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Опубликовано: October 30, 2022 в 9:38 am

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How Dyslexia Screening Misses Many Struggling Readers – The 74

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Laws and programs to address dyslexia are among the best hopes for students who struggle to learn to read. Legislation focused on dyslexia has been passed in at least 47 states.

However, there is a downside that is not understood: Some dyslexia laws and practices exclude or neglect many struggling readers, even though most of them suffer from similar learning difficulties and require similar evidence-based instruction.

This is particularly inequitable because a large proportion of excluded or neglected students are low-income, or of color, or register as having low IQs. These children already suffer delays in getting extra help because many educators erroneously blame their early reading difficulties on poor family backgrounds rather than on poor instruction — a prime example of the soft bigotry of low expectations.

The National Center for Improving Literacy considers dyslexia a social justice issue in that it is “disproportionately underdiagnosed in children of color and children in poverty.” I described these students as “Invisible Dyslexics” in a report in 2003.

Of course, advocates for children with dyslexia vehemently oppose any such injustices. But some laws and practices exert hidden influences that have just such an effect. How does this happen? And how can reading reformers accelerate a change from reforms centered on dyslexia to more inclusive policies that will help virtually all struggling readers?

To start with, there must be recognition of the widespread but largely false association among dyslexia, high IQs and creativity. Dyslexia is constantly brought to public mind by media portrayals of a long list of famous and influential persons who overcame their reading difficulties and became high achievers. Yet, eminent reading scientist Joseph Torgesen wrote decades ago that studies have “led to the discovery that the early word reading difficulties of children with relatively low general intelligence and verbal ability are associated with the same factors (weaknesses in phonological processing) that interfere with early reading growth in children who have general intelligence in the normal range. ”

More recently, cognitive neuroscientist and reading expert Mark Seidenberg summarized the research: “Within [the] broad range of IQs, poor readers struggle in the same ways, need help in the same areas and respond similarly to interventions.”

Nonetheless, these scientific facts are absent or short-changed in many, if not most, state laws. While most states provide for universal screening for all reading difficulties, not just dyslexia, very few encompass essential requirements for all struggling readers — instruction based on the science of reading, multi-tiered interventions and teacher training — and, as of last year, only eight addressed all three components.

The most insidious confusion and inequity are found in special education law. Dyslexia is classified under the Individual with Disabilities Act as a “specific learning disability” — but eligibility is typically determined based on “a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability,” a criterion that embodies the false association between IQ/creativity and reading difficulties and disproportionately harms low-income and minority struggling readers.

Though the discrepancy gap test has been discredited, and Congress has encouraged identification of specific learning disabilities through an alternative Response to Intervention framework, it is not banned in most states and endures in practice.

A consequence is the pernicious “wait to fail” — the higher the IQ, the earlier the discrepancy is detected — so students with lower IQs have to wait longer for interventions, and most never catch up.

This injustice is inexcusable, because it is well known what it takes to teach all kids to read. It takes following the science of reading, which generally prescribes the same foundational instruction for all students, within the tiered framework of Response to Intervention.

But this doesn’t happen.

One big reason is that the science of reading remains a raging battlefield. For another, while Response to Intervention — systematic early assessment and evidence-based interventions, notably high-dosage tutoring — seems an incontrovertible approach, there are some skeptics. Seidenberg’s telling rejoinder is that it “has only one flaw: It has to be implemented in real-world environments” that are often inhospitable because of lack of funds and because implementation is “undercut by the disagreements about how reading works.”

Dyslexia advocates see that their efforts alone are falling short of expectations. Many state chapters of Decoding Dyslexia, parent groups that are the most powerful grass-roots forces for reading reform, are increasingly pushing to enact or strengthen broad right-to-read or third grade retention laws in the wake of the pandemic. These laws embrace all struggling readers, not just those identified as dyslexic. An exemplar chapter is Decoding Dyslexia of Maryland, which is spurring a coalition to strengthen Maryland’s right-to-read law.

Still, the notion that dyslexia is a fairly exclusive province of an IQ elite persists. Louisiana Republican Sen. Bill Cassidy and others are pushing legislation that would make dyslexia a separate specific learning disability under IDEA while ignoring the need to improve the law for other students with similar difficulties.

Any path to literacy for all students faces a steep incline. That’s why it’s so necessary to expose the inequities in some approaches and cheer on dyslexia advocates who are stepping up in the struggle.

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10 Scary Movies With Creepy Kids That Will Keep You Up All Night

Halloween

Movieclips/YouTube

Can’t wait to not sleep tonight.

by Jen McGuire

Oct. 4, 2022

As a sub-genre of horror movies, creepy kids as the main character is the worst. The best, but also the worst. You can’t look away from a creepy little kid doing creepy little deeds. It’s so off-brand for children in movies who are normally either funny or sweet or, in the case of horror movies, victims who need our protection. Not this group of creepy kids. The fact is, we all need to be protected from them and their varying degrees of terrifying mischief.

