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where the Bella Union Hotel was located (now Fletcher Bowron Square). ^{[5] [6]}

Spanish and Mexican era

Main article: Pueblo de Los Angeles

Father Juan Crespi, a Spanish Franciscan missionary commissioned to survey sites for a Catholic mission in California, noted in 1769 that the area had “everything necessary for a large settlement.” ^[7] On September 4, 1781, Los Angeles was founded by a group of settlers who traveled north from present-day Mexico. Like most urban centers in the Spanish Empire, the city grew into a gridded street pattern around a central square which faced the first church. The territory came under American control in 1847. ^[8] and by 1880 the town had grown to 11,000 people. ^[9] The business district was along Main Street between Plaza and First Street. ^{[10] [11]}

Victorian City Center

1894 drawing of the Victorian business district, now the eastern half of the Civic Center area

Main article: Victorian Downtown Los Angeles

Land speculation increased in the 1880s as the city’s population skyrocketed from 11,000 in 1880 to almost 100,000 by 1896. ^[12] Infrastructure improvements and street networking eventually led to development south of the Plaza: Los Angeles Victorian Center | in the 1800s and 1890s along Main, Spring, and Broadway]] south to Third Street – all of which were demolished to make way for today’s Community Center. After 1900, larger buildings were built along Broadway and Spring from Third to Ninth Streets at what is now the Historic Core.

The golden age of the city center

By 1920, the city’s private and municipal rail lines were the longest and most diverse in the world in length, even surpassing them. New York. By this time, a constant influx of residents and aggressive developers had turned the city into a large metropolitan area with DTLA at its center. Rail lines connected the four counties for over 1,100 miles (1,800 km). ^[13]

In the early 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street to form the Spring Street Financial District. Sometimes referred to as “Wall Street of the West,” ^[14] The county was home to the headquarters of financial institutions, including Bank of America, Farmers and Traders Bank, the Crocker National Bank, California Bank & Trust, and International Savings & Exchange Bank . The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also in the corridor from 1929 to 19’86 and then moved to a new building across the Harbor (110) Freeway. ^[15]

Commercial growth led to the construction of hotels – during this time several large hotels were built, Alexandria (1906), Rosslyn (1911) and Biltmore (1923), as well as the need for places to entertain the growing population of Los Angeles . Broadway became the city’s nightclub, shopping, and entertainment district, with more than a dozen theaters and movie theaters built before 1932.

Department stores, most of which grew out of local dry goods businesses that moved from Spring and Main streets around Temple and 1st to much larger stores on Broadway, including Broadway, Hamburger, which became May Co., Robinson, Bullock , Coulter, Desmond’s, Silverwoods, Harris and Frank, and the Fifth Street/Walker Store, serving a variety of socioeconomic groups from across the city and suburbs. All but Coulter’s at 19The 20s-1950s would open branches in malls throughout the growing Southern California. Numerous specialty shops also flourished, including in the jewelry business that gave rise to the Jewelery District in the city centre. These early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company (later to become Laykin et Cie [8] ) and Harry Winston & Co., both of which began operations at the Alexandria Hotel on Fifth and Spring Streets.

B Los Angeles Passenger Terminal (Union Station) opened on May 1939 years by combining passenger services between various local, regional and intercity passenger trains. It was built on a grand scale and would become one of the “last great railroad stations” built in the United States.

Sunset and redevelopment

Angels Polet, November 2008

Next World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network and an increase in the number of car owners led to a reduction in investment in the city center. The headquarters of many corporations gradually moved to new suburbs or became victims of mergers and acquisitions. Back at 19In the 1920s, the once stately Victorian mansions on Bunker Hill were dilapidated, serving as a rooming house for 20,000 working-class angels. ^[16]

Since about 1930, numerous over 100-year-old buildings in the Plaza area have been demolished to make way for street-level parking, and the high demand for parking has made this more profitable than any other options that allow save. The drastic loss of downtown residents has further reduced the viability of street-based, pedestrian-focused businesses. For middle- and high-income Angelents, the center has become a point of entry and exit.

