Paragraph punctuation: Punctuating a paragraph | 4th grade, 5th grade Writing Worksheet

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Punctuation Checker – Free Grammar And Punctuation Check!

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Save Your Proofreading Time with the Best Punctuation Checker Tool

Are you a student with lengthy assignments to submit today and have no time to proofread what you have written? Fret not! We all know typos and grammatical mistakes are common. However, they can change the whole meaning of a sentence.

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GLU’s AI Tool: Check For Punctuation Errors

GLU’s AI Tool can check for below punctuation marks misplacements in your writing, Simply Copy & Paste your text and type in the editor and click the Lookup button.

• Period (.)
• Question Mark (?)
• EM-Dash (-)
• Slash (/)
• Ellipses (….),
• The comma (,),
• Apostrophe (‘)
• Semicolon (;)

• The exclamation point (!)
• Angle brackets (<>)
• Parenthesis ()
• Square brackets ([ ])
• The hyphen (-)
• Colon (:)
• Braces ({})
• Quotation marks (“” )

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FAQS: Frequently Asked Questions

Can This Tool be used as Comma Checker?

Yes, Grammarlookup can check for comma errors, It can also detect comma splices placements.

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Punctuation Overview // Purdue Writing Lab

Summary:

When speaking, we can pause or change the tone of our voices to indicate emphasis. When writing, we must use punctuation to indicate these places of emphasis. This resource should help to clarify when and how to use various marks of punctuation.

When speaking, we can pause or change the tone of our voices to indicate emphasis. When writing, we use punctuation to indicate these places of emphases. This handout should help to clarify when and how to use various marks of punctuation.

Independent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb and can stand alone; a complete sentence

Dependent clause: a clause that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone; an incomplete sentence

Comma

Use a comma to join two independent clauses and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).

Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary.

The new house has a large fenced backyard, so I am sure our dog will enjoy it.

Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause.

To get a good grade, you must complete all your assignments.

Because Dad caught the chicken pox, we canceled our vacation.

After the wedding, the guests attended the reception.

Use a comma to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it. The examples below demonstrate this trend.

On her vacation, Lisa visited Greece, Spain, and Italy.

In their speeches, many of the candidates promised to help protect the environment, bring about world peace, and end world hunger.

Use a comma to separate nonessential elements from a sentence. More specifically, when a sentence includes information that is not crucial to the message or intent of the sentence, enclose it in or separate it by commas.

John’s truck, a red Chevrolet, needs new tires.

When he realized he had overslept, Matt rushed to his car and hurried to work.

Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible).

The irritable, fidgety crowd waited impatiently for the rally speeches to begin.

The sturdy, compact suitcase made a perfect gift.

Use a comma after a transitional element (however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition)

For example, the Red Sox, Yankees, and Indians are popular baseball teams.

If you really want to get a good grade this semester, however, you must complete all assignments, attend class, and study your notes.

Use a comma with quoted words.

“Yes,” she promised. Todd replied, saying, “I will be back this afternoon.”

Use a comma in a date.

October 25, 1999

Monday, October 25, 1999

25 October 1999

Use a comma in a number.

15,000,000

1614 High Street

Use a comma in a personal title.

Pam Smith, MD

Mike Rose, Chief Financial Officer for Operations, reported the quarter’s earnings.

Use a comma to separate a city name from the state.

West Lafayette, Indiana

Dallas, Texas

Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma). Instead, separate the clauses with a period, with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction, or with a semicolon.

Semicolon

Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.

Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so).

Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America’s safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.

Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas.

Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece; Salt Lake City, Utah; Sydney, Australia; Nagano, Japan.

For more information on semicolons, please see the “90-Second Semicolon” vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.

Colon

Use a colon to join two independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause.

Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, an appositive, or other ideas directly related to the independent clause.

Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese.

In his Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln urges Americans to rededicate themselves to the unfinished work of the deceased soldiers: “It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. “

I know the perfect job for her: a politician.

Use a colon at the end of a business letter greeting.

To Whom It May Concern:

Use a colon to separate the hour and minute(s) in a time notation.

12:00 p.m.

Use a colon to separate the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference.

Matthew 1:6

Parenthesis

Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence.

Muhammed Ali (1942-2016), arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee.”

Dash

Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.

Perhaps one reason why the term has been so problematic—so resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitions—is because of its multitude of applications.

In terms of public legitimacy—that is, in terms of garnering support from state legislators, parents, donors, and university administrators—English departments are primarily places where advanced literacy is taught.

