Minneapolis charter schools: MN Association of Charter Schools

• Central High School ^[17]
• Como Park High School ^[18]
• Harding High School, Day ^[19]
• Johnson’s senior school ^[20]
• Arlington High School ^[21]
• Secondary school Batl-Krick
• Clevelight secondary school ^[22]
• Senior School of Creative Arts ^[23]
• Hazel Park Academy High School ^[24]

• Highland Park High School ^[25]
• Highland Park High School04 [260]
• Secondary school of Humboldt
• Humboldt Secondary school ^[27]
• Maurrey’s incomplete school ^[28]
• Open School
• Ramsi ^{[29] 9000}
• PAVL [30]
• Twin Cities Academy ^[31]
• Washington High School of Technology ^[32]

• Cretin-Derham Hall High School, Daytime ^[33]
• Academy of St. Paul and School School ^[34]

• Bethel University (Currently located in Arden Hills, although historically St. Paul) ^[39]
• College of St. Catherine ^[40]
• Holy Skholastika College ^[41]
• College of Fine Arts [42]
• University of Concordia, Saint-Pole ^[43]

• Hamline University ^[44]
• Macalester College ^[45]
• McNally Smith College of Music ^[46]
• St. University of St. Thomas is a private Catholic Liberal Arts University in Minnesota – University of St. Thomas Thomas: Home

Minnesota News / Minnesota News

2/18/2019

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Hardly anyone will argue with the fact that choosing a school is a serious and responsible step for many parents. The system of American secondary education is quite diverse: schools are public and private, religious and secular, providing an opportunity to study at an advanced level and specializing in the study of individual subjects. On the one hand, this is unusual and incomprehensible. On the other hand, it enables the family to make an informed decision: which school is right for the child.

In today’s article, we would like to draw the attention of our readers to Our School Charter School and understand how it is similar and how it differs from others.
For those who visit the school for the first time, there will probably be no surprises: classrooms equipped according to American standards, a canteen, a playground … And even the schedule of lessons for all classes practically does not differ from any other. All this is not accidental. We really are like most public schools in Minnesota in many ways:
• The school provides access to quality secular (non-religious) education.
• Teaching is conducted in English according to state-approved programs.
• All teachers hold a bachelor’s or master’s degree, state license to teach.
• Students undergo a system of state certification (testing).
• The school organizes school field trips and invites interesting guests.
• The school helps solve the problem of transporting students to school (school buses), employs staff to help children learn extra English (ELL), arranges for specialists to work with children with special needs.

What’s the difference? Why, despite the opportunity to send the child to study at the nearest school, do parents entrust the education of their children to us? More than 100 students come to school every morning from 16 satellite cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul.
Let’s take a closer look at the school.
This is a school where children can easily understand and communicate in two languages: English and Russian.
This is a school where long before the start of the school day you can meet students in the math room just because the opinions on the solution of the problem are divided, and there is no patience to wait until the lesson.
This is a school where they read not only in the classroom, but also during recess, and each student of the preparatory class has a personal library card and once a month, together with his teacher, takes a walk to the Brooklyn Park Public Library. It is there that young readers are waiting for an hour of reading and the opportunity to choose books to their liking for home reading.
This is a school where after the words of the Russian language teacher: “Today we have a test”, you will hear a friendly “Hurrah!”
This is a school where a strategy for working with each student is chosen in accordance with the level of his knowledge and abilities. To do this, the school conducts differentiation in mathematics and reading.

Our School is a charter,
public (non-profit)
public school.
A short note: A charter school obtains a license (charter) from the state Department of Education for the right to provide educational services, determine specialization, select curricula, independently manage allocated state resources, select teachers, etc. Unlike regular public schools, charter schools receive limited government funding. The school is run by a school board which includes teachers, parents and members of the community. A charter school is required to meet state educational standards and comply with federal education laws. The State Department of Education regularly reviews charter schools and may revoke a license if a school does not meet certain criteria.

A few words about our curricula and how they work:
• Our Primary Curriculum includes Core Knowledge, an interdisciplinary curriculum covering all core subjects except mathematics. When teaching mathematics, we work according to the Singapore Mathematics program.
• Our Primary Curriculum is based on the Core Knowledge Interdisciplinary Curriculum and the Singapore Mathematics Program.
• Our students know what “homework” is because they have been receiving it regularly since elementary school.
• Every student attends a Russian language and literature lesson every day, starting from kindergarten. Students in grades 6-8 at the end of the year take part in the Russian Language Olympiad, held with the support of ACTR (Association for the Teaching of the Russian Language).
• Already in the preparatory grade, children begin to write in italics in Russian, and from the 3rd grade in English.

Each of the families who have chosen Our School has its own unique story. And the path that led them to school is also their own. Someone decides to connect their lives with Our School while still in the preparatory class and stays here until the 8th grade. Some start their studies later, having homeschooling experience behind them. In some cases, children arrive at school at a time when the family is disillusioned with the quality of education received at the previous educational institution.
We are happy for every child and try to do the best possible for his personal and academic growth, and if, due to circumstances, the family decides to transfer to another school / move, we are calm for our students: their academic knowledge and inner self-confidence allow them to special efforts to join the new school team. Undoubtedly, we are especially proud of our graduates: when they work effectively together with the teacher, they achieve results that allow them to continue their studies in high school at a high level.
This year the school turns 7 years old. It grows and develops with its students, remaining the only school in Minnesota that provides students with the opportunity to receive a full American education from elementary to secondary education (K-8) and at the same time actively develop their Russian language skills.
“But I feel good both at home and at school,” one of the students of the preparatory class of Our School said just yesterday. May each of our children have a school in their lives where they feel at home. Big or small, public or private, religious or secular – the main thing is that it brings joy and benefit. Well, if you are interested in Our School – call, come, learn more about us, form your opinion. We will be very happy!
Students are being recruited for 2019-2020 in all classes. School admission information can be found at www.nashashkolamn.org

Our address:
6717 85th Avenue North, Brooklyn Park, MN 55445
Tel: 763-432-9050 www.nashashkolamn.org

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Chapter Two Teresa Debrito “My largest class consisted of twenty-nine children … oh, it was a lot of fun”

Chapter Two

Teresa Debrito

“My biggest class consisted of twenty-nine kids… oh, it was a lot of fun”

1.

When Shepog Valley High School was built to accommodate baby boomers, three hundred students were dumped from school buses every morning. At the entrance, the building had several double doors to regulate the flow of students, and the corridors resembled busy highways.

