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Rossiyskaya Gazeta: Boris Sergeevich, the fact that tragedies occurred one after another in Moscow and a town close to it raises the question: does the metropolis, with all its possibilities, temptations and contrasts, create an additional burden for adolescents, which makes them more likely than in other cities to voluntarily die?

Boris Polozhiy: Let’s turn to statistics. According to Rosstat data for 2009, the leaders in the frequency of suicides among children are Tuva, Yakutia and Buryatia. For every 100,000 children aged 10 to 14, there are respectively 15.6; 13.4 and 12.6 suicides. In the same regions, the most unfavorable situation is observed among adolescents aged 15-19years: in Tuva – 120.6 per 100 thousand, Buryatia – 86.6 and Yakutia – 74.2. Moscow belongs to the prosperous regions in this sense. In the capital, there are 4.4 suicides per 100,000 teenagers. That is, 27 times lower than in Tuva. A fairly calm situation is also noted in the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, and a number of regions of the Central and Southern federal districts. The suicide curve begins to grow significantly in the Urals, and goes off scale in the Far Eastern and Siberian federal districts.

RG: Why such a difference? nine0003

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State: First, there are some global trends. For example, in northern latitudes, the frequency of suicides is traditionally higher. This is due to extreme living conditions. For example, in Yakutia, temperatures are prohibitively low in winter, and the climate is very difficult in summer. This cannot but affect the psychological state of a person. The social factor is also of great importance. The level and quality of human life depends on the socio-economic development of the region. In this sense, “well-fed” Moscow is difficult to compare with the same Tuva. Therefore, in recent years, in the capital, there have been, I would say, delicate indicators of suicides. Finally, the third point that affects their frequency is ethnocultural. It should be borne in mind that Russia is a multinational state in which peoples with different histories, traditions, and beliefs live. For example, the indigenous peoples of the North of the country still have strong pagan roots. They have grown into national traditions and customs. These are external manifestations. But there are still internal attitudes, the so-called historical memory of the people. In particular, most archaic beliefs imply such a pleasant thing for a person as life after death. Only in some other way. Suicide among these peoples is not a sin, but a completely acceptable norm of behavior. Moreover, for some ethnic groups, it is a worthy deed, a respectable way out of any difficult situation. Children feed on these ideas. They often play funeral games, pretend to be hanged or drowned. And this is done out of curiosity, without any negative emotions. Through the game there is a sort of learning and accustoming to such things. nine0003

RG: It turns out that the same regions are disadvantaged both in terms of child and adult suicides. But in general, who is more likely to take a fatal step – fathers or children?

Position: Values ​​do not differ much. There are 23.5 cases per 100,000 adults, and 19.8 among adolescents. Let me remind you: in the 90s of the last century, when reforms began in the country and a situation of socio-economic and political crisis arose, the suicide curve rushed up. K 19In 1995, when the mood of disappointment in unfulfilled hopes for a change in life for the better was strong in society, we reached the peak of the suicide rate: 42 cases per 100 thousand of the population. For several years, this figure has fluctuated only slightly. As a result, Russia occupied an unworthy second place in the world. Since 2002, the number of suicides has been gradually decreasing. And now our country has moved to sixth place – after Lithuania, Korea, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Japan. But the situation is still very worrying. In the world, the average level of suicide frequency is 14-15 cases per thousand of the population. The World Health Organization has introduced a critical level of this frequency – 20 cases per 100,000 population. Its excess testifies to social trouble in society. Therefore, we are still far from normalizing the suicidal situation. But what is especially alarming: the number of adult suicides is decreasing, but not of children! In recent years, the frequency of suicides among those who are 10-14 years old ranges from 3 to 4 cases per 100 thousand, and among adolescents 15-19years – 19-20 cases. In the world, the average indicator for this age category is 2.7 times lower than in Russia. And while there is no particular reason to hope that the situation will change for the better. On average, more than 200 children and 1.5 thousand teenagers commit suicide in the country every year.

RG: You give statistics starting from the age of 10. Is this the line, passing through which, there may be a potential danger of suicide?

Position: In our country, statistics are kept on the death of children and younger children. But when a child is less than 10 years old, it is difficult to understand what led to it – an accident, an attempt to try something dangerous, or it was suicide. Fortunately, such cases are rare. Starting from the age of 10, children already form the concept of death, ideas about leaving life. Against this background, suicidal readiness may appear. nine0003

RG: Some people say that adults are pushed to die by serious problems, while children are pushed by a trifle, absurdity. Just think, mother screamed, or the boy does not like, how many more such boys will be …

Position: No, that’s completely wrong! Every age has its pain points. It is especially dangerous to hurt them if the child has a biological, genetic predisposition to suicide. For example, cases of severe depression, suicides among relatives. Some researchers even put forward the bold hypothesis that only those who have such a predisposition commit suicide. nine0003

RG: So it’s fate?