Creepy kids have been a theme in horror movies and horror stories in general for decades. It makes sense when you think about it; people are hard-wired to love the adrenaline rush of being afraid, and honestly what could be scarier than a child who is secretly plotting to kill you? Or is maybe possessed? Or is even working with the rest of the kids in the village to get rid of all adults to appease their corn field god?

Now is a good time to remind you that these movies are NOT for kids. (Check out this list of scary movies appropriate for kids for some family-friendly thrills.) They’re for you to watch when you feel like a good fright after they go to bed. Or if you need to stay up for 36 hours straight for some reason because you won’t be sleeping for awhile after watching these.

The Good Son

Macauley Culkin is terrifying in The Good Son.

Cast your minds back to 1993 for a moment. Macauley Culkin was America’s impish little sweetheart, sweet and silly and funny all in one go. And then came The Good Son. He and Elijah Wood star as cousins who connect after Wood’s character Mark loses his mom and his dad spends him to spend time with his brother’s family in a super gorgeous house on the coast. Culkin’s character Henry is a smidge more mischievous than your average boy; I won’t spoil it for you but let’s just say his baby brother is dead and his sister is hospitalized and Henry might have had something to do with both. Poor Mark is the only one who sees what a truly bad seed Henry is and it’s up to him to stop him from just murdering everyone.

Watch The Good Son, rated R, on Disney+.

The Bad Seed

One of the original creepy kid stories.The Bad Seed/YouTube

Speaking of being a bad seed; The Bad Seed is one of the original tales of a creepy child who scares the heck out of parents and all other adults for that matter. Based on the 1955 book by William March and released just one year later, The Bad Seed tells the story of sweet, picture perfect little girl Rhoda Penmark, living her picture perfect life with her loving parents. That is, until her school rival Christine drowns in a lake and her mother starts to suspect her daughter had something to do with it. There is a 2018 remake of this film, but the original is extra creepy. Maybe because it’s in black and white or maybe because Patty McCormack, who plays Rhoda, does a terrific job of scaring the pants off everyone.

Watch The Bad Seed, not rated, on YouTube.

Children Of The Corn

Children Of The Corn will haunt you.Arrow Video/YouTube

Imagine doing a road trip through the midwest like Burt (Peter Horton) and his girlfriend Vicky (Linda Hamilton) and your car breaks down in a cute little town. Where there is not a single adult because bad news, the children have killed every last one of them to honor some scary demon living in their cornfields. Not scared of 1984’s Children Of The Corn, of course written by Stephen King, just yet? Add a creepy child preacher who wears a big hat and also a bunch of ominous chanting and then get back to me. Definitely don’t let the kids watch this one. You don’t want them getting any ideas.

Watch Children Of The Corn, rated R, on Amazon Prime Video.

Rosemary’s Baby

Rosemary’s Baby is pretty spooky.Amazon Prime Video

It feels a bit mean to call the poor baby who is only in one brief scene at the end of 1968’s Rosemary’s Baby creepy, but I’m sorry it’s true. Mia Farrow as Rosemary, a woman who is accidentally carrying the spawn of Satan against her will because she happened to move into an apartment building with terrifying old people (second scariest group of creepy people) doesn’t help. When she sees her demon baby after suspecting there was something wrong throughout her pregnancy, she screams at the sight of his eyes. So really, how can we be okay with that? Or the scary little tune she hums once she calms herself down and decides to raise her demon baby. No wonder there are all those rumors of Rosemary’s Baby being cursed.

Watch Rosemary’s Baby, rated R, with a Showtime extension on Amazon Prime Video.

The Exorcist

The Exorcist will keep you up at night.Amazon Prime Video

Rosemary’s Baby might have a reputation as being super cursed, but I think The Exorcist would give it a run for its money. There were several cast members who died under mysterious circumstances, a fire, a back injury, and oh yes; so many people losing their sh*t when they saw that movie in theaters that they fainted and vomited. Why did people all have such a strong reaction to the 1973 film? Well, all because of a possessed young girl named Regan (played by Linda Blair). Most of the movie happens in Regan’s bedroom as people try in vain to help get the devil out of her. It’s not fair to give out medals or anything but Regan definitely is the scariest of the kids in my opinion.

Watch The Exorcist, rated R, on HBO Max

The Others

The Others sort of flips the script. Rotten Tomatos Movie Clips/YouTube

It’s difficult to tell who is the creepiest in The Others from 2001, there are just so many options. Nicole Kidman as Grace, a mother of two sick children who lives alone in a massive house in the English countryside as she waits for her husband to come home from World War II. The children, Anne and Nicholas, who suffer from photosensitivity and must live in complete darkness. Or the mysterious new household help who show up one foggy afternoon.

It’s the kids. Especially Anne. Hearing things in the night and worst of all, speaking to spirits while wearing a scary white dress and veil. All is not what it seems but also it sort of is.

Watch The Others, rated PG-13, on Amazon Prime Video

The Omen

Don’t name your kid Damien after watching The Omen.Disney+

You really need to give Damien, the 5-year-old terrifying star of The Omen from 1976, credit for being the most deliberate of all these demonic children, willing to take advantage of a situation if you will. He becomes the child of the American ambassador to Britain (Gregory Peck) after his wife gives birth to a stillborn child and he grabs himself a different baby. But he forgot to check his scalp for that telltale “666” birthmark and guess what? It’s there.