In an effort to fight disease and lure business back to downtown, the Community Redevelopment Agency undertook the Bunker Hill Redevelopment Project. During this period, clearing and landscaping of the entire area were carried out, as well as the formwork of the Angela Polet funicular in 1969. Angels Flight reopened in 1996 for a five-year period and was closed again after a fatal crash in 2001. On March 15, 2010, the railway reopened for passenger service after extensive brake and safety upgrades. systems.

Since Class A office space became available on Bunker Hill, many of the remaining DTLA financial corporations have moved into new buildings, leaving the former Spring Street Financial District unoccupied above the basement. After the company’s headquarters moved six blocks west, the large department stores on Broadway closed, culminating in the 1980s.

However, Broadway theaters were widely used as Hispanic cinemas at the time, beginning with the transformation of the Million Dollar Theater at 1950s in Hispanic theater. ^[17]

Recent years

The Wilshire Grand Center in downtown Los Angeles is the tallest building in the US west of the Mississippi River at an elevation (1,099 feet or 335 meters). It is also the tallest building in the state of California.

Aerial view in 2014

Los Angeles Union Station

In mid-2013, downtown was noted as “an area with a growing hip and rich residential population.” ^[18]

Due to the westward migration of the downtown office market into Bunker Hill and the Financial District, many historic office buildings have been left intact, simply used for storage or left empty for decades. In 1999, the Los Angeles City Council passed an adaptive reuse ordinance, making it easier for developers to convert outdated, vacant office and commercial buildings into renovated lofts and luxury residential and condominiums.

Early 200914,561 housing units. ^[19] were created under the adaptive reuse ordinance, resulting in an increase in population. In 2006, 28,878 people lived. ^[20] 39,537 in 2008, ^[21] and over 60,000 in 2017, ^[22] Downtown Los Angeles sees new life and new investment. ^[23]

• The Staples Center, which opened in 1999, has contributed enormously to the revitalization plans, adding 250 events and almost 4 million visitors a year. ^[24] Since the opening of the Staples Center, adjacent L.A. Live completed a complex that includes the Microsoft Theater and the Grammy Museum.
• The Los Angeles Metro, a downtown rail network that makes it easier to access downtown, especially from the congested West Side.
• Real estate developers and investors planned a $1.8 billion Grand Avenue restoration project that included the construction of Grand Park, a large city park, ^[25] and the construction of major city attractions, including the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall and the Wide Museum of Contemporary Art, which opened in 2015.
• On August 7, 2007, the Los Angeles City Council approved sweeping changes to downtown zoning and development rules. ^[26] Strong mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, changes allow larger and denser urban development; developers who reserve 15% of their apartments for low-income residents are now exempt from some open space requirements and can make their buildings 35% larger than current zoning regulations allow. ^[26]
• In 2009, Bottega Louis opened on the ground floor of the historic Brockman Building at Grand Avenue and Seventh Street. This contributed to DTLA’s resurgence by creating a restaurant row that has since brought many new restaurants and retail stores to the area. ^[27] In 2012, the top 11 floors of the Brockman Building were bought to be sold as luxury lofts. ^[28]
• In October 2015, the outdoor living center, Los Angeles Block, opened to replace the old closed Macy’s Plaza.
• Several Warner Music labels moved to the Los Angeles Arts District in 2019 when the company acquired a former Ford Motor Company assembly plant. ^[29]
• Broadway retail is transitioning from a wide range of stores catering primarily to Hispanic immigrants and a growing market. sneakers and streetwear The retail cluster grew from 4th to 9th Street: Sneaker Row. ^[30]

Several Olympic and Paralympic competitions will be held at DTLA during the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. ^{[31] [32]}

Geography

City skyline during sunset as seen from the Griffith Observatory, October 2006

Downtown Los Angeles is surrounded by Echo Park to the north and northwest, Chinatown at northeast, Boyle Heights to the east, Vernon to the south, Historic South Central and University Park to the southwest, and Pico Union and West Lake to the west. ^{[33] [34] [35]}