But all this is in the distant past. The baby boom is over. The bucolic corner of Connecticut where the Shepog School is located, with charming colonial-style houses and winding paths, appealed to wealthy couples from New York. Real estate prices jumped. Young families could no longer afford to live in the area. The number of students in the school was reduced to 245, and then to 200. Today, there are only 80 students in the sixth grade. Given the number of children in the area’s primary schools, the number of students could soon be halved. And this means that the class size at Shepog will soon be much less than the national average. The once overcrowded school today has a serious shortage.

Would you send your child to Shepog Valley High School?

2.

The history of Vivek Ranadive and the Redwood City basketball team teaches us that our perceptions of advantages and disadvantages are not always correct, that we sometimes confuse these categories. In this and the next chapter, I want to explore this idea in the context of two seemingly simple issues related to education. I say “at first glance” because they only seem so, although, as we will soon learn, they are by no means so simple.

The first is the question above about Shepog Valley High School. I suspect you would be very happy to assign a child to one of these chamber classes. Almost everywhere in the world, parents and educators are sure that small classes are better for learning. Over the past few years, the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and China – to name a few – have taken drastic measures to reduce class size. When the governor of California announced massive plans to reduce class sizes in the state, his popularity soared in three weeks is twice . Within a month, twenty more governors announced their intention to follow his example, and a month and a half later, the White House announced its own plans to reduce classes. Today, 77% of Americans believe that it is much wiser to spend taxpayer money to reduce the number of students in the class than to increase the salaries of teachers. Do you know how rarely 77% of Americans agree?

Previously, 25 children studied in one class at Shepog Valley. Now, in some cases, no more than 15. This means that Shepog Valley teachers can give children more attention than before, and common sense says that the more attention a teacher gives to each student, the better he learns. In theory, students in the new, small Shepog Valley should demonstrate higher academic success than in the old crowded school, right?

It turns out there is a very elegant way to check this. Connecticut is full of schools like Shepog Valley. There are many small towns in this state with small elementary schools, and small elementary schools in small towns are subject to natural fluctuations in birth rates and real estate prices. In other words, one year the class is practically empty, and the next it is overcrowded. The following is the number of students admitted to fifth grade at another Connecticut high school: 90,012

In 2001, there were 23 children in the fifth grade. And the next one is only ten! Nothing has changed at the school in these two years: the same teachers, the same director, the same textbooks. The school occupied the same building in the same city. The local economy and local population remained almost at the same level. Only the number of students in the fifth grade has changed. If the grades were higher in a year with a large enrollment than in a year with a small enrollment, we can be sure that the class size is the reason, right?

This is the so-called “natural experiment”. Sometimes scientists conduct formal experiments to test hypotheses. But in rare cases, reality provides an opportunity to test the same hypothesis in a natural way. Natural experiments have many advantages over artificial ones. So what do we get when we use the natural experiment of Connecticut and compare the year-to-year results of each child in a small class with those in overcrowded classes? Economist Caroline Hoxby has already compared all elementary schools in Connecticut, and here’s what she found: nothing ! “A lot of studies fail to find a statistically significant effect of changing one policy or another,” Hawksby says. – This does not mean that there was no effect. It’s just that the available data does not allow it to be detected. My research shows that the differences are practically zero. I got absolute zero. In other words, there is no effect.”

This, of course, is just one study. But the picture is by no means clearer if you look at all the studies related to class occupancy, and hundreds of such studies have accumulated over the years. In 15% of cases, there was statistically significant evidence of higher performance in smaller classes. Approximately the same percentage of studies have shown that academic performance deteriorates in small classes. 20%, including Hawksby’s work, showed no effect at all, and the rest provided evidence in favor of all the versions listed, but they are not so convincing as to draw any serious conclusions. A typical class size study usually ends with a paragraph like this:

In four countries—Australia, Hong Kong, Scotland, and the United States—our identification strategy produced extremely imprecise estimates that do not allow for confident assertions about class size effects. In two countries, Greece and Iceland, non-trivial positive effects of class reduction have been identified. France is the only country where there are noteworthy differences in the teaching of mathematics and science: while in the teaching of mathematics, differences in content have a statistically significant and significant effect, in the teaching of science there is no comparable effect. In nine school systems, we can eliminate class size effects in both math and science education: Belgium (two schools), Canada, Czech Republic, Korea, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain. Finally, we can completely rule out any causal effect of class size on student achievement in two countries: Japan and Singapore.

Do you understand what we are talking about? After analyzing thousands of pages of performance data from eighteen countries, the economists concluded that only two of them—Greece and Iceland—“have shown non-trivial positive effects of class size reduction.” Greece and Iceland ? Efforts to reduce class sizes in the United States resulted in almost a quarter of a million new teachers being hired between 1996 and 2004. Over the same period, spending per student in the United States fell by 21%; practically all of these many tens of billions of dollars were spent on salaries of additional teachers. It is safe to say that over the past two decades, no other profession in the world has grown in numbers on such a scale, so quickly or at such a cost as the teaching profession. Countries are spending a lot of money one after another, because when we look at a school like Shepog Valley, where each teacher has the opportunity to find an individual approach to each student, we think: “This is the school I would like to send my child to. ” . However, the facts show that what we perceive as an advantage is not such at all [6].

3.

Recently I had a conversation with one of the most influential people in Hollywood. He began his story with memories of his childhood spent in Minneapolis. At the beginning of each winter, he would go around his neighborhood, collect orders for snow removal from driveways and sidewalks, and turn the job over to the neighborhood kids. He paid them in cash and immediately after the work was done (although he received payment from clients a little later), because he understood that this was a sure way to get the team to work as hard as possible. There were eight, sometimes nine guys on his team. In autumn, he switched to leaf harvesting.

“Usually I double-checked their work to make sure that the driveways had been cleaned exactly as instructed by the clients,” my interlocutor recalled. “There were definitely a couple of boys who tried to goof off, and I had to part with them. ” Then he was ten years old. By the age of eleven, he had $600 in his bank account, all self-made. In the 1950s, which was his childhood, this amount was equivalent to $5,000 today. “I didn’t have the money to make my dream come true,” he said with a shrug, as if it wasn’t surprising that an eleven-year-old boy knew exactly what he wanted. Any fool can spend money. But to earn, save and postpone pleasure for the future … This is how you learn to truly appreciate them.

His family lived in an area usually referred to euphemistically as “mixed”. He went to an ordinary public school and wore second-hand clothes. His father, a Depression survivor, talked mostly about money. A man from Hollywood recalled that if he wanted to buy something – sneakers, for example, or a bicycle – his father always offered to pay half. If he forgot to turn off the lights, his father showed him the electricity bills. “Look,” he said, “this is how much you have to pay. You are too lazy to turn off the light, and now we are paying for your laziness. But if you need light to work 24 hours a day, please.”