Damien’s nanny kills herself to make him happy, the little boy forces his mom to miscarry, and his father starts to question if perhaps his son is the devil. Damien, meanwhile, is just trying to get into the White House. Moral of the story, don’t name your baby Damien and check for birthmarks that look like 666.

Stream The Omen, rated R, on HBO Max.

Orphan

Another adoption story gone wrong in Orphan.Netflix

Kate and John Coleman have decided to adopt a 9-year-old girl named Esther from an orphanage in eastern Europe, and they’re ready for their lives to change. Maybe not as much as it does when they realize, much like the aforementioned Damien, that all is not well with young Esther. In fact, she might not even be as young as she says she is. It’s possible she’s a murderous woman who looks like a child. This movie is loosely based on the true story of Barbara Sklorva, a woman who posed as a 13-year-old boy in Norway after duping a different family into believing she was a child and abusing their children. So yes, this one is extra chilling.

Watch Orphan, rated R, on Amazon Prime Video.

Carrie

Poor Carrie can’t help being creepy.Amazon Prime Video

The original 1976 adaptation of Stephen King’s novel Carrie is perhaps the only time I sort of feel bad for the creepy kid in the movie. She doesn’t want to be creepy but it just comes so naturally to her on account of she has telekinesis and doesn’t seem to blink all that often. Even though Sissy Spacek is a full grown adult when she plays Carrie, you believe that all she wants is to be a normal girl and go to the prom with her friends or even just have some friends. Instead she gets pig blood dumped on her by a bunch of people including young John Travolta and ends up burning everyone to death. That’s a scary scene, but really it’s everything leading up to it that are so terrifying in Carrie.

Watch Carrie, rated R, on Amazon Prime Video.

The Shining

The Shining has triple scary the scary kids.Movieclips/YouTube

Sorry this list is so Stephen King-heavy, but he has really mastered the spooky child genre. In the 1980 movie The Shining, some might even say he tripled down on spooky kids. There’s young Danny who has the gift of sight called “the shining” and therefore knows his dad Jack (Jack Nicholson) is going to lose his mind and try to kill him and his mom (Shelley Duvall) at the Overlook Hotel. Let’s not forget Danny talks to his thumb in a different voice and writes “Red Rum” on the mirror. But Danny is not alone. He’s joined by the terrifying “Grady Twins,” ghostly twin girls who like to wear matching dresses and stare at Danny while he’s having fun on his Big Wheel. Triple the spooky kids means triple the nightmares. Thank you, Stephen King. I guess.

Watch The Shining, rated R, on HBO Max.

If you plan to watch one or two of these movies tonight, might I suggest watching with a friend after the kids are in bed. Then leaving yourself enough time to watch a palette cleanser like all The Office Halloween episodes after. Otherwise your sleep will be all demon children, all the time.

Where Are the Children’s Books With Kids With Down Syndrome?

It was a crisp fall day when I asked our daughter Penny about the new book she was reading. “How are you liking Ramona?”

She was holding my hand as we walked, but suddenly she stopped. “Mom,” she said, looking up at me, smiling wide. “I want to be Ramona.”

We walked again, hands swinging slightly. I loved that she had connected with Ramona Quimby, this little girl who puzzled through her childhood with equal parts disappointment and delight. But I also felt a twinge of concern. Penny was 8 years old at the time, and we hadn’t yet encountered anyone with physical or intellectual disabilities in the pages of a book. Where would she find a little girl with hopes and dreams and potential and challenges, who also had Down syndrome?

In recent years, the representation of kids with disabilities in middle-grade and YA fiction has increased exponentially. In 1990, when the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) was passed in Congress, more and more students with disabilities were integrated into typical classrooms. According to a study of Newbery winners from 1975 to 2009, this year also saw a shift in the representation of kids with disabilities within children’s literature. Children with deafness, ADHD, stutters, and other learning disabilities have all appeared in chapter books published in the subsequent decades. Their presence reflects a newfound assumption that children with disabilities belong in our classrooms, and therefore they belong in our stories. Still, in the beginning, that presence within the stories seemed a bit precarious. As the authors of this study noted, many of these books “eliminated the character with the disability at some point.” Characters with disabilities often died, or their disabilities were miraculously cured. Their disability served as a plot device or a means by which other characters learned and grew.

Read More: Inside the Massive Effort to Change the Way Kids Are Taught to Read

As Penny got older, we looked for books that offered a fully realized portrait of kids with disabilities. We have read and appreciated novels like Fish in a Tree (dyslexia), Out of My Mind (cerebral palsy), and Wonder (facial deformity). None of the kids in these books die, and none of their disabilities are miraculously cured. Wonder, in which R.J. Palacio depicts Auggie Pullman, who has a physical disability and also a complex and endearing emotional, intellectual, and family life, became a blockbuster bestseller. After we read it, I asked Penny if she saw herself in any of the characters. She was 10 at the time, and she said, “Yeah. Auggie. Because, you know. I was born with something too.” After we read it, I asked Penny if she saw herself in any of the characters. She was 10 at the time, and she said, “Yeah. Auggie. Because, you know. I was born with something too.”