State: No way. With such a predisposition, you can live up to 100 years and not know that it was. In order for the predisposition to “turn on” and lead a person to suicide, many other suicidal factors must work.

WP: For example?

Position: First of all, this is an unfavorable situation in the family. For example, drunkenness, antisocial behavior of parents, which children begin to be ashamed of. Now people drink especially much in rural areas. And now we are among those countries where the greatest number of suicides are committed. Another factor is if the so-called pathological types of education are practiced in the family, deforming the development of the individual. For example, perfectionistic demands are made on a child: “You must be the best!” And this is being hammered in, this is being achieved. The child is shamed for not doing something or not doing it right. One, another failure … This turns into a psychological trauma, a breakdown – the risk of developing suicidal behavior increases. Or another pathological type of upbringing – “the idol of the family.” As a rule, it is typical for families with one child. Everything he does is great. No comments, restrictions! As a result, a hysterical type of character is formed. Very common in Russia are such types of pathological education as authoritarian – suppressing any initiative of the child and making him unable to withstand difficulties, and neglected – when the child is completely left to himself. nine0003

RG: As we can see from the statistics, the number of teenagers who decide to lay hands on themselves is almost 8 times higher than children. Why such difference?

Position: A young man is experiencing an age crisis, an identity crisis. From the “shell” of a child, he “jumps out” into an adult. At this time, a teenager begins to look for answers to eternal questions: who am I, why am I, what can I do, what am I capable of, how do they treat me? They occupy a lot of space in his mind and are very painful. The search for answers to them is accompanied by introspection, dissatisfaction with oneself and others. At the same time, adolescents are characterized by an attitude towards death as a different way of existence. They romanticize it, while death is allowed “for others” and actually denied for themselves. This is superimposed on the vulnerability, fragility of the teenage psyche. Often this leads to the fact that the suicidal process proceeds very quickly and leads to an impulsive decision to lay hands on oneself. nine0003

RG: What motives can play the role of a “wick”?

Position: Firstly, the same family ones that arose due to conflicts associated with destructive family relationships, or with pathological types of upbringing. According to statistics, 96 percent of adolescents who committed suicide grew up in families where one or another pathological type of upbringing took place, and 40 percent lived in single-parent or asocial families.

Secondly, conflicts with peers carry a high suicidal risk for adolescents. Thirdly, these are love motives caused by “unhappy love”, sexual relationships, pregnancy, venereal diseases. The media also make their contribution, sometimes romantically covering the suicides of teenage “idols”. Teenagers are prone to the formation of authorities. Moreover, the authority will not be dad, not mom, not a teacher, and not even a friend. Or maybe a rock or pop star. In recent years, after each voluntary departure from the life of such an “idol”, a trail of teenage suicides immediately began to stretch. Moreover, unlike adults, group suicides are also characteristic of adolescents. After all, together somehow “more interesting” and “not so scary.” Researchers first began to consider such induced suicides after the publication of Goethe’s book “The Sufferings of Young Werther”. Let me remind you: after its publication, first in Germany, and then in other European countries, a wave of suicides swept, one by one “written off” from the novel. The imitation inherent in adolescents works, alas, in this area as well. If even a highly artistic work caused such a terrible effect, what can we say about publications in the media, in which the details of suicides are savored, and sometimes even the author’s inner pleasure from their descriptions is felt …

RG: The Internet also contributes. There are sites where the theme of death is cultivated, those who have tried to commit suicide share their experiences…

Position: What is especially dangerous: there are many teenagers among them who state it in a language that is close and understandable to their peers. There are even more sites where ways of ending life are painted, where they agree on the “last step”.

RG: Do you think such sites should be monitored and closed? nine0003

Position: In some countries, such as Japan, special filters are put on them. But you can’t filter everything. Close one site, two others will immediately appear. First of all, it is necessary to form psychological stability in children, which would help them cope with any circumstances and temptations.

WP: How?

