What to do for runny nose on baby: Pictures of Childhood Skin Problems: Common Rashes and More

Pictures of Childhood Skin Problems: Common Rashes and More

Medically Reviewed by Debra Jaliman, MD on August 06, 2021

Wondering about that rash, welt, or bump on your child’s skin? Sickness, allergies, and heat or cold are often behind kids’ skin changes. Most aren’t a big deal and are easy to treat. You can learn to tell what many of them look like. Of course, always check with your child’s doctor to know for sure and get the right treatment.

Worms don’t cause ringworm. And ringworm doesn’t need to be itchy. It’s caused by a fungus that lives off dead skin, hair, and nail tissue. It starts as a red, scaly patch or bump. Then comes the telltale itchy red ring. The ring has raised, blistery, or scaly borders. Ringworm is passed on by skin-to-skin contact with a person or animal. Kids can also get it by sharing things like towels or sports gear. Your doctor may treat it with antifungal creams.

This contagious and usually mild illness passes in a couple of weeks. Fifth disease starts with flu-like symptoms. A bright face ( classically described as a ‘slapped cheek’ appearance) and body rash follow. It’s spread by coughing and sneezing and most contagious the week before the rash appears. It’s treated with rest, fluids, and pain relievers (do not give aspirin to children). If your child has fifth disease and you are pregnant, call your doctor.

This once-common rash isn’t seen as much in today’s kids thanks to the chickenpox vaccine. It’s very contagious, spreads easily, and leaves an itchy rash and red spots or blisters all over the body. The spots go through stages. They blister, burst, dry, and crust over. Chickenpox can be very serious. All young kids should get a chickenpox vaccine. So should teens and adults who never had the disease or the vaccine.

Impetigo, caused by bacteria, creates red sores or blisters. These can break open, ooze, and develop a yellow-brown crust. Sores can show up all over the body but mostly around the mouth and nose. Impetigo can be spread through close contact or by sharing things like towels and toys. Scratching can spread it to other parts of the body. It’s treated with antibiotic ointment or oral antibiotics.

A virus causes these funky but mostly harmless, painless skin growths. Warts can spread easily from person to person. They also spread by touching an object used by a person with the virus. They’re most often found on fingers and hands. To prevent warts from spreading, tell your child not to pick them or bite nails. Cover warts with bandages. They can easily be treated in a doctor’s office by a freezing procedure.

Blame blocked sweat ducts. Heat rash looks like small red or pink pimples. You usually see heat rash on the head, neck, and shoulders of babies. The rash often comes when well-meaning parents dress a baby too warmly. But it can happen to any child in very hot weather. Dress your baby in only one more layer than you’re wearing. It’s OK if their feet and hands feel cool to the touch.

Some kids’ skin reacts after touching foods, soaps, or plants like poison ivy, sumac, or oak. The rash usually starts within 48 hours after skin contact. Minor cases may cause mild redness or a rash of small red bumps. In severe cases you may see swelling, redness, and larger blisters. This rash usually goes away in a week or two but can be treated with an anti-inflammatory cream like hydrocortisone.

Despite its scary name, this is a common childhood illness. It starts with a fever, followed by painful mouth sores and a non-itchy rash. The rash blisters on hands, feet, and sometimes buttocks and legs. It spreads through coughing, sneezing, and used diapers. So wash hands often. Coxsackie isn’t serious and usually goes away on its own in about a week.

Kids prone to eczema may have other allergies and asthma. The exact cause isn’t clear. But kids who get it tend to have a sensitive immune system. Watch for a raised rash with dry skin and intense itching. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. Some children outgrow it or have milder cases as they get older.

Many things can trigger these itchy or burning welts. Medicines such as aspirin (which kids should never take) and penicillin can set off hives. Food triggers include eggs, nuts, shellfish, and food additives. Heat or cold and strep throat can also cause hives. Welts can show up anywhere on the body and last minutes or days. Sometimes an antihistamine can help. Hives can be a sign of serious problems, especially when they come with breathing troubles or swelling in the face. In those cases or if hives don’t go away, see your doctor.