When he was sixteen in the summer, he joined his father in a scrap metal business. The work was hard, wear and tear. But no one did favors for him. “Because of this, I dreamed of leaving Minneapolis,” he admitted. “I decided never to work for my father again. Nightmare work. Dirty. Heavy. Boring. I had to stack scrap metal in piles. I stayed there from May 15 until the beginning of September. It seemed to me that I would never wash off this dirt. Looking back now, I think that my father forced me to work with him so that I would have a desire to get out of there as soon as possible. So that I have an incentive to achieve something in life.

In college, he set up a laundry business for wealthy classmates, collecting dirty clothes and delivering clean ones. Organized student charter flights to Europe. Attending basketball games and sitting in terribly uncomfortable seats, in places where nothing could be seen, he wondered what it was like to sit in a first-class box right on the court. He attended business school and law school in New York and lived in a poor neighborhood in Brooklyn to save money. After graduation, he got a job in Hollywood, then moved to a higher paying position, then climbed the career ladder one more step. Side deals, bonuses, a streak of outstanding successes—and now he has a hangar-sized house in Beverly Hills, his own jet, a Ferrari in the garage, and a gate at the head of a seemingly endless driveway that looks like it was borrowed from some medieval European castle. He knows a lot about money. And he knows their value. And all because he went to a good school on the streets of his native Minneapolis and learned to understand the value and meaning of money.

“I wanted more freedom. Tried to have different things. Money was the means that I used to fulfill my aspirations, desires and ambitions,” my interlocutor explained. “No one taught me this. I came to this myself. Kind of like trial and error. I like their energy. They increase self-respect. They give a feeling of control over life.

He was sitting, in his own words, in his home office, a room the size of a whole house. Finally, we come to the point. He adores his children and wants to provide for them, to give them more of what he had. But at the same time, he himself drove himself into a dead end, and he understood this very well. He achieved success because the value of money, the value of labor, as well as the joy and satisfaction of his own independence comprehended from his own experience, earned on a long and difficult path. But precisely because of his success, it will be difficult for children to go through the same school of life. The kids of multi-millionaires in Hollywood don’t clean up the leaves on the lawns of their neighbors in Beverly Hills. Parents don’t stick electricity bills in their noses unless they turn off the lights. They don’t sit behind a column in the basketball stands and dream of getting into a box next to the court. They are always on top and have the very best.

“My heart tells me that raising children is much more difficult for rich parents than it seems,” he remarked. “Financial problems spoil people. Just like material goods, because they take away ambition, pride, and self-respect. And so bad, and so bad. Probably, there is some optimal point somewhere in between, the golden mean.

Of course, few things are less sympathetic than a self-deprecating multimillionaire. The Hollywood mogul’s children will always live in the finest homes and occupy front row seats. But he was not talking about material comfort. He is one of those who made a name for himself. One of his brothers inherited the family’s scrap metal business and is now thriving. The second became a successful doctor. His father raised three sons who received a powerful stimulus from childhood and achieved great success on their own. His main message was that he, a man with millions of dollars, would find it much more difficult to raise children as well as his father in a mixed Minneapolis area.

4.

The man from Hollywood was not the first to share such revelations with me. I think most of us understand these things on an intuitive level. Our understanding of the relationship between education and money is conditioned by an important principle: more is not always better.

It’s not easy being a good parent with little money. You can’t argue with that. Poverty exhausts and crushes. If you have to work two jobs to make ends meet, where do you get the strength to read to your child before bed? If you are a working single parent who pays for rent, food and clothing. If you travel far to work, and the work itself is physically exhausting, then it is very difficult for you to provide love, attention and discipline – the necessary components of good education.

But no one will argue that is always the best parent is the one with the most money. If you were asked to draw a graph of the relationship between education and money, it would hardly look like this:

Money makes the task of parents easier up to a certain point, after which it no longer matters. What is this moment? Happiness scientists say that money stops making people happy at household incomes above about $75,000 a year. After that comes what economists call “diminishing marginal returns.” If your family earns $75,000 and your neighbor earns $100,000, the extra $25,000 means they can afford a slightly better car and go to restaurants a little more often. But they do not make him happier than you and do not help him better cope with the serious and small responsibilities of a good parent. A more correct version of the income versus upbringing graph looks like this:

But this graph only shows part of the picture, doesn’t it? When the income of the parents becomes high enough, parenting becomes more difficult again . For most of us, the values ​​of the world in which we ourselves grew up are not much different from the world we create for our children. But this does not apply to fabulously rich people. To describe the first generation of millionaires, psychologist James Grubman uses the miraculous phrase “immigrants to wealth”: it implies that they face the same difficulties with their children that immigrants who arrive in a new country face. Some, like the Hollywood mogul, grew up in their historic homeland, in a middle-class neighborhood where poverty was the best motivator and mentor. His father taught him to understand what money is, and instilled such virtues as independence and hard work. But his children live in the New World, in the world of the rich, where other, incomprehensible rules reign. How do you teach a child to “work hard, be independent, understand the meaning of money” if, looking around, he realizes that he will never have to work hard, be independent, or understand the meaning of money? This is why there is a proverb in many world cultures that emphasizes the difficulties of raising children in an atmosphere of wealth. In English, it sounds like “Shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves in three generations” (“From work in the fields to work in the fields through three generations”). The Italians say: “Dalle stelle alle stalle” (“From the stars to the stables”). In Spain it is “Quien no lo tiene, lo hance; u quien lo tiene, lo deshance” (“Who does not have, achieves, who has – destroys” ). Wealth carries the seed of self-destruction.

“Parents should set boundaries. But it’s a very difficult task for immigrants to wealth because they don’t know what to say when the “We can’t afford it” explanation becomes irrelevant, says Grubman. – They do not want to lie and say “We have no money”, because if you have a teenager, he will definitely say: “How is it no money? You have a Porsche and your mom has a Maserati.” Parents need to learn how to switch from ‘No we can’ to ‘No we won’t’.”

But “no, we won’t”, according to Grubman, is much more difficult. “No, we can’t” is easy to say. Sometimes parents just need to say it once or twice. A child from a middle class family will quickly learn that it is useless to ask for a pony, because they won’t buy a pony, and that’s it.

“No, we won’t buy ponies” suggests conversation honesty and tact to explain that the possible is not always right. “I suggest wealthy parents lose the dialogue, and they can’t find the right words,” says the psychologist. “I have to teach them: “Yes, I can buy you this. But I choose not to buy. This is not in line with our values.” At the same time, of course, it is necessary to have values, be able to clearly formulate them and know how to convincingly convey them to the child. All of the above is difficult for any person under any circumstances, but especially for someone who has a Ferrari in the garage, a private jet and a hangar-sized house in Beverly Hills.