Downtown bounded on the northeast by Cesar Chavez Avenue, east by the Los Angeles River, south by the Los Angeles city line with Vernon, south west to east Washington Boulevard and to the west at 110 Freeway or Baudry Avenue, including the entire Four Level Interchange with 101 Freeway. ^{[34] [35]}

areas

The microdistrict includes such areas:

• Arts ^[36]
• Bunker Hill ^[34]
• Public Center ^[34] [34] [34] [34] [34] (built on the ruined site of the Central Business District in the 1880s–1890s)
• Fashion District ^[34]
• Financial District
• Flower District
• Gallery Row
• Historic Theater District (contains the Financial District and the Broadway Theater District Spring Street
• Industrial district ^[34]
• Jewelry district ^[34]
• Little Tokyo ^[34]
• District of the Old Bank ^[34]
• SKID ROW ^{[34] 9000}

9ATH ^[34]

• Toy District
• Wholesale or Warehouse District

Population

Downtown LA at night

Downtown LA with Dodger Stadium

07 Orpheus Theater

St. Vincent Court in 2017. The European style decoration dates from 1957.

The 2000 US Census showed that a total of 27,849 residents lived on 5.84 square miles of downtown, or 4,770 people per square mile, one of the lowest densities for the city of Los Angeles, but about average by district. The Association of Governments of Southern California estimates that the daytime population of downtown is 207,440. ^[37] The city estimated that by 2008 the population had increased to 34,811. As of the end of 2019year, the population of the district has grown to 85 thousand people, 7,956 housing units are under construction. ^[38] The median age of residents was 39, considered old for the city and country. ^[34]

Downtown Los Angeles has an almost even distribution of four major racial and ethnic groups: Asian Americans (23%), African Americans (22%), Hispanics (25%), and non-Hispanic whites (26%) – according to an analysis of 2010 census data by Loyola Marymount University researchers. ^[39]

A 2000 census survey found that downtown was the second largest area in Los Angeles. a diversity index of 0.743, surpassed only by Mid-Wilshire. ^[40] Ethnic breakdown in 2000 was Hispanic, 36.7%; blacks, 22.3%; Asians, 21.3%; whites, 16.2%; and others, 3.5%. Mexico (44.7%) and Korea (17%) were the most common birthplaces for 41.9% of foreign-born residents, about the same ratio as the city as a whole. ^[34]

The median household income in 2008 dollars was $15,003, considered low for both the city and the county. The proportion of households earning $20,000 or less (57.4%) was highest in Los Angeles County, followed by University Park (56.6%) and Chinatown (53.6%). The average household size of 1.6 people was relatively low. Renters occupied 93.4% of the housing units, with homeowners occupying the remainder. ^{[34] [41]}

In 2000, 2,400 military veterans, or 9.7% of the population, lived in downtown, which was considered high for the city but average for the county as a whole. ^[34]

The 2010 Census reported that downtown Los Angeles had a population of 40,227. ^[42]

In 2013, the Downtown Center Business Improvement District survey found that out of 52,400 people lived in downtown Los Angeles. Demographic breakdown: 52.7% Caucasian, 20.1% Asian, 17.0% Hispanic, and 6.2% African American; 52.9% women, 47.1% men; 74.8% of residents were between the ages of 23 and 44. The median age of residents was 34 years. The median household income was $98,700. The average household size was 1.8. In terms of educational attainment, 80.1% of residents have completed at least 4 years of college. The study was a sample of 8,841 respondents from the DTLA region. This was not a “census” but rather a comprehensive survey of consumers in downtown Los Angeles. ^[43]

An additional study by the Center for Business Development in the city center showed that by 2017 the population had reached 67,324. ^[44] As of early 2020, the population is estimated to have exceeded 80,000 at the end of 2019. ^[45]

Public transportation

Local and regional service

Current Metro Los Angeles map showing rail and rapid transit lines

Downtown Los Angeles is the center of the region’s growing rail system, with six commuter lines operated by Metrolink, as well as five rapid transit lines and local and regional buses operated by the Los Angeles County Transportation Authority (Metro).