Scarlet fever is strep throat with a rash. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, headache, belly pain, and swollen neck glands. After 1-2 days, a red rash with a sandpaper texture shows up. After 7-14 days, the rash rubs off. Scarlet fever is very contagious, so wash hands often to keep it from spreading. Call your child’s doctor if you think your child has it. They’ll probably be treated with with antibiotics.

Roseola, a mild illness, gets its nickname from a list of six common childhood rashes. Young kids 6 months to 2 years are most likely to get it. It’s rare after age 4. It starts with a cold, followed by a few days of high fever (which can trigger seizures). Then the fevers end suddenly. They’re followed by a rash of small, pink, flat, or slightly raised bumps. It shows up first on the chest and back, then hands and feet.

IMAGES PROVIDED BY:
(1) George Doyle / Stockbyte
(2) Tom Myers / Photo Researchers, Inc
(3) © Pulse Picture Library/CMP Images / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(4) © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(5) © Pulse Picture Library/CMP Images / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(6) © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(7) Courtesy of K.E. Greer, MD
(8) Bill Beatty / Visuals Unlimited
(9) © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(10) © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(11) © Scott Camazine / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(12) Courtesy of the CDC
(13) © Scott Camazine / Phototake — All rights reserved.

SOURCES:

American Academy of Dermatology: “Atopic dermatitis,” “Hives.”
CDC: “Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD).”
KidsHealth: “Chickenpox,” “Fifth Disease,” “Ringworm,” “Roseola,” “Warts.”
Medscape Reference: “Allergic Contact Dermatitis,” “Impetigo.”
Princeton University Health Services: “Skin Care.”
Sutter Health: “Caring for Your Newborn.”

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Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

In this Article

• Understanding Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development

Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who theorized that there’s a specific psychological struggle that takes place through the eight stages of a person’s life. These struggles, he believed, contribute to your personality throughout your development.‌

In what became known as the eight stages of development theory, Erikson provided insights into both social and psychological development. The framework of his thinking assesses the context of relationships in your life at these life stages.

Erikson’s theory suggests that your ego identity develops throughout your entire life during eight specific stages:

• Infancy – Basic trust versus mistrust
• Toddler – Autonomy versus shame and doubt
• Preschool-age – Initiative versus guilt
• School-age – Industry versus inferiority
• Adolescence – Identity versus identity confusion
• Young adulthood – Intimacy versus isolation
• Middle age – Generativity versus stagnation‌
• Older adulthood – Integrity versus despair

Each of these stages is a building block that’s crucial to maturation across the span of your life. These stages don’t end with one and begin with another, though. Erikson suggested that these stages may overlap. A stage you don’t master may extend into other stages later in life.

If a toddler, for example, doesn’t overcome shame and self-doubt, these feelings will continue to impact their development as they move through other stages of childhood. Meanwhile, they continue to progress through subsequent stages.‌

Stage 1 — Infancy. During this stage, development centers around trust and mistrust. This stage begins at birth and usually lasts until a baby is 18 months old. When your baby is born, they’re learning about the world around them. They’re completely dependent on you for care.

When your baby cries or fusses and you meet their needs by holding, feeding, and caring for them, you build trust. Over time, your baby learns that they can trust other caregivers, too.‌

When babies are neglected or their needs aren’t met, they develop mistrust. If trust isn’t established at this stage of development, it’s more difficult to establish later in life. They may feel a sense of hopelessness when faced with crisis.‌

Stage 2 — Toddlerhood. During this stage, which begins at 18 months old and lasts until age two or three, your toddler’s development focuses on autonomy versus shame or doubt.

Now, your toddler’s learning how to do things for themselves. By giving praise, you help them establish a foundation for self-belief and autonomy. If you discourage your toddler or don’t allow them to work independently, they may feel discouraged, ashamed, and doubtful of their abilities.‌

Stage 3 — Preschool. Development at this stage centers around initiative and guilt. This stage begins at age three and lasts until age five. Here, your child focuses on doing things independently and begins to develop a sense of aims and goals.

