. For faster memorization, expressions were invented in which the first letters of words symbolize a certain color. Here are the most famous shapes:

As you can see, you can track the correct order of the colors by the first letter (red-orange-yellow-green-blue-blue-violet). By the way, Isaac Newton singled out not blue and blue colors, but blue and indigo, respectively. Why the color names were changed remains a mystery. In general, is it really so important to know what a rainbow is in order to admire it?

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GAUAO BCSSU “Rainbow” – Together with mom

Swaddling
newborn”

In preparation for the arrival of a new member in
family is perhaps one of the most important issues that should be given
special attention is the issue of organizing a comfortable place to rest and sleep,
hygienic care and feeding of the baby.

Should be: room
a newborn, a crib and other things necessary for a baby? How to
swaddle a baby, what to take with you to the hospital, what features of the body
newborn baby need to know? Helped answer these questions
specialists of the department of post-boarding support at the lesson “Swaddling
newborn” at the “School of Responsible Motherhood”.

The first day the baby was taken from
maternity hospital is always a test for new parents. little man
at this time he is especially vulnerable, he needs help and love. From mom and dad to this
period requires special care and attention to a helpless child. Organize
proper care for the baby and observing it is the main task of adults.
It must be understood that caring for
baby is important not only from the point of view of physical, but also psychological
security. With its help, contact is established between an adult and a baby.

During uterine development, the baby is all
time felt around him a dense benevolent environment. Deal with the feeling
such fear helps swaddling. It is important for the baby to feel the touch of everyone
with your body. The expectant mother got acquainted with the methods of swaddling babies and with
gladly took part in the practical exercises.