Major subway stations in the area: Los Angeles Union Station, Civic Center / Grand Park Station, Pershing Square Station, 7th Street / Subway Center Station, Pico Station, and Little Tokyo / Arts District Station.

• B The Los Angeles Subway system has five rail lines that serve downtown Los Angeles: Line, Line B, Line D, E Line, and L Line.
• Late 2009 Metro Line J A bus rapid transit project opened, replacing two unconnected bus rapid transit lines with through street level service through downtown.
• In 2006, the Red Line portion of the Metro (now Line A) was renamed by Metro to Metro Purple Line (now Line D), a heavy rail metro line from Union Station to Wilshire/West Station in Koreatown. A westward extension of the line to Westwood is currently under construction.
• Metro operates an extensive bus network, ^[46] including suburban lines Metro Local, Metro Express and Metro Rapid ^[47] buses with signal priority and limited stops.
• The Los Angeles Department of Transportation operates seven local JUMP shuttles to downtown on weekdays: Routes A, B, C, D, E, and F. ^[48] Weekend service is on the DD (Downtown Discovery) lines , E, and F. ^[49]

Amtrak

Los Angeles Union Station Main Passenger Concourse

Amtrak operates intercity passenger trains on five routes through Los Angeles Union Station: the Coast Starlight, Pacific Surfliner, Southeast western chief, Sunset Limited, and the Texas Eagle. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Greyhound

The Greyhound Line operates a major bus terminal in downtown Los Angeles at the intersection of Seventh Street and Alameda. ^[50]

Los Angeles International Airport Service

Los Angeles World Airports There is a direct shuttle every 30-60 minutes between Union Station and Los Angeles International Airport. ^[51]

Transit Extension

Metro Gold Line Light Rail at Union Station

• B Metro line E was built in two phases and completed in 2016. The first phase of the project connected the 7th Street/Center Subway station downtown with Culver City via the former Santa Monica Pacific Electric Air Line right of way. In the second phase, the line expanded to Santa Monica. ^[52] Line E shares tracks with Subway Line A north of Washington Boulevard and shares both Pico Station and 7th Street/Center subway station with Line A.
• Los Angeles Union Station will be the main stop for the California High-Speed ​​Rail system, although it will not be part of the initial operating segment of the project. ^[53] The project will connect Northern and Southern California through the San Joaquin Valley, with service averaging 220 mph (350 km/h). ^{[54] [55]}
• Under construction as of September 2014 Regional Interconnect Transit Corridor will connect Lines A, E and L between Little Tokyo/Arts District (which will be renamed “1st Street/Central”) and 7th Street / Metro Center stations.
• Work is planned to bring a tram-style trolleybus to downtown Los Angeles via Broadway, connecting L.A. Live development with the Grand Avenue Cultural Corridor and Bunker Hill. ^{[56] [57]}

Parks and open space

Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral located next to Los Angeles City Hall

Pershing Square

Pershing Square during the Los Angeles Summer Concert Series 9002 Center 9002 Angeles has several public parks, plazas, gardens and other open spaces:

• Los Angeles Plaza
• Olvera-Street
• Historical monument El-Pueblo de Los Anheles
• Mother of God of Angels Meditation Garden and Olive Garden (Park)
• Mason Park
• Maguire
• Pershing Square
• Los Angeles City Hall South Lawn
• Los Angeles Police Department Police Department Building ^[58] South Lawn
• Los Angeles State Historic Park
• Los Angeles Union Station gardens
• Walt Disney Concert Hall Community Park
• California Plaza Water Court, street performance and dining area with water features, fountains, shaded seating areas and an amphitheater.
• Japanese Garden and Square at Little Tokyo Cultural and Community Center
• Japanese Garden at Kyoto Grand Hotel and Gardens
• Bank of America Plaza Garden

Several future park proposals in the area will use a public-private partnership between developers and the city of Los Angeles, including a public park at the proposed Nikkei Center development in Little Tokyo; ^[59] 1 acre (4000 m ² ) medallion park in Historic Core; and a pocket park on the Grand Hotel Wilshire replacement project currently under construction. ^[60]

In addition, the city recently completed a new park located in the 400 block of South Spring Street in the Historic Core district. ^[61]

Skyline

57 year.