As children with disabilities have integrated more fully into classrooms and other public spaces, so too they have received fuller representation within the pages of books. And yet, in all these stories, the kids have tremendous intellectual ability, even when their disability prevents adults and other children from being aware of it. It is as if their physical disability or neurodivergence is mediated by the presence of intellectual acuity.

But what about the kids whose intellect is not their superpower? Even in a world that is becoming more inclusive, we struggle to receive people with intellectual disabilities as fully human. The r-word is still used as a slur. Bumper stickers make fun of riding the “short bus.” And our children’s literature still seems to prefer stories about people with brilliant minds “trapped” inside bodies that an able-bodied world sees as broken or impaired to stories of kids who learn slowly.

When I realized we still hadn’t read any books with characters with Down syndrome, I started asking around. I learned about the Dolly Gray Award as well as the Schneider Family Book Award. Both recognize authors or illustrators of children’s books that embody the experience of disability. One of the Dolly Gray award-winning books, A Small White Scar, from 2008, includes a brother with Down syndrome, but he is a secondary character in a story set in the 1940s, so it wasn’t a great fit for Penny. I corresponded with Emily Briano, a high school librarian and mother of a 14-month-old with Down syndrome. Despite searching her library catalogs, Amazon, her ebooks, her audiobook subscription services, and Goodreads, she had not encountered any chapter books with main characters with the condition.

Read More: Artist Oliver Jeffers Wants to Paint the World Out of a Corner

The one book I’ve found so far that offers a character with Down syndrome at its center is Jo Cotterill’s A Storm of Strawberries. Here 12-year-old Darby is both charming and annoying, petulant and compassionate. She enjoys putting on makeup and listening to music. She doesn’t understand many unspoken social cues. Penny is now 16, and we recently started reading this one together. She nudged my side when we learned that Darby does “this thing where I talk to myself.” We giggled when Darby mentions that “dancing is the only exercise I like.” These little moments connected to our lived experience, as did Darby’s love for her family and the way her thoughts are both very straightforward and sometimes hard to express. Darby shares memories of her childhood throughout the book, and those memories got us talking about Penny doing some writing of her own, using photographs from the past as a prompt.

A Storm of Strawberries by Jo Cotterill

Heather Avis, founder of the Down syndrome advocacy organization the Lucky Few and mother of three kids, two of whom have Down syndrome, has written two picture books with characters with disabilities. “It is a challenge to write about a person with an intellectual disability,” she told me. “And it is a challenge for people with intellectual disabilities to write about themselves and express themselves.” Perhaps authors worry that they cannot justly and accurately portray the inner world of a person with intellectual disabilities. Perhaps we need to convince the publishing industry that characters with intellectual disabilities have stories worth telling too.

Just as we have seen the benefits of greater racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual identity representation in children’s literature, we need an array of characters with both physical and intellectual disabilities within our books. We need more books like this for kids like Penny, so that they can find their own experiences mirrored back to them and know that they are not alone. But we also need these books as portals for kids who have never had a friend, sibling, or neighbor with Down syndrome, for typically developing kids who don’t know that there are ways to communicate with kids who are nonverbal, for kids who might be able to find a point of unexpected connection with someone who at first seems radically different.

Our public spaces are becoming more inclusive of more people, and our children’s literature needs to reflect these shifts. Our stories tell us who matters enough to write about. Our stories shape our imaginations. Our stories tell us who belongs.

Contact us at [email protected].

How much does a child cost in Germany? – DW – 12/17/2018

Photo: picture-alliance/A. Gora

Culture

Efim Schumann

December 17, 2018

Accurate to a cent of statistics, we calculated how much children, babies and adults, cost German parents. Let’s just say it’s not cheap. It would be difficult without help.

https://www.dw.com/ru/%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1% 82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%B2-%D0 %B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8/a-46703759

An infant, including the costs of strollers, baby cots, diapers and so on, costs parents in Germany an average of 520 euros each month. And the older the son or daughter, the more you have to spend on them. Although they already do without a stroller and diapers, clothes and shoes are more expensive, they need a computer, a game console, a music center, a mobile phone … Yes, and pocket money must be given to the offspring. So in adolescence (from 12 to 18 years old), Germans already spend about 700 euros per month per child.

State allowances for children

True, they help parents. The financial assistance that residents of Germany receive for children (and not only Germans, but also citizens of other countries living in Germany) can be divided into three types. First, it is the so-called “children’s money” (Kindergeld). This is, in principle, compensation – of course, partial – to parents for raising children and spending money on them. For the first and second child, the state pays 194 euros per month, for the third – 200 euros, for the fourth and so on – 225 euros. Starting from the new year, these amounts increase by another 10 euros per month.

“Children’s money” is paid until the children come of age, that is, up to 18 years. But if the child is unemployed, then up to 21 years. And if he continues his studies after school (regardless of where exactly: at a university, secondary school or vocational school), then until his 25th birthday.