The U.S.S. Constitution became known as “Old Ironsides” during the War of 1812—during which the cannonballs fired from the British H.M.S. Guerriere merely bounced off the sides of the Constitution.

To some of you, my proposals may seem radical—even revolutionary.

Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it.

The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together.

Quotation Marks

Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation.

He asked, “When will you be arriving?” I answered, “Sometime after 6:30.”

Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word.

History is stained with blood spilled in the name of “justice.”

Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows.

“Self-Reliance,” by Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Just Like a Woman,” by Bob Dylan

“The Smelly Car,” an episode of Seinfeld

Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations.

Italics

Underlining and italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. To be safe, you could check with your teacher to find out which he/she prefers. Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Time

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

The Metamorphosis of Narcissus by Salvador Dali

Amazon.com

Titanic

Italicize foreign words.

Semper fi, the motto of the U.S. Marine Corps, means “always faithful.”

Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis.

The truth is of utmost concern!

Italicize a word when referring to that word.

The word justice is often misunderstood and therefore misused.

Punctuation Marks and How to Use Them: Full Writing Guide

There are three principles which can lead you to success in writing — style, meaning, and grammar. Clarity and precision are things that always impress those who read and evaluate your texts, and demonstrate your educational and personal qualities. Grammar and punctuation are vital not only for your academic success, but also when you text a date you want to impress, correspond for a job interview, chat with your colleagues, and so on.

There are 14 punctuation marks used in English grammar. You probably know most of them, but it does not hurt to repeat them. They are the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets, braces, apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis. If you use them correctly, your writing will be much easier and appealing to read.

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Of course, there are certain differences between punctuation in British and American English. They are not major, but they are still important. For example, in American English, such popular abbreviations like Mr., Ms., and Mrs. have periods. In British however, no periods are used. When writing the time, British English employs periods—where noon would be 12.00. In the same case, the American system uses colons (12:00). The names of the punctuation marks can also be different. Look at the table before we move on to find out how to use them. Let’s go deeper with our custom essay service.

Sentence Endings: The Period, Question Mark and Exclamation Point

Let’s begin with sentence endings. Sentences are an integral part of any text or message. You can end a sentence with the period, question mark, or exclamation point. The period (.) is usually used to end simple declarative sentences. In most cases, they complete statements that do not carry any special emotional meaning and do not infer a question.

Examples: Mary and Tom got married in 2020.
He loves playing baseball.

A question mark (?) usually indicates a direct question and is also placed at the end of a sentence.

Examples: When did Mary and Tom marry?
Does he love playing baseball?

The exclamation point (!) is used to showcase an emotion or to add special emphasis.

Examples: Wow, Mary and Tom are getting married!
He loves playing baseball so much!

Comma, Semicolon, and Colon

Inside a sentence, there are also plenty of punctuation marks to be used. The most common ones are the comma, semicolon, and colon. They all indicate a pause in the sentence, so they are often misused among each other. Here is how to know when to use each of the symbols:

The comma is used to separate logical parts of a sentence. It includes ideas or elements that are inside the structure of a sentence. A comma can also be used to separate repetitive parts of a sentence, such as numbers, dates, or objects that are similar to each other. A comma is also used after a greeting and the end of a letter, before and after mentioning someone’s name.

Examples:
To separate logical parts of a sentence: When he came home, the sun was shining.
To separate repetitive parts: I love movies such as “Pretty Woman”, “When Harry met Sally”, and “You’ve got mail”.
To indicate a salutation: Thanks for all your help, Mark.

The semicolon (;) is usually used when connecting independent clauses. How will you know when to use commas or semicolons? A semicolon connects extra independent parts of a sentence. If you put a period between them, the sentence will still work. This will not be the case with a comma, where clauses depend on each other.

Examples: Sylvia was happy; she knew that he would fall in love with her pretty soon.
As you can see, these two sentences can be easily separated.

A colon (:) can be used in three cases.

1. When you introduce a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series.

Example: It was up to her to take the following actions: graduate, find a job, and become a partner at her law firm.

2. You can put a colon between independent clauses. It’s like the case with a semicolon, but here the second part of the sentence explains the first.

Example: I didn’t want to go to Brazil: I already had plans to go to Italy with my husband.

3. The colon can also be used for emphasis when you want to single out one particular part of your sentence:

Example: She was sure of one thing: her friends.

Time, ratio, business correspondence and references — these are other cases where a colon can be used.