When they feel encouraged, these children take the initiative to do things independently. They feel a sense of purpose in their life. If they are criticized or discouraged by caregivers, they may feel guilty instead.‌

Stage 4 — Early school years. Here, development centers around industry and inferiority. This stage begins at age six and lasts till age 11. During this stage, your child’s becoming aware of their individuality. They see accomplishments in school and sports and seek praise and support from those around them.‌

If teachers, caregivers, and peers offer support and a sense of accomplishment, they feel competent and productive. If they don’t receive positive reinforcement for their accomplishments, they may feel inferior or incompetent‌.‌

Stage 5 — Adolescence. At this stage, development centers around identity and role confusion. This stage begins at around age 12 and lasts till age 18.  When you hear the psychological term “identity crisis,” it comes from this stage of development.‌

During adolescence, you’re trying to figure out who you are and establish goals and priorities for your adult life. You’re establishing your place in the world. If young people are overwhelmed by expectations and responsibilities at this stage, they may not be able to establish their identity. This leads to confusion about what their needs and goals are.

Stage 6 — Young adulthood. At this stage, intimacy and isolation are the focus of development. This stage begins at age 19 and lasts until age 40. During this time in your life, you are establishing and building upon relationships.

If you have meaningful relationships with friends and family, you experience intimacy with others. If you struggle with relationships, you may feel isolated and lonely.‌

Stage 7 — Middle adulthood. The development in this stage is around generativity and stagnation or self-absorption. This stage begins at age 40 and lasts till age 65.

When you feel a sense of care and responsibility, it’s called generativity. You look out for those around you and feel the need to pass along what you’ve learned to younger generations. But if you don’t act as a mentor in some capacity, you may feel bitter and unhappy. This leads to restlessness and isolation from your friends, family, and society.‌

Stage 8 — Late adulthood. The final stage of the developmental process proposed by Erikson centers around ego integrity and despair. This stage begins at age 65 and lasts throughout the rest of your life. If you’re satisfied with your life, you age with grace. You often feel pride in what you’ve accomplished and want to demonstrate your wisdom to others.‌

If you don’t feel a sense of accomplishment when you look back on your life, you may fall into despair. When that happens, you tend to focus more on regrets.

Runny nose in children – how to treat, how to wash the nose if the child is sick

Author, editor and medical expert – Klimovich Elina Valerievna.

Editor and medical expert – Harutyunyan Mariam Harutyunovna.

Date last updated: 02/21/2023

Number of views: 418,997.

Content:

Stages of development
Peculiarities of the disease in children under the age of
Allergic rhinitis
Chronic rhinitis in children
How to treat?
Vasoconstrictors for the common cold for children

Quite often, mothers bring their children to ENT doctors with snot, and often the situations are neglected. Everything about rhinitis, about what a runny nose can be dangerous for a child and how to properly treat it in order to prevent complications – in our article.

The term rhinitis (Latin for rhinitis) comes from the Greek rhinos, nose, and the suffix “it” which doctors use to denote inflammation. In Russian, the disease is called a runny nose, which also implies inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

What is it like?

Depending on the causes and characteristics of the runny nose, a child may have ^1.2 :

1. Acute

• Infectious : viral, bacterial, fungal or mixed. Of the viruses, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses are more often the cause of the disease – in total more than 90 different pathogens ¹ .

Of the bacteria, pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci are more common – those that usually live in the respiratory tract of healthy people and show aggression when immunity is reduced.

• Allergic – arising as a manifestation of intolerance of the body, for example, during the flowering season of certain plants.
• Traumatic – developing after inhalation of dust and smoke, with thermal burns, ingress of foreign bodies and substances, after surgical interventions.

Important! A foreign body may be the cause of airway obstruction ^1.4 . The baby can shove it so deep that nothing will be visible during external examination. Therefore, a runny nose without fever in a child under three years old is a reason for mandatory medical visits.

2. Chronic (Protracted)

It can also be:

• infectious;
• allergic: year-round, for example, in case of allergy to house dust or seasonal, in case of allergy to plant pollen;
• vasomotor – arising as a result of an inadequate response to signals from the nervous system, often in the presence of problems with the thyroid gland ¹ .

More often chronic rhinitis is accompanied by proliferation ( hypertrophy ) of the turbinates, which requires surgical treatment ^1.4 . An atrophic variant, in which thinning of the mucosa is observed, is extremely rare in children and occurs mainly on the background of dependence on vasoconstrictor drugs ^1,2,4 .

Stages of development

Let us analyze the disease on the example of its acute infectious variant occurring in three successive stages ^1,2,3 .

1. The first stage of irritation, or “dry”

The mucous membrane is the first barrier to airborne viruses. The viruses that settle on its surface penetrate the cells and begin to multiply intensively. This causes flushing and swelling, narrowing of the nasal passages, and difficulty breathing.

There is dryness, itching and burning in the nose, the baby starts to sneeze. The first signs of general intoxication make themselves felt: malaise, headache and chills. Body temperature rises according to the type of infection.

How quickly does a runny nose in children progress to the next stage? More often this happens within a few hours, sometimes – days ^1.2 .

2. Second – serous stage

It lasts up to 1 to 3 days ^1.2 .

The action of viruses causes an increase in mucus secretion. Liquid transparent foamy discharge from the nasal passages makes breathing even more difficult, reduces sensitivity to odors, irritates the skin of the upper lip, causes redness and cracks on it.

Lachrymation worsens. The baby becomes lethargic, restless, inattentive, sleeps and eats poorly.

Swelling of the inner lining of the nasal cavity hinders the outflow of contents from the paranasal sinuses and middle ear ^1.2 . If a bacterial infection penetrates the sinuses and ears, the situation is complicated by sinusitis or otitis media ^1.2 .

3. Stage of purulent discharge

It starts on the 4-5th day ^{1. 2} .

Viruses reproducing inside cells cause their death. Dead cells are exfoliated, and wounds appear on the surface of the mucosa, which become easy prey for bacteria – bacterial inflammation develops.

At this stage of the common cold, the child’s snot turns yellow or yellow-green ^1.2 . Their number is decreasing. They become thick and dry out, forming crusts.

Gradually, the discharge becomes less and less. Sneezing, lacrimation stops. Recovery is coming.

Total duration of rhinitis in children – 1-2 weeks ^1.2 .

Recovery can occur much earlier – in 2-3 days, if the microbes that caused the disease are weak and the baby’s immunity is strong ^1.2 .

A prolonged runny nose in a child lasting up to 3-4 weeks can often indicate a weakened body and the development of complications ^1.2 :

• sinusitis;
• otitis;
• pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis;
• bronchitis and pneumonia.

Important! Fever, cough, runny nose in a child should not be self-treated. Due to the characteristics of the child’s body, the risk of pneumonia is high. Calling a doctor at home is a must!

Peculiarities of the disease in children under one year old

Up to 2.5 months, the nose of a newborn may be blocked for physiological reasons. If there is no discharge, no treatment is required ^2.3 .

Sometimes problems are associated with frequent regurgitation and vomit in the nose. You also need to pay attention to this ^2.3 .

The main features of infectious rhinitis in infants ^2.3 :

• It proceeds as a general infection with fever, lethargy, sleep disturbance, constant crying, refusal to eat.
• Sucking is disturbed, the baby may refuse to breastfeed, stop gaining weight and even lose weight.
• Swallowing air causes regurgitation, bloating, colic, stunting ² .
• Difficulty breathing can sometimes cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges ³ . The tension of the fontanelles increases, the baby throws back his head and arches his back in an arc ^2.3 .
• Inflammation rapidly spreads to the underlying airways leading to bronchitis and pneumonia ³ .

Important! Any rhinitis in a baby is a reason to call a doctor at home.

Allergic rhinitis

It is caused by allergens. Most often, doctors have to deal with hay fever – an allergy to plant pollen ^1.4 . Tree pollen is considered the most aggressive, its maximum concentration in the air occurs in spring, as well as pollen of cereals and wild grasses ^1.4 – in this case, allergies occur mainly in late summer and early autumn. Since the symptoms are seasonal, this runny nose is called chronic seasonal.

Chronic allergic form of the disease also occurs with intolerance to house dust, pets, indoor plants, fungi and other allergens, contact with which occurs constantly or in a certain season ^{1. 4} .

It all starts with the contact of the allergen with the membrane of the nasal cavity and the activation of immune blood cells. Absorbing the allergen, immune cells are destroyed. This leads to the release of histamine in them, which causes the expansion of the blood vessels of the mucosa and its swelling, difficulty in breathing and increased secretion of mucus.

Prolonged course of the disease often leads to bronchial asthma, hearing loss, chronic headaches ^1.4 .

The diagnosis of is confirmed by the results of skin tests with various allergens and blood tests for specific IgE – antibodies produced to certain types of allergens.

Chronic rhinitis in children

Chronic course of the disease in a child may differ from acute ^1.4 :

• Exacerbations with profuse liquid discharge from the nose, followed by a period of calm, when the symptoms become less pronounced. The snot becomes smaller, they can dry out, forming crusts; nasal congestion is not tight – alternately lays one or the other nostril;
• The child often snores at night, sleeps anxiously and wakes up unrested;
• Continuous mouth breathing causes dryness and bad breath;
• Voice becomes nasal;
• Due to the lack of oxygen in the brain, progress is reduced, exercise tolerance is reduced, and development is slowed down.

In order to prevent a chronic process, it is necessary to properly treat acute rhinitis.

How to treat correctly?

Most often, parents have to treat a runny nose in a child at home. The main task is to clean the nose in time and correctly and prevent the mucus from drying out and the formation of crusts. Ventilate it, wet clean it, use humidifiers ⁵ .

5. It is easier to remove mucus from the back sections by “sniffing” through the nose , that is, by sharply inhaling one and then the other nostril ⁵ .
6. For spitting mucus and blowing your nose, use only disposable handkerchiefs – cloth quickly becomes a breeding ground for infection ¹ .
7. Inhalations with the nebulizer can be performed on children from 10 months ² . It is best to use normal saline for them, in the third stage of inflammation, the doctor may prescribe an antiseptic solution, and in case of allergies, an anti-allergic and bronchodilator ^2.4 .
8. Use Vasoconstrictor Drops wisely to help your baby feel better and prevent complications ^3.4 .

Children’s vasopressors for the common cold

Vasoconstrictors reduce swelling and mucus within minutes ³ . They quickly restore breathing, improve sleep and facilitate feeding, open the ducts of the paranasal sinuses and the Eustachian tube, thereby reducing the risk of developing sinusitis and otitis media ³ .

When it is necessary to use vasoconstrictor drugs ⁵ :

1. Before going to bed, so that the baby can breathe and the mucus does not dry out.
2. If your ear hurts.
3. When there are problems with eating in children older than one year and always before feeding the baby.

It is very important for children to use children’s preparations ^3,4,5 . They have a special dosage of ^3,4,5 . Children from 2 to 6 years old can use TIZIN 9 spray0045 ® Expert ⁶ 0.05% or 0.1% based on xylometazoline hydrochloride. Due to the fine “spray” the drug is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the nasal cavity, which contributes to its action.

The hyaluronic acid contained in the preparation helps to moisturize the mucous membrane and reduce dryness in the nose ⁶ .

For allergic rhinitis, children from 6 years of age can use the special spray TIZIN ^® ALERGI, based on levocabastine ⁷ , which reduces the effects of histamine, which is involved in the development of allergic reactions ⁷ , and helps fight allergy symptoms: rhinorrhea, itchy nose and sneezing.

In all cases, the treatment of rhinitis in children should be comprehensive and take place under the supervision of a physician. If necessary, the doctor will prescribe additional procedures and drugs.

The information in this article is for reference only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment refer to a qualified specialist

Read also:

• dry runny nose in a child
• Tizin ^® Classic for children
• Tizin ^® Panthenol for children

How to treat a runny nose in a grain of graze | Bibikol

The child’s immunity is formed gradually, therefore, in the first year of life, when a newly born baby gets acquainted with this world and tries to adapt to it, the risk of getting sick is significantly higher than in subsequent years of life. However, it is worth learning to distinguish between viral, inflammatory or allergic signs of the disease.

A runny nose in infants is practically the norm, since the nasal mucosa is very sensitive and the appearance of mucus in a small nose is inevitable, but there is a huge difference between the snot that has arisen in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions – this is the so-called physiological runny nose and mucus formed due to viruses or an allergic reaction.

As a rule, the physiological runny nose goes away by itself no later than 10 weeks old – by this time the nasal mucosa is fully adapted to the external climate and air, and will begin its work in full force. At this time, it is important for parents not to resort to any medicines, but to try to make the air in the room as comfortable as possible for the baby. Physiological rhinitis does not require any special treatment.

Runny nose as a disease

Symptoms:

• Nasal discharge in the form of mucus or water
• Increased body temperature
• Refuses to eat, often stops eating and is naughty
• Impaired breathing
• Possible redness of the nose and the area around it
• Itching in the nose and eyes (for allergies)
• Poor health and unpleasant sensations lead to disruption of the daily routine

Types of runny nose:

• Viral (infectious) – snot here play the role of a protective reaction of the body to a bacterial infection
• Allergic – can be caused by any allergen: both external and ingested with food. Usually, there is also itching, redness and tearing of the eyes
• Vasomotor – due to vascular problems in the nasal cavity (rare)

Proper and timely treatment of the common cold is half the way to a successful recovery and the absence of health problems in the future.

How to properly treat a runny nose in a baby

1. An important and basic rule in the treatment of the common cold is to maintain the optimum temperature and air humidity – t no more than 220C, and humidity 50-70%. In order to make it easier for the baby to breathe, you can arrange vessels with water in the room, purchase an aquarium, spray water daily from a spray bottle, or simply get a humidifier.
2. Regular moistening of the nasal cavity by instillation of saline or saline solution into the nose. You can cook at home: add 1 teaspoon of sea salt to 1 liter of warm boiled water (you can use ordinary table salt). Instill any of these solutions into the baby’s nose, 1 drop in each nostril.
3. A decoction of calendula or yarrow herb will help with a runny nose. To do this, pour 1 teaspoon of chopped herb with 1 cup of boiling water (200 ml) and simmer in a water bath (the time is indicated on the package with the herb). When the broth has cooled to an acceptable slightly warm state, then we instill half a pipette of the broth into each nostril.
4. Depending on the degree of congestion of the small nose, clean it of mucus and dried crusts before instillation. The easiest way to do this is with the help of a special device – an aspirator, which will help to easily and safely release the nose from secretions for the baby. You can also use a small enema or special cotton swabs designed to care for the baby.

5. How without mother’s milk! If you are breastfeeding, then your milk will be an excellent remedy in the fight against a runny nose, as it contains useful substances that will help your baby resist harmful germs.
6. From herbs, you can also use a decoction of chamomile, but you should first check if the baby is allergic to it.
7. It will also be useful to bathe the baby in herbal decoctions – this is both aromatherapy and at the same time an anti-inflammatory procedure. Decoctions of sage and eucalyptus, calendula and yarrow will also come in handy – the herbs must be brewed and infused, then added to the bath – and you can proceed to water procedures.
8. Since ancient times, beetroot or carrot juice was diluted with water or oil and instilled into the nose, sea buckthorn oil, aloe or Kalanchoe will be no less effective for a cold, only the last two for a baby must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 and applied up to 5 times a day.

All folk remedies, and especially herbs, must be used with extreme caution so as not to cause an allergic reaction, and ideally, consult with your doctor, who will tell you the most appropriate method of treatment for your crumbs.

What absolutely can not be done with a cold:

• pressure wash
• nose drip antibiotics
• use vasoconstrictor drops without a prescription
• strongly suction mucus from deep areas of the nose

Indication for medical emergencies:

• the child does not eat at all and loses weight;
• bleeding from the nose along with mucus;
• severe headaches in a child;
• The body temperature of the baby is below normal or, conversely, very high and continues to grow.