Do German parents really spend this money on their children and not on themselves? After all, no one controls it. But various sociological studies (and not only surveys) show that the vast majority of Germans buy clothes, shoes, toys for a child with “children’s money”, pay for his sports, study at a music school, and so on.

Baby care

Another government benefit is the so-called parental money (Elterngeld). They are received, regardless of paid maternity leave, by those parents who sit after birth with a child (by their choice – mother or father) and, therefore, cannot work. “Parent’s money”, which would be more correct to call the allowance for the care of an infant, is paid during the year. Or, if both parents take turns taking vacations, and not just one, two months longer. Incidentally, in Germany almost a third of fathers take time off to look after their newborn.

The amount of the “parental” allowance depends on how much the parents earned before the birth of the child. Those who earned a lot receive 65 percent of their previous earnings (net) as “parental money”, and fathers and mothers with low earnings receive up to 100 percent. The lower limit is 300 euros per month. So much is due to those who did not work at all before the birth of a child: the unemployed, students, recipients of social assistance for the poor . .. Well, the maximum amount of benefits is 1,800 euros per month. If the parents, in addition to the newborn, also have other small children, a supplement is paid.

Photo: picture-alliance/A. Gora

These two allowances – “children” and “parents” – are state. But there are others that can be attributed to the third type of payments for children in Germany. A special “family allowance” (Familienzuschlag) is received by government officials, members of the Bundeswehr and judges who have minor children. The amount of the allowance depends on which department or institution they work for. The minimum “family allowance” is 100-140 euros per month for the first and second child, for the third – from 280 to 355 euros. It is paid, like the state “children’s money”, until the child reaches the age of majority or, if he is studying, until his 25th birthday.

Benefits, subsidies, taxes

Special mention should be made of the many material benefits that families with children are entitled to in Germany. Here are just a few examples. Children can be insured together with their parents at the health insurance fund, and then the health insurance for them is free. Parents with children receive great benefits when building their own house or buying an apartment. “Children’s money for the construction and purchase of real estate” (Baukindergeld) is up to 12 thousand euros. Families with low incomes receive subsidies for renting an apartment. The presence of children is also taken into account when calculating unemployment benefits and social benefits for the poor. Well, the listing of various tax benefits, which also turn into “live” money for parents, would take up too much space.

However, all this, of course, does not mean that a child in Germany costs nothing to parents. Until he comes of age, he costs more than 130 thousand euros. With this money you can buy a two-room apartment or even a small house in the village. More precisely: one could…

See also:

How children are vaccinated in Germany0005

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Flying with a Baby | Ural Airlines

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Up-to-date information on the temporary cancellation of flights at a number of airports. Read more

Before departure, familiarize yourself with the peculiarities of entering countries and preventive measures Read more

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All about luggage

Children and luggage

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, children aged 0 to 5 years old are accepted for carriage only if accompanied by an adult passenger.

One adult passenger (adult) can take with him one child under the age of two years (without providing a separate seat) on flights within Russia – free of charge, and on international flights – with a discount 90% of adult fare.

Please note that on international flights there are special entry rules that require passengers to fill out health questionnaires on their own.

Before applying for the “Unaccompanied Minor” service for international flights, please read the entry rules: https://www.uralairlines. ru/information_covid19/

At what age can children fly?

Already 7 days after the birth, babies can be transported by plane. But it is worth listening to the recommendations of doctors and clarifying whether the flight will be safe for the child.

If it is necessary to send a child from one of points A to point B, children of the following ages are accepted for an escorted flight:

In Russia and the CIS – children from 5 to 12 years old;
To non-CIS countries – children from 6 to 12 years old.

For children over 12 years old, the airline can also provide escort, but at the request of the parents.

The service “Unaccompanied child” is paid.

Note! The airline accepts unaccompanied children only on direct flights or to the first transfer point.

How to fly with a newborn baby?

Newborns are accepted for transportation by air according to the recommendations of doctors, at the age of seven or more days.

Air travel with a child under 2 years old

Baggage allowance for infants (children from 0 to 2 years old)

Tariffs: Promo / Economy / Premium Economy / Business / Comfort

Hand luggage:

10 kg regardless of service class and fare

Checked baggage:

Promo – Excess Baggage Rates
Economy – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Premium Economy – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Comfort – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Business – 1 piece up to 10 kg

You can take with you devices for carrying a child free of charge (baby cradle, restraint systems (devices) for children under two years old, car seats, etc.), the dimensions of which do not exceed 55*40*20 cm for all tariffs. Placement of restraints on the passenger seat is prohibited by safety regulations, so child carriers can be placed in the luggage rack or under the seat of the seat in front.

For passengers with an infant, the safest seats on the aircraft are provided – a seat in the middle of the row.

For the safety of the health of the baby, babies should always keep their heads towards the porthole.

A passenger can book a separate seat for an infant – in this case, a ticket is issued as for a child under 12 years old.

For the second, third and subsequent children under the age of two flying with one adult, tickets are issued as for children under 12 years of age.

Can a separate seat be provided for a child under 2 years old?