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Dash and Hyphen

The dash and hyphen are also quite common punctuation marks. Although they look similar, they are very different.

A dash is used to separate words into statements, and also to indicate range or connections.

Example: She said explicitly — Yes!

A hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a single concept. This way we get a compound term.

Examples: She is a well-known doctor working part-time.
I went on a Rome-Paris flight.

Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses

Symbols like brackets, braces, and parentheses are used to include words that are a further explanation of the following part of a sentence or are considered a group. Brackets ([ ]) are notations which are mostly used for technical explanations, or to clarify meaning. The important part about brackets is that if you remove the information in the brackets, the sentence will still make sense.

Example: He [John] was the first one to graduate in the family.

Braces ({ }) look similar but they are mostly used in Math and computer programming to show units.

Example: 2{1+[23-3]}=x.

Parentheses ( ( ) ) are curved notations which are used to showcase thoughts or qualifying remarks. An important point about parentheses is that they can be replaced by commas without changing the meaning—in most cases.

Example: Mary Stuart (whose maiden name was Lockhart) went to buy a bottle of milk.

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Apostrophe and Ellipsis

The final and less used three punctuation forms are the apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis. An apostrophe (‘) is mostly used when: there is an omission of a letter or letters from a word, in the possessive case, or for plurals of lowercase letters.

Examples:
Omission of letters: I’ve wanted to do it for a long time.
Possessive case: Kate’s dog is a Golden retriever.
Plural for lowercase letters:There are 3 p’s in the word “hippopotamus”.

‍The ellipsis includes three periods (…) and is used in writing or printing to indicate an omission or pause in the thoughts of the writer. Ellipses are also useful for omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning of the overall sentence.

Examples: I do not know about that…
She was counting — one, two, three…

Quotation Marks

Quotation marks (” “) are primarily used to quote the words of another person.

Example: “Everything happens for a reason,” she said.

There are several instances in which you can use quotation marks. You can use them with direct quotes to quote someone’s message, with titles of certain works, to show other meanings from what was said literally, and to write words as words.

Quotation marks are usually used for a direct quote. When you change the sentence into the indirect quote, the quotation marks become unnecessary.

Examples:
Direct quote: “I like the snow,” said Alice.
Indirect quote: Alice said that she liked the snow.

So the important rule to remember is: “Quotation marks are used only with direct quotes”. You can quote not only a person, but also a written source.

There are two forms of direct quotations: run-in and block quotations. What are they and what is their difference? Run-in quotations are usually shorter. Their format is the same as the surrounding text. Block quotes are longer quotes that are separated from the surrounding text. Block quotations can even appear as a separate paragraph (or a series of paragraphs). They can also have a different font, a change in the line spacing, or have a wider margin.

Examples: The Father said, “Prospects for growth are really good. “
In “American History,” the writer supposes,
From the revolutionary war… (3)

So, the main rules about quotation marks are that if you open them, you need to close them as well. Where the quote starts and where it ends should be clear. Sometimes, the text inside quotation marks is capitalized, in other cases, it’s not. So if you’re quoting a complete sentence, you should start the quote with a capital letter. This is the case even if you start the sentence, not the quote itself.

Example: She used the following phrase: “My life is a miracle.”

But, if you’re quoting a phrase or part of a sentence, you don’t have to start with a capital letter:

Example: She considered them “rich and successful, like Hollywood stars.”

There are also single quotation marks. They look like this – ‘good day’ – and can be used instead of parentheses for translations.

Examples: Her ‘good day’ was Bonjourno in reality.
He considers the word “Stars” lucky for his company.

There are also differences in formatting quotations in America and British style. Please, see the main differences for yourself.

*Place other punctuation inside quotation marks when that punctuation is part of what is being quoted, such as a quoted question.

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So these are the main rules for using punctuation and quotation marks in the English language. We hope this material was useful to you. If you want to order an academic paper where you do not have to worry about all the punctuation and grammar rules, we invite you to use EssayPro. By getting a paper from a professional writer on any topic, you are sure to get a good grade. We process all “do my math homework” requests fast.

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Punctuation – English Grammar Today

Grammar > Using English > Writing > Punctuation

The most common punctuation marks in English are: capital letters and full stops, question marks, commas, colons and semi-colons, exclamation marks and quotation marks.

In speaking, we use pauses and the pitch of the voice to make what we say clear. Punctuation plays a similar role in writing, making it easier to read.