The Ritz-Carlton with distinctive street lights in the foreground, 2012

Angeles has one of the largest skylines in the world. United States, and its development has continued in recent years.

The skyline has grown rapidly due to improvements in seismic design standards that have made some building types very earthquake resistant. Many of the new skyscrapers contain a residential or hotel component.

Here are some current and future examples of skyscraper construction:

• 705 Ninth Street, a 35-story residential tower, was completed in 2009. ^[63]
• The 26-story residential building 717 Olympic was completed in mid-2008. ^[64]
• 888 Olive, a 32-story residential building from Vancouver-based Omni Group, opened in 2015. ^[65]
• Concert, a 28-story residential tower, was completed in early 2009. The second phase (Tower II) is under construction.
• B The Grand Avenue Project, designed by architect Frank Gehry, is a four-site, multi-stage project that will include a 39-story hotel tower at the corner of First Street and Grand Avenue, as well as a city park. ^[66] The project was delayed due to funding issues, but is now back on track and ongoing. ^{[67] [68]}
• L.A. Live, a multi-stage restaurant, entertainment and hotel development that includes The Ritz-Carlton and the JW Marriott Ritz-Carlton-branded hybrid of hotels and condominiums was completed in February 2010. ^[69]
• Marriott International completed a 24-story Courtyard and Residence Inn tower near L.A. Live, which opened in July 2014 and plans to build over 20 floors of a Renaissance hotel, will open in 2016. ^{[70] [71]}
• Metropolis, a four-tower mixed-use project (60, 50, 38 and 19 floors) at Francisco Street and Ninth Street, is currently under construction. ^[72]
• south , a three-tower complex called Elleven, Luma and Evo, spans the block from 11th Street and Grand Avenue to 12th Street and Grand Avenue, and was completed in stages, completing early 2009of the year.
• The Great Wilshire Tower renovation, a 900-room hotel and office project completed in 2017, is the tallest tower west of the Mississippi River, at 1,100 feet (340 m). ^[73]
• Figueroa Center, a 975-foot-tall residential and hotel building proposed across from the original restaurant pantry on the Figueroa Corridor. When completed, the proposed tower will be the third tallest building in Los Angeles.
• Angels Landing, proposed super tall tower at 1020 feet. Currently in the funding stage. Approved by the city council in 2017.

Building height limits: 1904–1957

East Columbia Building: Entrance to the Historic Core and “Downtown Gem”

Los Angeles’ first growth restriction order came after the completion of the 13-story building. Continental building located on the southeast corner of Fourth and Spring Streets. The purpose of the height restriction was to limit the density of the city. In those years, skyscrapers were viewed with great ill will in many cities, mainly due to the crowding of people on the streets, and height restriction ordinances were a common way to deal with this problem. At 19In 11, the city passed an updated height limit ordinance with a specific limit of 150 feet (46 m). Exceptions were made for decorative towers, such as those later built on the East Columbia Building and the United Artists Theatre, and the now demolished Richfield Tower. ^[74]

The 1911 ordinance was repealed in 1957. The first private building to exceed the old limit was the 18-story United California Bank Building, located on the southeast corner of Sixth and Spring Streets. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Flat Roof Ordinance

The Los Angeles pattern of buildings with these “flat roofs” was the result of a 1974 fire ordinance that required all tall buildings in the city to have roofs. helipads in response to the devastating 1974 Joelma Fire in São Paulo, Brazil, in which helicopters were used to assist rescuers from the flat roof of a building. ^[75] Wilshire Grand Center was the first building to receive an exemption from the Los Angeles Fire Department in 2014. However, because the building was under construction, the Los Angeles City Council removed the flat roof ordinance as of 2015. ^[76]

Government and Infrastructure

Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Los Angeles Branch. This building now has an attic.