Position: The backbone of the personality is formed in the first 5-6 years. The experts know this. But this knowledge has not been translated into practice. Every parent must understand: from the moment of birth, the child is a person. He will grow up as a self-sufficient, strong, stress-resistant person only if he is respected and loved from the cradle. And then neither loneliness, nor the loss of someone close, nor unfulfilled expectations will play the role of an ax. A child under three or four years old does not need any teams. His team is loving, smart, caring parents. All their smiles, winks, “googs” are of great importance for the formation of personality. After all, even the very birth of a person is considered by psychoanalysts to be a primary birth mental trauma. We leave the place where it was warm, pleasant, safe. It’s as if we’re thrown out of there, betrayed. And then what? Now many business women sell the child to nannies. And he loses his parents, getting another injury. As a result, he feels abandoned: “I am not needed. I am not worthy of love. I cannot be loved.” And this gives impetus to the development of suicidal behavior. With a child, one must be a friend, and not just a parent, throughout life. So you can quickly notice dangerous changes in his behavior. And he will quickly make contact, and will listen to the advice of his parents. nine0003

Of course, one can single out the very last step before committing suicide. But more often than not, this is nothing more than the last straw. Suicidal behavior is a process that sometimes lasts for years. But its mechanism is most often laid in early childhood.

RG: Noticing any oddities in the behavior of the child (for example, he draws pictures with black paint), where should the mother go – to a psychologist?

Position: Minimum. But we must remember: a psychologist is not a doctor, and it is likely that he will not notice any mental developmental disorders, mental disorders. In childhood, there are many of them, and a minimum is diagnosed. Of particular danger are depressions, which are widespread in childhood and adolescence, but are practically not detected by pediatricians. Any depression is a potential suicide! And in our country, many mothers still perceive the advice to turn to a psychiatrist with a child as an insult: “How dare you, my son – and go to a “psychiatric hospital”? Often such a prejudice leads to a broken life or tragedy. I advise you to consult with a psychologist , and with a psychiatrist.

RG: Schools have already begun to acquire psychologists. But it seems that they are not yet able to detect suicidal moods in children in time … Maybe it is worth introducing special programs in educational institutions that would be carried out by specialists?

State: In a number of countries there is such experience. Sooner or later we will come to this, as well as to a national program to prevent suicide. For example, in Germany and Sweden, where suicide rates were quite high, state programs began to work 10-15 years ago and quite effectively. The domestic system of suicidological assistance is imperfect, it has remained at the level of the 60s of the last century. To this day, we do not even have the specialty of a suicidologist, not to mention a pediatric suicidologist. They need to be prepared from psychiatrists, giving them the appropriate fundamental training. Especially when it comes to child and teenage suicides. According to statistics, in this age group, there are 100 suicide attempts per completed suicide! With the guys who survived, it is necessary to work with precision, painstakingly, so that they do not approach the fatal line a second time. But this does not always happen. In some regions, psychologists deal with them, in others – social structures that do not have a single doctor on staff. The state must turn its face to this problem. nine0003

should know

What changes in the child’s behavior indicate a risk of suicide

• Reduced daily activities.
• A sharp narrowing of the circle of former interests and hobbies, or their complete loss.
• Decrease or loss of the ability to enjoy, to enjoy something.
• Persistent depression of mood.
• Sleep disorders (increased drowsiness or difficulty falling asleep, early awakenings). nine0152
• Decreased or avoided contact with parents and friends.
• Change in habits with a tendency to neglect one’s appearance and lack of personal hygiene.
• The appearance of previously unusual reactions in the form of absenteeism from school, leaving home, vagrancy, alcohol or drug use.
• A sharp increase in the amount of time spent on the Internet. Increased interest in viewing sites related to the topics of death, misfortune, suicide. nine0152
• Emerging preference for listening to minor music.
• Emergence in conversations of the themes of meaninglessness of life, lack of prospects, death.
• Direct statements, as well as reservations or incomplete thoughts, reflecting suicidal tendencies.
• Slowness of the tempo of speech, filling of speech pauses with deep sighs, monotony of intonations.

Rossiyskaya gazeta – Federal issue: No. 54(5430)

Social sphereFamily and childrenTeenage suicide

The main thing today is

Why adolescents cumming up suicide

• Valeria Prasso
• World BBC service

September 22, 2015

Subscribe to our newsletter “Context”: it will help you understand the events.

Image copyright, istock

Image caption,

Suicide has become a government issue

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the 15 to 29 age groupyears old. However, in many countries this topic remains banned. Health experts warn that social ostracism and a desire to imitate are exacerbating the problem and are urging authorities to take urgent action.

Image caption,

Debbie Dix says she will never come to terms with her daughter’s death

tried to commit suicide several times.0003

To be exact, six: the last attempt was last year. “I understand that my family has had a hard time,” she told the BBC’s youth program Newsbeat.

Debbie Dix knew full well that her only daughter, Izzy, was in trouble, but it never occurred to her that Izzy would commit suicide.

“I’ll never, never, never get over this,” says the mother of a 14-year-old English girl who voluntarily passed away two years ago.

Some countries are gradually beginning to openly discuss the problems of mental illness. Others don’t. At the same time, experts warn that one problem needs to be addressed urgently: an “epidemic” of suicides among teenagers.

The World Health Organization (WHO) claims that “this issue has been shamefully hushed up for too long.”

Image caption,

Devon Izzy Deeks committed suicide at age 14

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In addition, not all of the social changes brought about by the Internet have benefited the mental health of adolescents. Online bullying and social ostracism endanger the lives of even more young people.

“Suicide is a very tricky subject,” says Ruth Sutherland, director of the British charity Samaritans. The main activity of the organization is precisely connected with the prevention of suicides. nine0003

But this problem exists, and it is more than real. You can be sure that this year (as well as last year) about 800 thousand people will commit suicide.

And to give you an idea of ​​the scale, for every successful suicide attempt, there are about 20 failed ones.

Older people over 70 tend to be more likely to commit suicide. However, in some countries it is young people who most often voluntarily part with their lives. To the point that worldwide, suicide has become the second leading cause of death in the 15 to 29 age group.years old.

WHO expert Dr Alexandra Fleishman said in an interview with the BBC that “more often than from suicide, young people die only in road accidents. And if you take only women, then suicide is the most common cause of death at a young age.”

Everyone’s problem, but to varying degrees

WHO statistics on causes of death from 2012 confirm that suicide has become a worldwide phenomenon. However, they are unevenly distributed between rich and not very rich countries. Three-quarters of youth suicides are committed in poor countries. nine0003

This difference is especially large among teenagers. Even a quick look at the suicide curves clearly shows that the peak of mortality jumps sharply for children and young people from 10 to 25 years old in poor countries.

The same statistical peak is absent in rich countries, which may well mean that the risk group is directly related to low incomes.

Let’s now look at the differences between the sexes. As a rule, men commit suicide more often than women. However, according to Dr. Fleischman, “Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, but boys tend to be more successful.” nine0003

Ruth Sutherland explains gender differences by saying that “society expects men to behave in a certain manner, and if they do not comply with it, then this can lead to tragic consequences.”

But the same gender gaps are leveled out in poorer countries, where women and adolescents are the most vulnerable group.

In rich countries, men are three times more likely to commit suicide than women, but in poor countries the rate drops to 1.5.

Sad leadership

Quite disturbing statistics show that in some parts of the world suicide has become the leading cause of death among adolescents aged 15 to 19.

One in six deaths among adolescent girls in South-East Asia is due to suicide. The overall statistics for this region are simply frightening: 25 voluntary deaths for every 100,000 people.

Africa is in second place with 9 suicides for every 100,000 population. nine0003

Alexandra Fleishman explains this by the fact that in these areas it is easier to get weapons or poisonous substances, despite the fact that psychological assistance is practically absent.

Signs of danger

Experts often say that suicide doesn’t “just happen”. Medical studies show that 90% of adolescents who commit suicide had some kind of psychological or psychiatric problem.

Suicide may be caused by teen depression (the main psychiatric illness among adolescents), anxiety, violence, or substance abuse. nine0003

However, minor changes in living conditions, a change in environment, problems at school, quarrels with friends, or a crisis of sexual identity can lead to the same tragic end.

That is why experts urge doctors and parents to monitor minor changes in behavior and mood, and “Samaritans” even began to carry out preventive work at universities among first-year students.

“College life is supposed to be a bit of a hectic but fun journey to self-discovery. In reality, leaving home can provoke a strong psychological reaction in young people,” notes Sutherland. nine0003

For all that, not every teenager suffering from mental disorders will certainly try to die.

In addition, attempting suicide is still a criminal offense in a number of countries. Many cases fall out of the general statistics, or get there under a different name.

Photo caption,

Bullying and social problems are one of the main, but by no means the only, causes of suicide

Social nightmare

All suicide prevention organizations monitor cases of bullying or even cyber bullying very closely.

The American Center for Injury Prevention and Control claims that bullying and suicide attempts are closely related, but the relationship is far from clear.

The report of the Center states that “those young people who are willing to talk about their social problems, as a rule, are ready to discuss their suicidal thoughts. However, it should not be claimed that bullying is the only and direct cause of suicide. harm, because, firstly, they reflect a biased view of suicide, and secondly, they can provoke potentially dangerous role models. nine0003

There is evidence that the unhealthy media hype surrounding suicide can inspire vulnerable people to do the same.