Punctuation consists of both rules and conventions. There are rules of punctuation that have to be followed; but there are also punctuation conventions that give writers greater choice.

We use capital letters to mark the beginning of a sentence and we use full stops to mark the end of a sentence:

We went to France last summer. We were really surprised that it was so easy to travel on the motorways.

The Football World Cup takes place every four years. The next World Cup will be held in South Africa. In 2006 it was held in Germany.

We also use capital letters at the beginning of proper nouns. Proper nouns include personal names (including titles before names), nationalities and languages, days of the week and months of the year, public holidays as well as geographical places:

Dr David James is the consultant at Leeds City Hospital.

They are planning a long holiday in New Zealand.

Can she speak Japanese?

The next meeting of the group will take place on Thursday.

What plans do you have for Chinese New Year?

We use capital letters for the titles of books, magazines and newspapers, plays and music:

‘Oliver’ is a musical based on the novel ‘Oliver Twist’ by Charles Dickens.

The Straits Times is a daily English language newspaper in Singapore.

They are performing Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony.

In addition to closing sentences, we also use full stops in initials for personal names:

G. W. Dwyer

David A. Johnston, Accountant

Full stops are also used after abbreviations, although this practice is becoming less common:

See also:

• Noun phrases

We use question marks to make clear that what is said is a question. When we use a question mark, we do not use a full stop:

Why do they make so many mistakes?

A:

So you’re Harry’s cousin?

B:

Yes. That’s right.

We use exclamation marks to indicate an exclamative clause or expression in informal writing. When we want to emphasise something in informal writing, we sometimes use more than one exclamation mark:

Listen!

Oh no!!! Please don’t ask me to phone her. She’ll talk for hours!!!

See also:

• Exclamative clauses

We use commas to separate a list of similar words or phrases:

It’s important to write in clear, simple, accurate words.

They were more friendly, more talkative, more open than last time we met them.

We do not normally use a comma before and at the end of a list of single words:

They travelled through Bulgaria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland.

American English does use a comma in lists before and:

We took bread, cheese, and fruit with us.

We use commas to separate words or phrases that mark where the voice would pause slightly:

I can’t tell you now. However, all will be revealed tomorrow at midday.

We had, in fact, lost all of our money.

James, our guide, will accompany you on the boat across to the island.

When main clauses are separated by and, or, but, we don’t normally use a comma if the clauses have the same subject. However, we sometimes use commas if the clauses have different subjects:

They were very friendly and invited us to their villa in Portugal. (same subject)

Footballers these days earn more money but they are fitter and play many more matches. (same subject)

It was an expensive hotel in the centre of Stockholm, but we decided it was worth the money. (different subjects)

When a subordinate clause comes before the main clause, we commonly use a comma to separate the clauses. However, we do not always do this in short sentences:

If you get lost in the city centre, please don’t hesitate to text us or phone us.

If you get lost just phone us.

When we use subordinate or non-finite comment clauses to give further details or more information, we commonly use commas to separate the clauses:

You do need to wear a darker jacket, if I may say so.

To be honest, I thought they were very very rude.

We use commas to mark non-defining clauses. Such clauses normally add extra, non-essential information about the noun or noun phrase:

The ambulance, which arrived after just five minutes, took three people to the hospital immediately.

Hong Kong, where the first ASEAN meeting was held, is a very different city now.

The same is true for non-finite clauses:

The storm, lasting as it did for several days, caused serious damage to villages near the coast.

Warning:

We don’t use commas to mark defining clauses:

Barcelona was the Spanish city that was selected for the Olympic Games.

Not: … the Spanish city, that was selected …

See also:

• Clauses

We commonly separate tags and yes-no responses with commas:

They are going to the party, aren’t they?

No, thank you. I’ve already eaten too much.

We also usually separate vocatives, discourse markers and interjections with commas:

Open the door for them, Kayleigh, can you. Thanks. (vocative)

Well, what do you think we should do about it? (discourse marker)

Wow, that sounds really exciting. (interjection)

We use commas to show that direct speech is following or has just occurred:

He said in his opening speech, ‘Now is the time to plan for the future.’ (or He said in his opening speech: ‘Now is the time to plan for the future.’)

When the direct speech is first, we use a comma before the closing of the quotation marks:

‘We don’t want to go on holiday to the same place every year,’ he said impatiently.

See also:

• Reported speech

We use colons to introduce lists:

There are three main reasons for the success of the government: economic, social and political.