The Los Angeles County Department of Health operates the Central Health Center in downtown Los Angeles. ^[77]

Southern California Representative The California Department of Education has its office in the Ronald Reagan State Building in downtown Los Angeles. ^[78]

At the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Los Angeles branch is located in downtown Los Angeles. ^[79]

Economics

DTLA is the hub of the technology economy beyond Silicon Beach. The venture capital firm had 78 technology companies in DTLA in 2015. This included mobile apps, hardware, digital media and clean tech companies, as well as co-working spaces, startup incubators and other related businesses. ^[80]

The Arts District has become a popular destination for companies looking for something different from typical modern offices. The central location is accessible from various parts of the Los Angeles Basin. The cultural life has also made the area attractive to young technicians. ^[80]

Anschutz Entertainment Group is headquartered in downtown Los Angeles. ^[81]

BYD, a Chinese technology firm, is headquartered in North America in downtown Los Angeles. ^[82]

Cathay Bank is headquartered in Chinatown Los Angeles. ^[83]

Education

Colburn School on Grand Boulevard

Ramon C. Cortines High School for the Visual and Performing Arts

City center residents aged 25 and over with a four-year degree made up 17.9% of the population in 2000, the city and county average, but there was a high percentage of residents with a below-average degree. ^[34]

These are the primary and secondary schools within the block: ^[84]

• Ramon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts, LAUSD High School, 450 N. Grand Ave.
• Downtown Business High School, LAUSD Alternative, 1081 W. Temple St.
• California Academy for the Humanities, College Elementary High School, Lease LAUSD, 700 Wilshire Blvd.
• Dr. Olga Mohan Alliance High School, LAUSD Charter, 644 W. 17th St.
• Abram Friedman Vocational School, LAUSD Adult Education School, 1646 S. Olive St.
• Metropolitan Continuation School, LAUSD, 727 S. Wilson St.
• Para Los Ninos High School, LAUSD charter, 1617 E. Seventh St.
• Jardin de la Infancia, LAUSD Elementary School, 307 E. Seventh St.
• St. Malachy Catholic Elementary School, Private, 1200 E. 81st St.
• Tri-C Community Day School, LAUSD, 716 E. 14th St.
• School of the City of Angels, alternative school LAUSD, st. 1449 S. San Pedro (formerly Central High School) ^[35]
• San Pedro Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 1635 S. San Pedro St.
• St Turibius Elementary School, Private, 1524 Essex St.
• American University Preparatory School, private, st. S. Figueroa, 345

The Institute of Fashion, Design and Merchandising is located at 800 S. Hope Street, ^{[35] [85]} and the Colburn School for Music and Performing Arts is located at 200 S. Grand Ave. ^[86]

Emergency Services

Hospitals

Dignity Health-California Hospital Medical Center is located in the South Park neighborhood of downtown Los Angeles at 1401 S. Grand Ave. The 318-bed community hospital has been providing high-quality care to residents of the county and neighboring communities for over 126 years. . Dignity Health-California Hospital Medical Center is known for a wide range of medical services, from women’s health and maternity to orthopedics and cardiology. The hospital also operates the only Level II trauma center in downtown Los Angeles, and its emergency department serves over 70,000 patients annually. Among the neighbors of the Staples Center, L. A. Live, Institute of Fashion, Design and Merchandising and Fashion District. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Fire Departments

B The Los Angeles Fire Department operates the following fire stations in downtown Los Angeles:

• Station 3 (Civic Center/Bunker Hill) [87

  ] Station

  4 (Little Tokyo / Chinatown / Union Station / Olvera Street) ^[88]

• Station 9 (Central City / Skid Row) ^[89]
• Station 10 (Convention Center area) ^{[90 ]}

Police Services

B The Los Angeles Police Department operates the Central District Police Station in downtown Los Angeles. ^[91]

Skyline of downtown Los Angeles, with San Gabriel Mountains in the background, 2013

See also

• Los Angeles Portal

• Central Business District, Los Angeles (18029) 18028
• LAMP Community
• List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles