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Bernard de Mandeville

Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733), English moral philosopher. Known for his
“The Fable of the Bees” (1705) – a sharp satire on contemporary society. In her
depicts the life of a hive in which vices flourish and each inhabitant cares
only about their own interests. To punish the bees, Jupiter makes all of them honest. This
leads to destruction of the hive. Mandeville was thus the first to express the idea that
further developed by Hegel , about the inevitability and even usefulness of evil under conditions
social inequality, directed against the views of Shaftesbury. Mandeville is clear
saw that the wealth of the nation in bourgeois society rests on poverty
workers. Mandeville had a great influence on later philosophers and
economists (Helvetius, A. Smith and others).

Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. I.T. Frolova. M.,
1991 , p. 238-239.

MANDEVILLE Bernard de (1670-1733) – English deist philosopher, moralist,
influenced by ideas Hobbes and
Locke . Author of The Fable of the Bees, one of the most
sensational books of his time.

Mandeville embodied his idea of ​​the state of modern society in
the form of a bee hive. In this hive society, all classes strive for
satisfaction of their selfish, often vicious inclinations. Nevertheless
society flourishes: vicious aspirations stimulate the activity of its members,
acting by “cunning” – deceit, hypocrisy – to achieve their
goals. Zeus, yielding to numerous requests, made everyone virtuous.
The craving for honesty that arose in the hive led to the degradation of society, because the bees
ceased to strive for innovation, lost selfish ambitions. None
stole, did not deceive, everyone paid their debts. The police were inactive, competition in
all walks of life disappeared.

Mandeville visually formulated the problem of incompatibility
public and private, justice and the desire for enrichment,
enterprise and virtue. It is impossible to develop society without the private
interest, without the selfish aspirations of its members. The sober look of Mandeville
on society and the individual was a kind of insight, debunking social
utopias of the future.

Kirilenko G.G., Shevtsov E.V. Brief philosophical dictionary. M. 2010 , p. 211.

Mandeville Bernard de (1670, Dordrecht, – 21.1.1733, London),
English materialist philosopher, deist; doctor. French by origin.
The philosophical views of Mandeville were formed under the influence of the teachings of Hobbes and Locke.

Mandeville’s main work is The Fable of the Bees (Russian translation, 1974),
originally published anonymously in 1705 in London as a verse
pamphlet entitled “The Murmuring Hive, or Tricksters Become Virtuous”
(“The grumbling hive; or, Knaves turn’d honest”). In 1714 “Fable” was
reprinted (“The fable of the bees; or, Private vices public benefits”). In 1723
year it came out with new comments and an addition: “Research on
origin of moral Virtue” (“An enquiry into the origin of moral
virtue”), including: “A search into the nature of society” (“A search into the nature
of society”). Mandeville’s writing became widespread in the 18th century,
a sharp struggle flared up around him (against Mandeville’s “Fables”
J. Berkeley and
F. Hutcheson ;
Voltaire dedicated a satirical
fable “The Marseilles and the Lion”). In “Fable” Mandeville performs with an acute social
a satire on contemporary society, in which vices are the driving force
development. Mandeville reveals the role of dominant morality as an instrument of domination
over the working people, establishes the dependence of morality on social
building.

K. Marx in “Capital”, highly appreciating the views of Mandeville, wrote that he was
“… infinitely bolder and more honest than apologists imbued with a philistine spirit
bourgeois society” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., vol. 26, part 1, p. 395).

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. — M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch.
edition: L. F. Ilyichev,
P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G.
Panov. 1983 .

Compositions: Free thoughts on religion, the church, and national happiness, L.,
1723; An inquiry into the origin of honor, and the usefulness of Christianity
in war, L. , 1732; A letter to Dion, L., 1732.

Literature: History of Philosophy, vol. 2, M., 1941, p. 252-54; Stamm1er R.,
Mandeville’s Bienenfabel, B., 1918.

Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) – English philosopher, French by birth.
He graduated from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, where he received a medical degree. From 1700
lived in England, London, was engaged in medical practice, specializing in nervous
diseases. He wrote a work devoted to hysterical and hypochondriac
diseases. Mandeville became famous for his only work –
“The Fable of the Bees”.

This work is based on a pamphlet in verse published in 1705 under
titled “The Grumbled Hive, or the Rascals Made Honest”. Then this poem
was republished with the addition of a commentary and other works by Mandeville
– “Studies on the Origin of Moral Virtue”, “Studies on the Nature
society “, etc. Mandeville’s work was very popular in England and
reprinted many times under the title “The Fable of the Bees, or the Vices of Individuals
– good for society. “In his fable, Mandeville painted a picture of society,
which combines luxury and poverty, idleness and extravagance, and
hard labour. To do this, he uses allegory, depicting the life of a bee hive,
where everything is bought and sold. All the vices known
humanity, dominate it. However, it was precisely these vices that made it possible
flourish in the hive, “the vices of private individuals” were the source of public
welfare.

And then one fine day all the bees of this hive became honest, instead of
vices appeared virtues. All this led to fundamental changes in the hive: from
the wealth was gone from the hive, and it withered away. Thus, the moral of the “Fable” was
conclusion that vices are a necessary state of society.

Objectively, the “apology of vices” deployed by Mandeville was aimed at
exposing the prevailing morality at that time, to show how hypocrisy and
hypocrisy of the English bourgeois covered their true face – the desire for
wealth and profit. Mandeville wrote a satire on the system of social relations
modern England.

In “Commentaries” on a poetic fable, Mandeville further develops his
the main thoughts about the power of vices and their necessity for society. He believed that
egoistic features inherent in human nature made a person social
being. “The most necessary qualities,” he wrote, “that make a person
adapted to life in the largest and most prosperous societies are
its most vile and disgusting properties” [Fable about bees. M., 1974. P.
45].

Mandeville emphasizes the inseparability of vices from the life of society, their
necessary for its development. He concludes the necessary and important role of evil
in the development of society: “What we call evil in this world, both moral and
physical, is that great principle which makes us social
creatures – is a solid foundation, life-giving force and support of all
professions and occupations without exception, here we must look for the true source
all arts and sciences, and at the very moment when evil ceased to exist,
society would have to decline, if not collapse completely” [Fable of
bees. S. 329]. At the same time, Mandeville does not act as a defender of vices as
such, it only indicates the trend of social development. He wrote: “I am far
from encouraging vice” and I think “what if it were possible to completely
expel the sin of moral uncleanliness from the state, it would be for
him with inexpressible happiness, but I am afraid that this is impossible “[The Fable of the Bees. S.
109].

In contrast to Shaftesbury’s “moral sense”, according to Mandeville wears
inborn character, it is a product of social life Legislators and
the sages invented morality so that people could restrain their desires and
harmonize them with social needs, and taught people various
moral concepts such as shame, honor, virtue, vice. So,
virtue meant everything that is connected with the desire for the good of others and
curbing their own passions. Everything that a person does is called a vice
to satisfy their desires, ignoring the public interest. Legislators
according to Mandeville, they benefited greatly from all this, since with the help of
morality were able to manage “a huge number of people with great ease and
security” [Fable of the bees. S. b9]. The concept of Mandeville contains
many true. He revealed the deep psychological causes of human behavior and
the role of moral qualities of people in the development of society. Mandeville’s ideas got their
further development in the works of later philosophers, although at first they caused a stormy
controversy. Ideas about the role of evil in history were further developed by Hegel.

Blinnikov L.V. Brief dictionary of philosophical personalities. M., 2002 .

Mandeville Bernard (1670, Dordrecht – January 21, 1733, London) –
English philosopher, psychologist and moralist. Born in Holland to a family
descendants of French immigrants. Studied at the Erasmian school in Rotterdam
(1678–85) and at Leiden University (1685–91), having received upon its completion
degree of Doctor of Medicine. From Ser. 1690s permanently lived in London, worked
medical practice and literary activity.

The main work of Mandeville – “The Fable of the Bees, or Vices of Individuals –
Good for society” (1714, 1723, 1724, Russian translation 1974). It grew out of
ironic poem “The murmuring beehive, or the swindlers who have become honest” (1705,
Russian per. 2000), an allegory in which a satirical image of society is given,
prospering through the vices of its members, and declining as soon as
virtue prevailed. The first edition of “Fables …” (1714), in addition to the poem,
contained a detailed commentary on it and the treatise “Study on
origin of moral virtue. Mandeville believes that in human nature
there is no immediate moral principle, egoistic,
base impulses and affects. The system of morality was created by the art of politicians,
accustomed people to overcome their natural inclinations and affects out of shame,
fear and pride. The 2nd edition (1723) included two more works – “Experience about
charity and charitable schools” and “Research on the nature
society.” The latter contained a critique of the ethics of the “natural moral
feelings” Shaftesbury and discussion of the question of the beginning of evil. The problem of evil, usually
considered as religious-ethical and metaphysical, Mandeville
rethought in socio-economic: it raises the question of productive
the significance of evil for progress and the very existence of social life. How
moral as well as physical evil (i.e., the shortcomings and vices of people, unfavorable
for them the forces of nature) Mandeville takes as the main motive,
which makes people social beings and is the key to their success in
economic activity, in the arts and sciences.

Since 1723, controversy has flared up around the “Fables …”. Started with a statement
of the Middlesex County Grand Jury, which condemned the book as immoral
and dangerous to religion and society. In the 3rd edition of “Fables …” (1724) Mandeville
posted a response to this statement. But to defend the book and explain my
he had to look more than once: both in the second volume of “Fables …” (1729), and in “Letter
to Dion “(1732) – George Berkeley, who criticized Mandeville in his essay
“Alkifron, or the Petty Philosopher”. Warning against misinterpretation of
concept, Mandeville emphasized that the vices of individuals add up to the good
social whole only under the conditions of legal political management, for
whose laws have the same meaning as “vital spirits” for animate bodies
creatures. Mandeville stood for a secular state and rejected interference
clergy in public affairs. Christian virtue is incompatible with
worldly prosperity and greatness, and the worldly ambitions of the clergy can serve
just perverted Christianity. These ideas, as well as their considerations in defense
religious tolerance, Mandeville outlined in the book “Free Thoughts on Religion, Church and
national happiness “(1720). The state as a whole cannot be associated with
any religion. The legislator is called only to legitimize the Christian religion,
ensure the freedom of its confession and protect it from any attacks. The question is about
essence of the Christian faith remains a private affair of each person. Like a psychologist
Mandeville adhered to the concept of the affective nature of man: in the comments to
“To the murmuring hive …” he gave many examples of a witty analysis of human
behavior and consciousness in terms of this theory. He also has a special
“A Treatise on the Hypochondriacal and Hysterical Passions” (1711).

“The Fable of the Bees…” occupies a prominent place both in the history of English philosophy
and literature of the 18th century, and in the ideology of the Enlightenment as a whole. As F. Lange noted,
the proposition that vices serve the common good was in some way a secret article
An enlightenment that was rarely mentioned but never forgotten.

A.L. Subbotin

New Philosophical Encyclopedia. In four volumes. / Institute of Philosophy RAS.
Scientific ed. advice: V.S. Stepin,
A.A. Huseynov, G.Yu. Semigin. M., Thought,
2010 , vol.
II, E – M, p. 488-489.

Read more:

Philosophers, lovers of wisdom
(biographical index).

Historical figures
UK (biographical index)

Compositions:

The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, ed. by F.B. Kaye,
vol. 1–2. Oxf., 1924;

Free Thought on Religion, the Church and National Happiness. Stuttg.–Bad
Cannstatt 1969;

Fable about bees. M., 2000.

Literature:

Subbotin A.L. Bernard Mandeville. M., 1986;

Cook R.I. Bernard Mandeville. N.Y., 1974;

Horne T.A. The social thought of Bernard Mandeville. L., 1978;

Monro H. The ambivalence of Bernard Mandeville. Oxf., 1975.

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