We also use colons to indicate a subtitle or to indicate a subdivision of a topic:

Life in Provence: A Personal View

We often use colons to introduce direct speech:

Then he said: ‘I really cannot help you in any way.’

We commonly use a colon between sentences when the second sentence explains or justifies the first sentence:

Try to keep your flat clean and tidy: it will sell more easily.

We use semi-colons instead of full stops to separate two main clauses. In such cases, the clauses are related in meaning but are separated grammatically:

Spanish is spoken throughout South America; in Brazil the main language is Portuguese.

Semi-colons are not commonly used in contemporary English. Full stops and commas are more common.

Quotation marks in English are ‘…’ or “…”. In direct speech, we enclose what is said within a pair of single or double quotation marks, although single quotation marks are becoming more common. Direct speech begins with a capital letter and can be preceded by a comma or a colon:

She said, “Where can we find a nice Indian restaurant?” (or She said: ‘Where can we find a nice Indian restaurant?’)

We can put the reporting clause in three different positions. Note the position of commas and full stops here:

The fitness trainer said, ‘Don’t try to do too much when you begin.’ (quotation mark after comma introducing speech and after full stop)

‘Don’t try to do too much when you begin,’ the fitness trainer said. (comma before closing quotation mark)

‘Don’t try to do too much,’ the fitness trainer said, ‘when you begin.’ (commas separating the reporting clause)

When we use direct speech inside direct speech, we use either single quotation marks inside double quotation marks, or double quotation marks inside single quotation marks:

“It was getting really cold,” he said, “and they were saying ‘When can we go back home?’”

Jaya said, ‘They were getting really excited and were shouting “Come on!”’.

We commonly use question marks inside the quotation marks unless the question is part of the reporting clause:

‘Why don’t they know who is responsible?’ they asked.

So did they really say ‘We will win every match for the next three weeks’?

We also use single quotation marks to draw attention to a word. We can use quotation marks in this way when we want to question the exact meaning of the word:

I am very disappointed by his ‘apology’. I don’t think he meant it at all.

NEW ‘WAR’ OVER NORTH SEA FISHING PLANS

We sometimes use quotation marks to refer to the titles of books, newspapers, magazines, films, songs, poems, videos, CDs, etc:

There’s a special report all about it in ‘The Daily Mail’.

We can use italics instead of quotation marks for these citations:

There’s a special report all about it in The Daily Mail.

Articles or chapters within books, or titles of short stories, are normally punctuated by single quotation marks:

The longest chapter in the book is the last one called ‘The Future of Africa’.

Dashes are more common in informal writing. They can be used in similar ways to commas or semi-colons. Both single and multiple dashes may be used:

Our teacher – who often gets cross when we’re late – wasn’t cross at all. No one could believe it!

Just wanted to thank you for a lovely evening – we really enjoyed it.

Brackets have a similar function to dashes. They often add extra, non-essential information:

Thriplow (pronounced ‘Triplow’) is a small village in the eastern part of England.

We use brackets around dates and page numbers in academic writing:

Heaton (1978) gives a convincing explanation of how hurricanes are formed (pages 27–32).

We often use forward slashes in internet addresses and to indicate and/or in academic references:

You can find the figures you need on www.bbc.co.uk/finance

Binks (1995/1997) has already researched this aspect of Roman history.

In British English the date is usually given in the order day, month, year.

We use full stops in dates. Forward slashes or dashes are also commonly used:

Date of birth: 1.8.1985 (or 1/8/1985 or 1–8–1985)

In American English the day and the month are in a different order so that 8 January 1985 is written as follows:

1–8–1985 (or 1/8/1985 or 1.8.1985)

We don’t usually punctuate weights and measures and references to numbers:

4kg (4 kilograms)10m (10 metres) 5m dollars (5 million dollars)

Commas are used in numbers to indicate units of thousands and millions:

7,980 (seven thousand, nine hundred and eighty)

11,487,562 (eleven million, four hundred and eighty-seven thousand, five hundred and sixty-two)

We use full stops, not commas, to indicate decimal points:

6. 5 (six point five)

Not: 6,5

We can punctuate times with full stops or colons:

The shop opens at 9.30. (or 9:30)

Spoken English:

When we speak email and web addresses, we say each word separately. To avoid confusion, we sometimes spell out each letter of a word:

[email protected] = Hannah dot reeves at l-i-t dot com

miles_hotel.com/home = miles underscore hotel dot com forward slash home

www.theplace.org = www dot theplace (all one word) dot org

See also:

• Punctuation

• Spelling

• 01

  No sooner

• 02

  Nouns, pronouns and determiners

• 03

  Spelling

• 04

  Adverbs and adverb phrases: position

• 05

  Which

• 06

  Future: be going to (I am going to work)

• 07

  Since

• 08

  Word classes and phrase classes

• 09

  Dates

• 10

  Present perfect continuous (I have been working)

How to Punctuate Dialogue Like a Pro

Most readers and writers have been exposed to countless dialogue lines in print, so why does dialogue punctuation elude so many of us? 

The answer is that well-written dialogue, like good book design, operates subliminally. The function of good dialogue punctuation is to bring clarity, flow, and tone to a sentence, by virtue of quietly looking just right and beautifully unremarkable. In this post, we’ll take you through the basic rules for how to punctuate dialogue correctly. By the end, you can be sure that your dialogue never trips over its own commas ever again.

1. Use double quotation marks (if you’re in the US)

In American English, direct speech is normally represented with double quotation marks: “just so.”

In British and Commonwealth English, single quotation marks are the standard.

‘I say, old bean,’ the wicketkeeper said, ‘Thomas really hit us for six. Let’s pull up stumps and retire to the pavilion for tea and biscuits.’

In this post, we’ll be looking at US standards — in particular, the widely accepted standards set by the Chicago Manual of Style. Let’s get to it!

2. Put punctuation inside the quote marks (with some exceptions)

Misplaced periods are the most common mistake writers make when punctuating dialogue. When completing a spoken sentence, you should always have the period inside the quote.

“It’s time to pay the piper.”

You might see British editors occasionally place a period (or full stop, as they say) outside the quote marks. In those cases, the period is not used for spoken dialogue but for quoting sentence fragments, or perhaps when styling the title of a short story like ‘The Gift of the Magi’.

But what about other types of punctuation?

The most common way to indicate speech is to write dialogue in quotation marks and attribute it to a speaker with dialogue tags, such as he said, she said or Margaret replied or chirped Hiroko. This is what we call “attribution” when you’re punctuating dialogue.

When the speaker is attributed after the dialogue, you insert a comma inside the quotation marks.

“Come closer so I can see you,” said the old man.

If the speaker is attributed before the dialogue, there is a comma outside the quotation marks.

Aleela whimpered, “I don’t want to. I’m scared.”

If the utterance (to use a fancy linguistics term for dialogue 🤓) ends in a question mark or exclamation point, they would also be placed inside the quotation marks.

3. Start a new paragraph every time the speaker changes 

This is one of the most fundamental rules of organizing dialogue. To make it easier for readers to follow what’s happening, start a new paragraph every time the speaker changes, even if you’re using dialogue tags.

“What do you think you’re doing?” asked the policeman.

“Oh, nothing, officer. Just looking for my hat,” I replied.

The new paragraph doesn’t always have to start with direct quotes. Whenever the focus moves from one speaker to the other, that’s when change lines. Here’s an alternative:

“What do you think you’re doing?” asked the policeman.

I scrambled for an answer. “Oh, nothing, officer. Just looking for my hat.”

💡Pro tip: Imagine you’re watching the conversation play out in front of you in real life. Every time you feel like you would turn your head and look at a different character, either because they’ve started to speak, or you’re anticipating their reply, that’s when you would start a new paragraph.

4. Indicate pauses by interrupting speech with dialogue tags

Sometimes, writers choose to interrupt a speaker’s line with a dialogue tag before allowing them to continue. If the dialogue tag comes between sentences, cap it off with a period. After the tag, resume the quote with the next sentence (beginning with a capital letter).

“I’m not opposed to change,” said Colin. “If Uncle Simon wants to cook chicken for Thanksgiving, I really don’t care.”

However, if the dialogue tag comes partway through a sentence, then it will be followed by a comma. There is no need to capitalize the first letter of the next quote, as you’re resuming the previous spoken sentence.

“Whenever mother goes to Paris,” Tetsuo smirked, “she always stops at Ladurée on the Champs Elysées for a dozen macarons.”

This kind of mid-sentence dialogue tag placement can imply a natural pause in speech, so you can use them to control pacing in your writing.

5. Replace dialogue tags with action beats for variety

The primary purpose of a dialogue tag is to let readers know who is speaking. Sometimes, this can be achieved without using a traditional “he said”/”she said” tag at all. Instead, you can break up a line of dialogue with an action beat, which is just a short description of what the speaker is doing while talking. In these cases, the punctuation inside the quotation marks should follow conventional rules.

6. Don’t use end quotes between paragraphs of speech

In all the examples above, each character has said fewer than 10 or 20 words at a time. But if a character speaks more than a few sentences at a time, to deliver a speech for example, you can split their speech into multiple paragraphs. To do this:

• Start each subsequent paragraph with an opening quotation mark; and
• ONLY use a closing quotation mark on the final paragraph.

For example:

“Would you like to hear my plan?” the professor said, lighting his oak pipe with a match. “The first stage involves undermining the dean’s credibility: a small student protesst here, a little harassment rumor there. It all starts to add up.

“Stage two involves the board of trustees, with whom I’ve been ingratiating myself for the past two semesters.”

Notice how the first paragraph doesn’t end with an end quote? This is to indicate that the same person is speaking in the next paragraph. That said, to avoid having pages and pages of uninterrupted monologue, you can always break up any extended speech with action beats.

Want to see a great example of action beats breaking up a monologue? Check out this example from Sherlock Holmes.

7. Use em-dashes — to interrupt speech

When a speaking character is cut off, either by another person or a sudden event, use one or two em-dashes (alt-shift-dash on your keyboard, or option-shift-dash for Mac users) inside the quotation marks. 

“Captain, we only have twenty seconds before—”

A deafening explosion ripped through the ship’s hull. It was already too late. 

Or

“Ali, please tell me what’s going—”

“There’s no use talking!” he barked.

You can also overlap dialogue to show one character speaking over another.

Mathieu put his feet up as the lecturer continued. “Current estimates indicate that a human mission will land on Mars within the next decade—”

“Fat chance.”

“—with colonization efforts following soon thereafter.”

Sometimes, the writer/narrator will want to jump in with some narration in the middle of some dialogue. This might be to insert action or show a character’s reaction to what’s just been said. In this case, use the em-dash outside the quotation marks.

“In the blink of an eye” — the detective snapped his fingers — “the burglar was gone without a trace.”

Or

“The president is dead” — the room fell silent — “and I’m the man who killed him.”

8. Trail off with ellipses. . . 

Sometimes, people won’t finish their sentences, and it’s not because they’ve been interrupted. You can indicate the speaker trailing off with ellipses (. . .) inside the quotation marks.

Velasquez patted each of his pockets. “I swear I had my keys . . .”

Ellipses can also suggest a small pause between two people speaking.

Dawei was in shock. “I can’t believe . . .”

“Yeah, me neither,” said Lan Lan.

💡Pro tip: The Chicago Manual of Style requires a space between each period of the ellipses. Most word processors will automatically detect the dot-dot-dot and re-style them for you — but if you want to be exact, manually enter the spaces in between the three periods.

In the course of natural speech, people will often directly quote what other people have said. If this is the case, use single quotation marks within the doubles and follow all other rules of punctuating dialogue as usual.

But what if a character is quoting another person, who is themselves also quoting another person? In complex cases like this (which thankfully aren’t that common), you will alternate double quotation marks with single quotes.

“I asked Gennadi if he thinks I’m getting the promotion and he said, ‘The boss pulled me aside and asked, “Is Sergei going planning to stay on next year?”’”

The punctuation at the end is a double quote mark, followed by a single quote mark, followed by another double quote. It closes off: 1) what the boss said, 2) what Gennadi said, and 3) what Sergei, the speaker said.

Quoting quotes within quotes can get pretty messy, so consider falling back on indirect speech. Simply relate the gist of what someone said:

“I pressed Gennadi on my promotion. He said the boss pulled him aside and asked him if I was going to leave next year.”

10. Use italics to indicate thoughts and internal monologue

It’s not uncommon for readers to hear exactly what characters are thinking, especially with close third person limited and omniscient narration. There are two ways to approach this. First, with indirect dialogue:

A crumpled ’39 Cadillac lay burning at the bottom of Runyon Canyon. Richard knew only one guy in town who drove that model: his brother.

If you want to express the exact words a character is thinking, use italics.

Richard spied the burning Caddy. There’s only one guy in town who owns that model, he thought. Jamie. 

💡Pro tip: Be careful to italicize the terminal punctuation when styling internal dialogue this way.  

Some authors will use quotation marks when writing thoughts, but the most important thing is to maintain consistency (which a copy editor or proofreader should help you with before publication).

Hopefully, these guidelines have clarified a few things about punctuating dialogue. If you want to see these rules in action, you can find some great dialogue examples here.

Signs in direct speech – “Gramota.ru” – reference and information Internet portal “Russian language”

Signs in direct speech

§ 195. To highlight direct speech, dashes or quotation marks are used, namely:

1. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before it, for example:

A little girl ran and shouted:
– Have you seen your mother?

M. Gorky

A little girl was running and screaming: “Did you see your mother?”

Quotations inserted in the middle of a sentence are also enclosed in quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon, for example:

Gogol rightly said that “Pushkin, as if in a lexicon, contains all the richness, flexibility and strength of our language. ”

Belinsky

§ 196. A sentence in direct speech and indicating to whom it belongs (“author’s words”) can:

a) precede direct speech; in this case, a colon is placed after it, and after direct speech – a punctuation mark in accordance with the nature of direct speech, for example:

He turned away and, moving away, muttered: “But still, this is completely against the rules.”

Lermontov

Finally I said to her: “Do you want to go for a walk on the rampart?”

Lermontov

She looked and screamed: “It’s Kazbich!”

Lermontov

b) follow direct speech; in this case, after direct speech, a question mark, or an exclamation point, or an ellipsis, or a comma (the last instead of a dot) is placed, and after this sign is a dash, for example:

“What about Kazbich?” I asked the staff captain impatiently.

Lermontov

or:

– And what about Kazbich? I asked the staff captain impatiently.

“How boring!” I exclaimed involuntarily.

Lermontov

or:

– How boring! I exclaimed involuntarily.

“She’s dead…” Aksinya echoed back.

Sholokhov

or:

– Died… – Aksinya echoed back.

“There is the district ataman,” Pantelei Prokofievich whispered, pushing Grigory from behind.

Sholokhov

or:

“There is the district ataman,” whispered Pantelei Prokofievich, pushing Grigory from behind.

c) break direct speech into two parts; in this case put:

before the words of the author, a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis in accordance with the nature of the first part of direct speech, or a comma (if none of the indicated characters is required), and after them – a dash;

after the words of the author – a dot, if the first part of direct speech is a complete sentence, and a comma – if unfinished, then put a dash; if at the same time direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks, then they are placed only before the beginning of direct speech and at the very end of it, for example:

– Would you like some more rum? I said to my interlocutor. – I have a white man from Tiflis; it’s cold now.

Lermontov

– Well, full, full! said Pechorin, embracing him in a friendly way. Am I not the same?

Lermontov

“Listen to me…” said Nadia, “someday until the end.

Chekhov

– My name is Foma, – he answered, – and nicknamed Biryuk.

Turgenev

“It’s going to rain,” Kalinich objected, “the ducks are splashing over there, and the grass smells sickly.”

Turgenev

Note 1. If the words of the author contain two verbs with the meaning of the statement, of which one refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, then a colon and a dash are put after the words of the author, for example:

“Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and asked sullenly: “Why are you silent?

M. Gorky

Note 2. The rules set out in this paragraph also apply to sentences containing quotations indicating to whom they belong.

Note 3. Internal monologue (“mental speech”), which has the form of direct speech, is also enclosed in quotation marks.

§ 197. If several replicas follow in a line without indicating to whom they belong, then each of them is quoted and, in addition, separated from the next one by means of a dash, for example:

“Tell me, beauty,” I asked, “what were you doing on the roof today?” “I watched which way the wind was blowing.” – “Why do you?” “Where the wind comes from, happiness comes from there.” – “Well, did you call happiness with a song?” “Where one sings, one is happy there.”

Lermontov

Paragraph Formatting in Illustrator

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      3. Setting crop marks for cropping and straightening
      4. Getting Started with Large Canvas
   2. Print
      1. Overlay
      2. Color managed printing
      3. PostScript printing
      4. Print styles
      5. Marks and bleed
      6. Printing and saving transparent graphics
      7. Trapping
      8. Printing of color plates
      9. Print gradients, meshes, and color overlays
      10. White overlay
8. Automating tasks
   1. Combining data using the Variables panel
   2. Automation using scripts
   3. Automation using operations
9. Troubleshooting
   1. Crash problems
   2. Restoring files after a crash
   3. Problems with files
   4. Supported file formats
   5. Problems with GPU driver
   6. Problems with Wacom

   devices

   7. Problems with DLL files
   8. Memory problems
   9. Issues with settings file
   10. Font problems
   11. Printer problems
   12. How to share a crash report with Adobe