Yes, a passenger can book a separate seat for an infant – in this case, a ticket is issued as for a child under 12 years old.

What documents are needed to fly with a child?

For the flight of a child under 14 years old in Russia, a birth certificate is required.

If you plan to travel to another country, then you need a foreign passport for the baby.

When a minor citizen of Russia travels across the state border of the Russian Federation together with one of the parents, the consent of the second parent is not required if he has not received a statement from him to the border authorities about his disagreement with the departure of his children from the Russian Federation. The presence of any documents confirming the degree of kinship is not provided.

In the event that a minor citizen of Russia leaves the Russian Federation unaccompanied by parents, adoptive parents, guardians or trustees, he must have, in addition to his passport, a notarized consent of these persons to the departure of a minor citizen of the Russian Federation, indicating the date of departure and the state (c), which ( s) he intends to visit. The consent of one of the parents is sufficient, if the second parent has not received a statement about his disagreement with the departure of an unaccompanied child from the Russian Federation.

What can I take on board for a baby for free?

Each applicable fare includes hand luggage for infants – 1 bag weighing up to 10 kg. You can put baby food, diapers, toys in this bag.

You can also take with you devices for carrying a child free of charge (a cradle, restraint systems (devices) for children under two years old, car seats, etc. ), the dimensions of which do not exceed 55 x 40 x 20 cm, and allow them to be safely placed in the aircraft cabin in the luggage rack or under the seat in front of you.

Are cradles available on the aircraft?

A cradle is not provided during the flight. Babies always remain in the hands of an adult.

For passengers with an infant, the safest seats on the aircraft are provided – a seat in the middle of the row.

For the safety of the health of the baby, babies should always keep their heads towards the porthole.

A stroller cannot be taken into the aircraft cabin due to safety requirements – it can fall, interfere with passenger service, block the passage, emergency exit, etc.

If the stroller has a folding mechanism and meets the established dimensions of hand luggage: 55*40*20 cm for all fares, then it can be taken on a plane and placed on the luggage rack.

You can take with you devices for carrying a child free of charge (baby cradle, restraint systems (devices) for children under two years old, car seats, etc. ), the dimensions of which do not exceed 55*40*20 cm for all tariffs. Placement of restraints on the passenger seat is prohibited by safety regulations, so child carriers can be placed in the luggage rack or under the seat of the seat in front.

How much luggage can I take with me if I am traveling with a child?

If the ticket for an infant is issued at the PROMO fare, the baggage is paid for at the excess baggage rates.

Can I combine my luggage and the child’s luggage?

Yes, baggage pooling is possible depending on the fare.

If you and your child have tickets issued at the Promo tariff, then the combination is allowed up to 20 kg. If the Economy fare, then you can combine luggage into one bag weighing up to 30 kg.

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Is it possible to take a child to the plane in a stroller?

At the check-in desk, the passenger must notify the airport staff in advance of the desire to take the child in a wheelchair to the aircraft. You can do this at the front desk.

Depending on the possibilities of the airport of departure, the passenger will be offered to immediately check in the stroller as baggage, or take the child directly to the aircraft and then check the baggage into the stroller (carrying a stroller in the aircraft cabin is not allowed).

The stroller is transported free of charge to the established baggage allowance for passengers with children.

In the future, if there is a technical possibility, the stroller is issued to the passenger when leaving the plane at the gangway, in the absence of such an opportunity – upon receipt of baggage.

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Dimensions of the stroller for transportation in hand luggage

It is possible to take a stroller as hand luggage, only suitable for the dimensions of hand luggage.

Dimensions: 55 x 40 x 20 cm,

up to 115 cm in total of three
measurements (L x W x H) for all tariffs.

The stroller can be used at the airport. At the check-in counter, the passenger must notify the staff of the desire to take the child in a wheelchair to the aircraft.

Depending on the capabilities of the airport of departure, the passenger will be offered to immediately check in the stroller as baggage, or take the child directly to the aircraft and then check the baggage into the stroller (carriage of a stroller in the cabin of the aircraft is not allowed).

The stroller is transported free of charge to the established baggage allowance for passengers with children.

In the future, if there is a technical possibility, the wheelchair is issued to the passenger when leaving the aircraft at the gangway, in the absence of such an opportunity – upon receipt of baggage.

I would like to send my child alone. How to do it?

Employees of Ural Airlines can accompany the child during the flight.

The airline is ready to accept on flights:

In Russia and the CIS – children from 5 to 12 years old;
To non-CIS countries – children from 6 to 12 years old.

For children over 12 years old, the airline can also provide escort at the request of the parents.

Note! The airline accepts unaccompanied children only on direct flights or to the first transfer point.

The service “Unaccompanied child” is paid.

The service for accompanying a child must be issued no later than 72 hours before departure. This can be done at the airline’s representative office, company ticket office, agent’s office, or when issuing a ticket on the website.

How to send a child alone:

Issue an air ticket for a child at the fare for an adult passenger;
Fill out an application for transportation of an unaccompanied child in 4 copies: indicate the points of departure and arrival, the child’s data, the data of the sending person, meeting person, etc.;
Pay for the service.

It is recommended that an adult accompanying a child stay at the airport until the flight departs.

Only the person whose details are specified in the Application can pick up the child at the airport of arrival. The greeter must provide proof of identity.

Children and luggage

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, children aged 0 to 5 years old are accepted for carriage only if accompanied by an adult passenger.

Please note that on international flights there are special entry rules that require passengers to fill out health questionnaires on their own.

Before applying for the “Unaccompanied Minor” service for international flights, please read the entry rules: https://www.uralairlines.ru/information_covid19/

At what age can children fly?

Already 7 days after the birth, babies can be transported by plane. But it is worth listening to the recommendations of doctors and clarifying whether the flight will be safe for the child.

If it is necessary to send a child from one of points A to point B, children of the following ages are accepted for an escorted flight:

In Russia and the CIS – children from 5 to 12 years old;
To non-CIS countries – children from 6 to 12 years old.

For children over 12 years old, the airline can also provide escort, but at the request of the parents.

The service “Unaccompanied child” is paid.

Note! The airline accepts unaccompanied children only on direct flights or to the first transfer point.

How to fly with a newborn baby?

Newborns are accepted for transportation by air according to the recommendations of doctors, at the age of seven or more days.

Air travel with a child under 2 years old

Baggage allowance for infants (children from 0 to 2 years old)

Tariffs: Promo / Economy / Premium Economy / Business / Comfort

Hand luggage:

10 kg regardless of service class and fare

Checked baggage:

Promo – Excess Baggage Rates
Economy – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Premium Economy – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Comfort – 1 piece up to 10 kg
Business – 1 piece up to 10 kg

You can take with you devices for carrying a child free of charge (baby cradle, restraint systems (devices) for children under two years old, car seats, etc. ), the dimensions of which do not exceed 55*40*20 cm for all tariffs. Placement of restraints on the passenger seat is prohibited by safety regulations, so child carriers can be placed in the luggage rack or under the seat of the seat in front.

For passengers with an infant, the safest seats on the aircraft are provided – a seat in the middle of the row.

For the safety of the health of the baby, babies should always keep their heads towards the porthole.

A passenger can book a separate seat for an infant – in this case, a ticket is issued as for a child under 12 years old.

For the second, third and subsequent children under the age of two flying with one adult, tickets are issued as for children under 12 years of age.

Can a separate seat be provided for a child under 2 years old?

Yes, a passenger can book a separate seat for an infant – in this case, a ticket is issued as for a child under 12 years old.

What documents are needed to fly with a child?

For the flight of a child under 14 years old in Russia, a birth certificate is required.

If you plan to travel to another country, then you need a foreign passport for the baby.

What can I take on board for a baby for free?

Each applicable fare includes hand luggage for infants – 1 bag weighing up to 10 kg. You can put baby food, diapers, toys in this bag.

You can also take with you devices for carrying a child free of charge (a cradle, restraint systems (devices) for children under two years old, car seats, etc.), the dimensions of which do not exceed 55 x 40 x 20 cm, and allow them to be safely placed in the aircraft cabin in the luggage rack or under the seat in front of you.

Are cradles available on the aircraft?

A cradle is not provided during the flight. Babies always remain in the hands of an adult.

For passengers with an infant, the safest seats on the aircraft are provided – a seat in the middle of the row.

For the safety of the health of the baby, babies should always keep their heads towards the porthole.

A stroller cannot be taken into the aircraft cabin due to safety requirements – it can fall, interfere with passenger service, block the passage, emergency exit, etc.

If the stroller has a folding mechanism and meets the established dimensions of hand luggage: 55*40*20 cm for all fares, then it can be taken on a plane and placed on the luggage rack.

How much luggage can I take with me if I am traveling with a child?

If the ticket for an infant is issued at the PROMO fare, the baggage is paid for at the excess baggage rates.

Can I combine my luggage and the child’s luggage?

Yes, baggage pooling is possible depending on the fare.

If you and your child have tickets issued at the Promo tariff, then the combination is allowed up to 20 kg. If the Economy fare, then you can combine luggage into one bag weighing up to 30 kg.

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Is it possible to take a child to the plane in a stroller?

At the check-in desk, the passenger must notify the airport staff in advance of the desire to take the child in a wheelchair to the aircraft. You can do this at the front desk.

The stroller is transported free of charge to the established baggage allowance for passengers with children.

In the future, if there is a technical possibility, the stroller is issued to the passenger when leaving the plane at the gangway, in the absence of such an opportunity – upon receipt of baggage.

eleven

Dimensions of the stroller for transportation in hand luggage

It is possible to take a stroller as hand luggage, only suitable for the dimensions of hand luggage.

Dimensions: 55 x 40 x 20 cm,

up to 115 cm in total of three
measurements (L x W x H) for all tariffs.

The stroller can be used at the airport. At the check-in counter, the passenger must notify the staff of the desire to take the child in a wheelchair to the aircraft.

The stroller is transported free of charge to the established baggage allowance for passengers with children.

I would like to send my child alone. How to do it?

Employees of Ural Airlines can accompany the child during the flight.

The airline is ready to accept on flights:

In Russia and the CIS – children from 5 to 12 years old;
To non-CIS countries – children from 6 to 12 years old.

For children over 12 years old, the airline can also provide escort at the request of the parents.

Note! The airline accepts unaccompanied children only on direct flights or to the first transfer point.

The service “Unaccompanied child” is paid.

How to send a child alone:

Issue an air ticket for a child at the fare for an adult passenger;
Fill out an application for transportation of an unaccompanied child in 4 copies: indicate the points of departure and arrival, the child’s data, the data of the sending person, meeting person, etc. ;
Pay for the service.

It is recommended that an adult accompanying a child stay at the airport until the flight departs.

Only the person whose details are specified in the Application can pick up the child at the airport of arrival. The greeter must provide proof of identity.

Child and adolescent protection in Germany

Laws and rights

Update 08/31/2022

Children and adolescents need special protection. Therefore, special rules enshrined in laws apply to them in Germany. They apply not only to the use of alcohol and tobacco or going to bars and clubs, but also to watching movies and playing video games. There are also certain norms regulating the labor activity of children and adolescents in the country. They are necessary to protect their health and development.

Listen

What is my child allowed to do and what not?

No. Children and teenagers are not allowed to smoke or buy tobacco products (cigarettes, hookah tobacco, cigars, chewing tobacco, electronic cigarettes, etc.). They cannot do this even on behalf of adults. They are also prohibited from being in the so-called “bars for smokers” (Raucherbar). This is spelled out in the Youth Protection Act (Jugendschutzgesetz), which introduces a general age classification: children (under 14 years old), teenagers (14-18 years old) and adults (over 18 years old).

Drinking rules depend on age. The Youth Protection Act (Jugendschutzgesetz) introduced a general age classification: children (under 14), teenagers (14-18) and adults (over 18).

Children under 14 are not allowed to buy or drink alcohol.
14 and 15 year olds are allowed to drink beer, wine or champagne with the presence and permission of a parent or legal guardian. Other (strong) alcoholic beverages are prohibited.
Teenagers aged 16 and over are allowed to buy and drink beer, wine or champagne. Other alcoholic drinks are prohibited.
The age of majority in Germany is 18. From now on, the purchase and consumption of all alcoholic beverages is allowed.

Rules for visiting bars and clubs depend on age.

Children and teenagers under the age of 16 are only allowed to enter bars and clubs with their parents or legal guardians. They can visit other catering establishments (cafes, restaurants, etc.) unaccompanied from 5:00 to 23:00.
Teenagers over the age of 16 are allowed to enter bars and clubs on their own, but must leave the establishments no later than midnight.
Slot halls, nightclubs and other places not intended for minors are allowed to visit only persons over 18 years of age.

In big cities there are sometimes so-called children’s discos (Kinderdisco) or teenagers’ discos (Jugenddisco). These are clubs created specifically for children and teenagers. There they can dance together and have fun. Sometimes schools also organize such events. They are supervised by adults and there is no alcohol.

Even going to the cinema in Germany has its own rules: if you are not accompanied by your parents or legal guardians, going to the cinema depends on your age. Children under the age of 14 are allowed in the cinema until 20:00. Adolescents aged 14 to 16 – until 22:00, and aged 16 and over – until midnight. Children and teenagers are only allowed to watch films that are approved for their age. You can read more about this in the section “Are there rules for movies and video games?”.

Movies and video games are age-restricted: children and teenagers are only allowed to watch movies and play video games that are approved for their age group. The age category is indicated on the packaging or in advertisements for cinemas, magazines, etc. The Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK) is responsible for age grading. It checks the content and individual scenes of movies or video games, and then decides if it’s appropriate for a specific age group. There are 5 categories: FSK 0+, FSK 6+, FSK 12+, FSK 16+ and FSK 18+. A number is the minimum age at which you can watch a particular movie or play a particular video game. For example, “FSK 12+” means that children under 12 should not watch this movie or play this video game. “FSK 18+” means these films are for adults only.

Many children are happy to have a small part-time job because they can earn some money this way. However, in Germany there are laws that regulate the age at which a child can work and the number of hours per week. These are the Child Labor Protection Ordinance (Verordnung über den Kinderarbeitsschutz) and the Youth Labor Protection Act (Jugendarbeitsschutzgesetz). In general, the following rules apply:

Children under 13 are not allowed to work. The exception is small and occasional assistance to neighbors or in a family business.
Children between the ages of 13 and 15 are allowed to do light work for 2 hours a day and only with parental consent. This earnings must not harm school performance or the health of the child. Exception: In agriculture, children between the ages of 13 and 15 are allowed to work up to 3 hours a day.
Teens aged 16 and over who are required to attend school may work up to four weeks per year with parental consent. They may work for several weeks in a row during the holidays or for several hours on a regular basis, for example as a newspaper delivery man.
Adolescents aged 16 and over who are no longer required to attend school are generally allowed to work no more than 5 days a week for 8 hours.

Employers who do not follow these rules are punished.

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