A person from Hollywood had too much money . And therein lay his problem as a parent. He has long passed the point where money makes life better and, in general, when it matters. He has reached the point where money makes it difficult to raise normal and independent children. The parent graph actually looks like this:

The resulting curve is called an inverted U-curve. Understanding inverted U-shaped curves is quite difficult. They almost always amaze us, and the confusion in our perception of advantages and disadvantages is precisely due to the fact that we forget about the U-shape of our world[7].

Which brings us back to the class size puzzle: what if the relationship between class size and academic achievement doesn’t look right?

And not even like this:

What if it looks like this?

The principal of Shepog Valley High School is Teresa Debrito. During her five years in this position, she watched the number of incoming students decrease every year. Parents would certainly be delighted with such news. But when she thinks about the current trend, she mentally imagines the last curve. “In a few years, less than 50 children will be graduating from elementary school,” Debrito believes. The prospect scares her. “Oh, and it will be hard for us,” she says.

5.

Inverted U-shaped curves consist of three parts, and each of them obeys its own pattern[8]. The left side is where additional effort or benefits improve life. A flat middle where extra effort doesn’t bring much change. And the right part, where additional efforts or benefits worsen the situation [9].

Looking at the mystery of class size from this angle, it gradually begins to clear up. The number of students in the class as a parent’s income. It all depends on where you are on the curve. In Israel, for example, traditionally quite large primary classes. The education system in this country is based on the Maimonides Rule, named after a 12th-century rabbi, which mandates that no more than 40 children study in a class. In other words, in elementary grades, students often study at 38 or 39children. Although if there are 40 students in a class, the same school may suddenly divide them into two classes of 20 students. If we turn to Hawksby-style analysis and compare the academic performance of a large class and a class of 20 students, it turns out that the performance is higher in a small class. And there is nothing surprising in this. Coping with 36 or 37 children is hard for any teacher. Israel is on the left side of the inverted U-curve.

And now think of Connecticut. In the schools that Hawksby analyzed, class size fluctuations were very narrow, between 17-20 and 20-25. When Hawksby says her research turned up nothing, she means that at in this middle range of , she saw no advantage in classes with fewer students. In other words, somewhere between Israel and Connecticut, the effect of class size moves along a curve towards a flat middle, where adding resources to the educational process no longer improves the quality of education.

Why is there not much difference between a class of 25 students and a class of 18? There is no doubt that the latter option is easier for the teacher: fewer notebooks to check, fewer children to memorize and track their progress. But a small class only produces positive results if teachers change their teaching style with a smaller workload. And the evidence suggests that in the middle range, teachers rarely do this. They just work less. This is inherent in human nature. Imagine that you are a doctor and suddenly find out that on Friday you have 20 patients to see instead of 25, but the payment will not change. Are you going to devote more time to each patient? Or will you leave at half past seven instead of half past seven to finally have dinner with the kids?

Let’s move on to the main question. Can a class be too small? (Applied to earnings, the question would be: Can a parent earn too much money?) A huge number of teachers in the US and Canada I interviewed gave an affirmative answer to this question.

Here is a typical explanation:

For me, the ideal number is 18. Enough so that no child in the class feels defenseless, but at the same time everyone can feel their importance. Eighteen people can easily be divided into groups of two, three or six, depending on the desired degree of intimacy. With 18 students, I can always give each of them personal attention. Twenty-four is my second favorite number; the extra six students make it even more likely that there will be a rogue, a rebel, or even two among them who will disrupt the existing order. However, such a number has a downside: its energy mass is more like an audience than a team. Add six more students to 30, and we loosen the energy ties so much that even the most charismatic teacher will not be able to work miracles all the time.

What about the other side? Subtract six from the ideal number and you have the Last Supper. And that’s the problem. Twelve people can easily accommodate at the festive table; but this number is too small for many high school students: it is very difficult to maintain isolation if necessary. In a group of 12, it is very easy for a bully or a bully to dominate. If the number of students is reduced to six, it will be impossible to remain independent at all. In addition, there will be no room for a variety of thoughts and impressions, without which the full development of the personality is impossible.

In other words, it is no easier for a teacher to cope with a small class than with a large one. In one case, the issue is the number of potential interactions that need to be managed. In another case, it is the intensity of such interactions. As one teacher aptly put it, in a class that is too small, students start acting like “children in the back of a car. Bullies just have nowhere to go from each other.

Here is another comment from a high school teacher. Recently, he had to work with a class of 32 students, which he clearly did not get excited about. “When I saw such a gigantic class, the first thing I thought was, how much time will have to kill to check homework, although I could spend it with my children. But at the same time, he would not like to work in a class of less than 20 people:

The lifeblood of any class is discussion, and it needs a certain critical mass to keep it going. Currently, I work with classes where there are students who never participate in discussions at all, this is some kind of nightmare. If there are too few students, the discussion suffers. Seems counter-intuitive, because I’ve always thought that shy kids who don’t feel comfortable speaking in a class of 32 are more likely to talk in a class of 16. But I was wrong. Shy children became shy regardless of class size. And if the class is too small, then there is not a wide range of opinions among the participants necessary for the discussion to develop. In addition, a very small group is deprived of the energy that arises as a result of friction between people.

What if the class is very, very small? Be afraid of such as fire.

I had a French class of 9 twelfth grade students. Dream, right? But no, it’s a nightmare! In the language being studied, it is impossible to conduct either conversations or discussions. It is difficult to play games to reinforce vocabulary, improve grammar, and the like. There is no driving force.

Economist Jesse Levin conducted an interesting study of Dutch students. He counted the number of students in the class of the same level of academic ability, and found that their number correlated surprisingly with academic performance, especially for lagging students[10]. In other words, if you are a student, especially not the strongest one, you need peers around who ask the same questions, solve the same problems and worry about the same problems as you. This will make you feel less isolated and a little more confident.

But this is problematic in small classes, says Levin. In a class with too few students, the likelihood of children being surrounded by a critical mass of peers similar to them is reduced. Too much reduction in class size, Levin warns, “deprives underperforming students of opportunities to connect with peers they can learn from.”

Do you understand now why Teresa Debrito was so worried about Shepog Valley? She is the principal of a high school, where children are educated just at the age at which the difficult transition to adolescence begins. They are clumsy, shy and afraid to appear too smart. Engaging them, getting them to go beyond the standard Q&A with a teacher, Debrito says, is like “pulling teeth.” She wanted to hear many interesting and varied voices in the classroom and feel the excitement generated by the critical mass of students trying to solve the same problems. How to do this in a half-empty class? “The more students there are,” she explains, “the more varied the discussions are. If there are too few children of this age in the class, it is as if they are put on a muzzle. She didn’t say it out loud, but if someone suddenly decided to build a huge residential area in the field next to the school, she wouldn’t really mind.

“I started working in Meriden as a high school math teacher,” continues Debrito. Meriden is a medium-sized city with a less affluent population in another part of the state. “There were 29 children in my largest class.” She told how difficult it was to work, how much effort it took to look for an individual approach to such a large number of students. “You need to have eyes in the back of your head. You have to hear what happens when you work with one group. With so many children, you need to be a first-class teacher, otherwise one of them, hiding behind the backs of his comrades, will definitely go about his business, which has nothing to do with the topic of the lesson.

And then she confessed: she liked teaching in that class. It was one of the best years of her teaching career. The biggest problem for a math teacher for twelve or thirteen year olds is to perceive teaching as a fun activity. And 29 students in one class made this work exciting. “There were still so many peers with whom you can communicate. They were not brewed constantly in the same group. So many opportunities to diversify your experience. And this is a serious task: how to captivate, enrich and encourage a child so that he does not remain passive.

Would she like to have 29 children in each Shepog Valley class? Of course no. Debrito knew that her views were somewhat unusual and that most teachers preferred smaller classrooms. Her thought boiled down to the fact that we are obsessed with the advantages of small classes and do not think about the advantages of large classes. Some strange educational philosophy if it treats classmates as competitors in the struggle for the attention of the teacher, and not as allies in an exciting journey of knowledge. Remembering that year in Meriden, Debrito seemed to be transported back many years. “I liked the noise. I liked listening to them chat. Oh, it was a lot of fun.”

Half an hour from Shepog Valley in Lakeville, Connecticut, there is another school called Hotchkiss. It is considered one of the best private boarding schools in the United States. Tuition here costs almost $50,000 a year. The school has two lakes, two hockey stadiums, four telescopes, a golf course, and twelve pianos. And not ordinary ones, but, as the school administration emphasizes, Steinway brands are the most prestigious pianos and grand pianos that you can buy[11]. In “Hotchkiss” do not spare money for the education of their wards. Average class size? Twelve people. What Debrito is afraid of, Hotchkiss presents as their main advantage. “We have created at the school,” the advertisement proudly declares, “a converging, interactive and cozy learning atmosphere.”

Why does a school like Hotchkiss encourage something that definitely harms its students? As one option, the school thinks not of the students, but of their parents, who view the golf course, Steinway pianos and small classrooms as proof that their money is well spent. But more likely than not, Hotchkiss has simply fallen into the trap that rich people, rich institutions, and rich countries, the Goliaths, fall too often into. The school assumes that the goods that money can buy always translate into advantages in the real world. Of course, not always. This is the inverted U-curve lesson. It’s good to be bigger and stronger than the enemy. But it is not so pleasant for those who, due to their size and strength, turn into a stationary target for a stone launched at a speed of 25 km / h. Goliath did not win the duel because he was is too big for . The Hollywood man didn’t become the father he wanted to be because he was too rich. Hotchkiss is not the school it wants to be because its classes are too small. We all assume that it is in our interest to become bigger, stronger, and richer. Vivek Ranadive, a shepherd named David, and the principal of Shepog Valley High School can argue with that.

This text is an introductory fragment.

Part ten The greatest gift in life

Part ten
The biggest gift in life
Chapter 34
How to surround him with love
“The root cause of juvenile delinquency is parental dislike of the child,” a social worker told a conference in Massachusetts. My husband and I were convinced of the correctness of these

Chapter 8 He’s so much fun!

Chapter 8
1. Humor as an element of seduction

The biggest parental fear

Biggest parenting fear
Subconsciously, many parents feel the high degree of active independence that some of the children acquire. They know that the need of such a child for the people around is different from the usual, typical for the majority

Chapter 1

Chapter 1
I don’t know how, I don’t know how, but we will definitely get there.
Ostap Bender from the film “The Golden Calf”
The explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language by Vladimir Dal almost clearly explains to us what was commonly called a freebie,

Chapter 260052

Chapter 26
If your friend is very shy or very afraid of scaring you with their assertiveness
We know that extremes always meet. Therefore, in this chapter we will simultaneously analyze two situations at once: when your new acquaintance is very shy and when he is afraid

Psychology of a small country

Psychology of a not very big country
– Our books in this series are called “Myths of the Big City” and “Psychology of the Big City”, but in fact we tried to trace how the psychology of people throughout our country has changed in the main, main areas of life over the past couple of years.0012

Master of Emotions survived the biggest romance in history

Master of Emotions survived the biggest romance in history
Politicians are concerned about popularity ratings. Sociology deals with statistics. Directors and owners of television channels are concerned about viewer ratings. We hide behind our ID

Chapter 11 Growing Up Years: Eighteen to Twenty-Nine

Chapter 11
Growing up years: eighteen to twenty-nine
I was asked to say a few parting words to the graduates of this class, who are leaving for a great life. Here they are: “Don’t go!”
From a congratulatory speech to graduates
In ancient times, a young man aged

Chapter Two: Teresa Debrito

Chapter Two: Teresa Debrito
Perhaps the most famous experiment to study the effects of shrinking class sizes was the STAR (Student-Teacher Achievement Ratio) project carried out in Tennessee in 1980s. During the STAR project, the authors of the experiment randomly

Psychology of a small country

Psychology of a not very big country
– Our books in this series are called “Myths of the Big City” and “Psychology of the Big City”, but in fact we tried to trace how the psychology of people throughout our country has changed in the main, main areas of life over the past couple of

But it was much later.

.. And in the beginning there were cockroaches. A lot of cockroaches…

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Episode 2: Appearance There was a girl in my class. Her name was… no, I don’t want to name her. Let her be Frosya. Frosya was beautiful. As it seemed to me then. Or maybe she was just a leader and could

Chapter two, from which you will learn the most secret secret about how to make friends with the mirror

Chapter two, from which you will learn the most secret secret about how to make friends with the mirror
Once upon a time there was one girl … Let’s call her Masha so that no one would guess. And Masha did not like this terribly. “And my nose,” thought Masha, “like a pelican’s, and

’s eyes

Chapter Two WHAT WAS BEFORE

Chapter Two WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE
G-d as the One Source This story is usually told as an anecdote. But in fact, she, as they say, has a place to be. An atheist comes to the rabbi and says:
Rebbe, I don’t believe in God. Rav looks at him:–
So what? I don’t believe in God either. There’s an atheist here0012

Youth. (From twenty-one to twenty-nine years old)

Youth. (From twenty-one to twenty-nine years old)
First adult period. Many authors (Zenkovsky, Vygotsky) completed their consideration of age periodization with adolescence. In the second half of the twentieth century, older periods also began to be considered in

Saint Paul, Minnesota – Wikipedia

For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area, see Minneapolis–Saint Paul.

St. Paul (abbreviated as St. Paul ) is the capital of the US State of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Ramsey, the smallest and most populous county in the state. ^[5] As of 2019, its estimated population was 308,096, making it the 63rd largest city in the United States and the 11th most populous city in the Midwest. ^[3] Most of the city lies east of the Mississippi River at the confluence with the Minnesota River. Minneapolis, the states’ largest city, lies across the river to the west. Together they are known as the “Twin Cities”. They form the backbone of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area of ​​the city, home to more than 3.6 million people, and is the third largest in the Midwest. ^[6]

The Minnesota Territory Legislature founded the city of St. Paul as its capital near the existing Dakota Sioux settlement in November 1849. The city remained a city until 1854. The Dakota where St. Paul is located is called “Imnizaska” from the “white rock” cliff along the river. ^[7] The city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home to the Minnesota Wild. ^[8] Regionally known is the Minnesota Science Museum ^[9] and its new football stadium, Allianz Field. As the business center of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab. ^[10] St. Paul and Minneapolis are also known for their high literacy rates. ^[11]

The first structure built at what would become St. Paul’s was built in 1838 at the entrance to Fountain Cave overlooking the Mississippi. It was a tavern built by Parent Pig’s Eyes near where Randolph Avenue meets the river bluff today. Parrant’s tavern was well known, and the area around it became known as Pigs’ Eyes. This continued until Catholic missionary Lucien Galtier arrived in 1840. He didn’t care about Parrant, or his tavern, or the use of his name. Galtier’s arrival coincided with Parran’s eviction from his establishment and the construction of a log house. the chapel near where the steamboats had an easy landing. Galtier named the chapel of St. Paul, implying that the settlement was to be called by this name, since “St. Paul, as applied to a city or city, was well chosen, this one-syllable word is short, sounds good, and is understood by all Christian denominations. ” ^[12] Although Pig’s Eye was no longer referred to as a settlement, it came to refer to the wetlands and two islands south of the city centre. The original city was spread over two 240-acre sites. ^[13] The first application was filed in the territory of Wisconsin, the second – in the territory of Minnesota. The boundaries were Elm Street, 7th Street, Wakuta Street, and the river. Between 1849 and 1887 the borders were expanded 14 times to their current size. As the region grew, the city became the seat of an archdiocese that built St. Paul’s Cathedral, overlooking the city centre.

Content

• 1 History
• 2 Geography
  • 2.1 Equality
• 3 Climate
• 4 Demography
  • 4.1 Census 2010
• 5 Economy
• 5 Economy
• 5 Economy
• 5 Economics 5
• 8 Government & Politics
  • 8.1 State & Federal
• 9 Education
• 10 Media
• 11 Transportation
  • 11. 1 Interstate and highway
  • 11.2 Public transport
  • 11.3 Railway
  • 11.4 Airports
• 12 Smits
• 13 Famous people
• 15 Recommendations
• 15 Recommendations
15 Recommendations
15 Recommendations

Main article: History of St. Paul, Minnesota

Mound at Indian Mounds Park

Mounds today Indian Mounds Park suggests that the area was inhabited by Hopewell Native Americans about 2,000 years ago. ^{[14] [15]} From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota, a Sioux tribe, lived near the mounds after being driven from their Mille Lacs Lake ancestors by the advance of the Ojibwe. ^{[14] [16]} The Dakota named the area Imniza Ska (“white rocks”) for the exposed white sandstone cliffs on the east side of the river. ^{[17] [18]} Imniza Ska was full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. Explorer Jonathan Carver documented the historic tipi of Wakan on a bluff under the mounds in 1767. The Menominee language Saint Paul was called Sanepan-Menikan , meaning “village of ribbons, silk or satin”, indicating its role in trade throughout the region after the introduction of European goods. ^[19]

After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike (U.S. Army) arranged in 1805 to build a fort off native Dakota land of about 100,000 acres (40,000 ha; 160 sq mi). The land was on both banks of the Mississippi River, from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. ^[20] Fort Snelling was built on the site in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, which formed a natural boundary for the indigenous peoples of the Americas. An 1837 treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the US government. ^[21] Chief Little Crow V moved to his village of Kaposha from below Mounds Park across the river a few miles south into Dakota land. ^{[22] [23]} Fur traders, explorers and missionaries came here to protect the fort. Many of the settlers were French Canadians who long predated the American pioneers. But when the whiskey trade flourished, the military forbade the settlers from visiting the lands controlled by the fort. Pierre “Pig’s Eye” Parrant, a former fur trader turned bootlegger who particularly annoyed officials, ^[24] set up his tavern outside the military reservation, upriver from Lambert’s Landing. ^[18] By the early 1840s, the community had become a trading center and destination for pioneers heading west. Locals named the area Pig’s Eye (French: L’il du Cochon ) or Pig’s Eye Landing after Parrant’s popular tavern. ^[24] In 1842, a band of Ojibwes attacked the camp of Kaposia, where a stream emptied into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi. ^[25] The creek was later named Battle Creek and is today a parkland. In the 1840s-70s. The Métis brought their bulls and Red River carts down Kellogg Street before boarding Lambert on a buffalo ship hiding in the market from the Red River north. Saint Paul was the southernmost stop on the Red River Trails. In 1840, Pierre Bottineau became a resident of St. Paul with a claim to the center of the settlement. ^[26]

Joe Rolette was responsible for preventing the Minnesota capital from moving to St. Peter’s.

In 1841, Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to Catholic French Canadians and founded a chapel named after his favorite saint, the Apostle Paul, on the bluffs above Lambert’s Landing. ^{[27] [28]} Galtier informed the settlement that it was to adopt the name of St. Paul for his new chapel and stop using Pig’s Eye. ^[24] In 1847, New York educator Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city’s first school. ^[29] The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 with St. Paul as its capital. The US Army built the first improved road in the territory in 1849 from Point Douglas, Cottage Grove, Red Rock, St. Paul, St. Anthony to Fort Ripley. ^[30] In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to St. Peter’s, but Joe Rolette, the territorial legislator, stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding, preventing its progress. ^[31] On May 11, 1858, Minnesota was admitted to the union as the 32nd state, with Saint Paul still the capital. Shortly thereafter, the country was torn apart by civil war. When the state learned that Governor Ramsey had volunteered the regiment to fight the south, communities across the state raised companies of volunteers for the regiment. St. Paul contributed to the creation of Companies A and C. 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment.

Stereoscopic view of St. Paul

Red river bull cart and driver in St. Paul

In 1858, over 1,000 steamboats served St. Paul, ^[29] making it the gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory. The natural geography was the main reason why the city became a landing. The area was the last available unloading point for boats heading upriver from the rocky bluffs of the Mississippi River valley. During this period St. Paul was called “The Last City of the East”. ^[32] Industrialist James J. Hill built his railroad empire into the Great Northern Railroad and Northern Pacific Railroad, both headquartered in St. Paul before merging with Burlington Northern. Today they are part of the BNSF railway. ^[32]

In the Spanish-American War saw the transatlantic liner SS St. Paul (1895) converted and commissioned into the US Navy as an auxiliary cruiser. She was the first ship in the navy to bear the city’s name. She was decommissioned and returned to her owners, only to be called back to service in World War I, after which she was again taken out of service and sent for scrap. When the war broke out, volunteers were asked from the states. Minnesota quickly had enough to form four divisions, the 12th-15th Minnesota Infantry. Of these, only the 13th was deployed to the Philippines. Companies C, D, E and H were from Saint Paul and saw heavy fighting in Manila. ^[33]

In 1900, Irishman John O’Connor became police chief of St. Paul and was known on the street as “The Big Guy”. ^[34] In the same year, he established the “O’Connor Transplant Agreement” and attempted to inform criminals of its existence. ^[34] St. Paul Police will ignore any violations of the law that occurred outside of their jurisdiction if the perpetrators “registered” upon arrival in the city. ^[35] The contract was concluded under three conditions: registration with the police; make a “donation” to the boss; and not commit crimes in St. Paul. ^[34] Check-in took place at the Savoy Hotel in the city centre. ^[35] The Green Lantern took care of a lot of “cases”. Speakeasy near the train station in the Lower City. He was also known for illegal games. ^[35] More was done in the caves across the river from the city center. In 1930, the local mob even agreed that Tom Brown would be the new police chief of St. Paul. The “agreement” lasted until 1935. ^[34] At that time the Apostle Paul was greeting Al Capone, ^[35] John Dillinger, Billy Frechette, Ma Barker, Baby Face Nelson, Alvin Karpis, Machine Gun Kelly, Kid Kann and many of their Irish associates. Karpis said, “Probably never before in the United States has there been such a complete gathering of criminals in one room as there was at the Green Lantern on New Year’s Eve in 1931. U.S. Penitentiary. I was blinded.” ^[36] Bonnie and Clyde are also known to have entered the city, according to crime historian Paul Maccabee, the only criminal to visit St. Paul during this period is not recorded.0004 [37] The events of 1935 changed the St. Paul Police Department and closed the open doors of St. Paul. ^[34]

On August 20, 1904, thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $1. 78 million ($50.65 million today) in damage and blowing off the High Bridge. ^[38]

World War II On the morning of December 7, 1941, the USS Ward was completed by naval reservists. ^[39] She had a crew of 115, of which at least 85 were from Saint Paul. That morning, a watch patrolled the entrance to Pearl Harbor, T.H. The watch spotted a periscope tracking a freighter into the harbor and the Chamber took action against the unknown intruder. The crew became the first Americans to open fire with their weapons. The Second World War. A 4″/50 gun from the ship can be seen on the grounds of the State Capitol. USS St. Paul. This time there was a Baltimore-class cruiser bearing his name in the city. This ship’s bell is on display in St. Paul’s City Hall.

During the 1960s, in conjunction with urban renewal, St. Paul razed blocks west of downtown to create an interstate highway system. ^[40] From 1959 to 1961 The Rondo Neighborhood was demolished for the construction of Interstate 94. The loss of this African American enclave drew attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in Northern cities. ^{[41] The} annual Days of Rondo holiday commemorates the African American community. ^[42]

Downtown St. Paul has experienced a skyscraper boom since the 1970s. Because the city center is directly below the flight path to the airport across the river, there is a height restriction for all construction work. The tallest buildings, such as the Galtier Plaza (Jackson and Sibley Towers), the Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city’s tallest building, Wells Fargo Place (formerly the Minnesota World Trade Center), were built in the late 1980s. ^[43] V 19In the 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new groups of immigrants to the city continued. As of 2004, about 10% of the city’s population are recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar. ^[44] Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives. ^[45]

Geography

W Meeker Lock and Dam Island was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902.

St. Paul’s history and growth as a landing pier is tied to water. The city’s defining physical characteristic, the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, was carved into the region during the last ice age, as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built. Retreat glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced water flows from a glacial river that undercut river valleys. ^[46] The city is located in east-central Minnesota.

The Mississippi River forms the municipal boundary on the west, southwest, and southeast sides of the city. Minneapolis, the state’s largest city, lies to the west. Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, Roseville, and Maple Tree are to the north, while Maplewood is to the east. The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south, as are Lilydale, Mendota, and Mendota Heights, across the river from the city. The city’s largest lakes are Piggy’s Eye Lake, which is part of the Mississippi, Lake Phalene, and Lake Como. According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​56.18 square miles (145.51 km2). ² ), of which 51.98 square miles (134.63 km ² ) is land and 4.20 square miles (10.88 km ² ) is water. ^[47]

The Parks and Recreation Department operates 160 parks and 41 recreation centers. ^[48] The city was ranked #2 in park accessibility and quality behind Minneapolis in ParkScore’s 2018 Top 100 U.S. Park Systems by the nonprofit Public Land Trust. ^[49]

Neighborhood

Main article: Neighborhood of St. Paul

The Saint Paul Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen planning districts, created in 1979 to allow districts to participate in management and use. Community development grants. With a funding agreement directly from the city, the councils share a pool of funds. ^[50] Councils have significant control over land use, have a say in development management, and organize residents. ^[51] Boundaries are adjusted according to population changes; as such, they sometimes overlap pre-existing neighborhoods. ^[52] Although these areas have changed over time, the guards have retained many of their historically significant buildings.

The 17 City Planning Districts are:

1. Sunray Battle Creek Highwood
2. Great East Side
3. West End
4. Dayton’s Bluff
5. Payne End
6. 1020 DFA ). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather phenomena, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and fog. ^[53]

   Due to its northerly location and the lack of large air softening ponds, St. Paul is sometimes exposed to cold arctic waters. air masses, especially in late December, January and February. The average annual temperature is 47. 05 °F (8.36 °C), giving the Minneapolis and Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest average annual temperature of any major metropolitan area in the region. continental US

7

7

AA: ^[116] 2019

Interstates
Interstate 35E ^[139] and the creation of Good Trip Minnesota, a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and St. Paul. ^[140] Downtown St. Paul has a five-mile (8 km) enclosed flyover system over 25 city blocks. ^[141] The 563-mile (906 km) Avenue of the Saints connects St. Paul with St. Louis, Missouri.

The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints. While he was Governor of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura showed up at Late Show with David Letterman , ^[142] and remarked that the streets were designed by “drunken Irishmen”. ^[143] He later apologized, though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point. ^[143] Some of the city’s road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River, hilly topography, conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city, and grand plans only half-realized. Outside of downtown, the roads are less confusing, but most roads are named, rather than numbered, increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate. ^[144]

Public Transportation

See also: Metro Transit (Minnesota)

Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis–St. The floor of the area. METRO Green Line is an 11-mile (18 km) Light Rail line that connects downtown St. Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in St. Paul. The Green Line runs west along University Avenue, through the University of Minnesota campus, until it links up and then shares stations with the METRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014. ^[145] Roughly 45,000 people rode on the first day; an average 28,000 riders are expected per day. ^[146]

Metro Transit opened METRO A Line, Minneapolis–St. Paul’s first arterial bus rapid transit line, along Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway. The A Line connects the METRO Blue Line at 46th Street to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue Station. The A Line is the first in a series of planned arterial bus rapid transit lines and is set to open in early 2016. ^[147]

Rail

Amtrak with Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops twice daily in each direction at the newly renovated St. Paul Union Depot. ^[148] A Minnesota Department of Transportation study found that increased daily service to Chicago should be economically viable, especially if it originates in St. Paul and does not experience delays from the rest of the western route of the Empire Builder. ^[150] Saint Paul is the site of the Pig’s Eye Yard, a major freight classification yard for the Canadian Pacific Railway. ^[151] As of 2003, the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day. ^[151] Both Union Pacific and Burlington North Santa Fe run trains through the yard, though they are not classified at Pig’s Eye. ^[151] Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis, which handles about 600 cars per day. ^[152] There are several other small yards located around the city.

Saint Paul Downtown Airport (Holman Field)

Airports

Holman Airfield is across the river from downtown St. Paul. Lamprey Lake was there until the Army Corps of Engineers filled it with dredgings starting in the early 1920s. Northwest Airlines began initial operations from Holman in 1926. During WWII Northwest had a contract to install upgraded radar systems in the B-24c, employing 5,000 at the airfield. After WWII, Holman Airfield competed with the Speedway Field for the Twin Cities’ growing aviation industry and lost out in the end. Today Holman is a satellite airport operated by the Metropolitan Airports Commission. It is home to Minnesota’s Air National Guard and a flight training school and is tailored to local corporate aviation. There are three runways, with the Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar on the National Register of Historic Places. ^[153] The historical importance of the original Northwest Airlines building was realized only after demolition commenced.

For the most part Paul’s aviation needs are served by the Minneapolis – Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), which sits on 2,930 acres (11.9 km ² ) in Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory bordering the city to the southwest. MSP serves three international, 12 domestic, seven charter, and four regional carriers ^[154] and is the hub of Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines. ^[155]

Buscripts

Saint-Paul City Pobima are: ^{[156] [157]}

• Changha, China
• Ciudad Romero, El Salvador
• Kuliakan, Mexico
• Djibouti
• George, South Africa
• Manzanillo, Mexico
• Modena, Italy
• Mogadishu, Somalia
• Nagasaki, Japan (from 1955 – the oldest sister city in Japan)
• Neuss, Germany
• Novosibirsk, Russia
• Tver, Israel

Famous people

• Walter Abel (1898–1987), Actor
• Loni Anderson (Born 1
• Louis 9003, COMEN Anderson (1933-2016), US Senator
• Richard Arlen (1899-1976), actor
• Roger Ausmb (1928-2002), TV show host “Casey Jones”
• Harry Blackmun (1908-1999), US Supreme Court Associate Justice, grew up in St. Paul
• Winfield S. Braddock (1848-1920), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
• Herb Brooks (1937-2003), hockey coach
• Warren E. Burger (1907-1995), US Supreme Court Chief Justice
• Melva Clemaire (1874 –1937), soprano singer
• Sarah K. England, physiologist and biophysicist
• Eyedea (1981–2010), rap artist
• F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), author
• Rollin Gluwe (1933–2020), Minnesota state senator and businessman
• Josh Hartnett (born 1978), actor
• Mitch Hedberg (February 24, 1968 – March 29, 2005), Comedian
• Hippo campus, indie rock band
• Paul Holmgren (born 1955), NHL hockey player, general manager, president of Philadelphia Flyers (2014–present)
• Timothy M. Kaine (born 1958), US Senator from Virginia, former governor of Virginia
• Rachel Keller (born 1992), actress
• Allan Kingdom (born 1993), rap artist
• Jim Lange (1932-2014), TV presenter, game show host and disc jockey
• Tony Levine (born 1972), football coach
• Joe Mauer (born 1983), MLB baseball player
• Ryan McDonagh (born 1989), NHL hockey player
• Paul Molitor (born 1956), MLB baseball player
• Jack Morris (born 1955), MLB baseball player
• Leroy Neiman (1921–2012), artist
• Kyle Okposo (born 1988), NHL hockey player

Olson (born 1941), missionary

• Tim Pawlenty (born 1960), former Governor of Minnesota
• Alfred E. Perlman (1902–1983), president of New York Central Railroad and successor, Penn Central
• Isaac Rosefelt (born 1985), American-Israeli basketball player for Maccabi Ashdod in Israeli Basketball Premier League
• Charles M. Schultz (1922–2000), cartoonist, born in Minneapolis, grew up in St. Petersburg. Paul
• Terrell Suggs, Kansas City Chiefs defensive end/linebacker
• Fred Tschida (born 1949), artist, born in Saint Paul
• Lindsey Vonn (born 1984), Olympic skier and gold medalist
• DeWitt Wallace (1889–1981), magazine publisher and co-founder of Reader’s Digest
• Dave Winfield (born 1951) John Tracy G Co. 8th Cavalry Regiment Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, Apache War
• Indian Wars: Charles H. Welch, I Co. 9th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) Ghost Dance War
• Spanish-American War: Captain Jesse Dyer USMC, Vera Cruz, Mexico
• World War II: Captain Richard Fleming USMC VMA-241 Squadron, for whom Fleming Field is named
• Korean War: Lt. Colonel John Page, US Army, Battle of Chosin Reservoir

Kappler, Charles J., Washington: Government Printing Office, ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. II (Treaties, 1778–1883). Oklahoma State University Library. Cite journal requires | log = (help). and “Treaty with the Sioux”. September 29, 1837. Archived from the original December 1, 2008 and “Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands”. July 23, 1851. Archived from the original June 16, 2008 and “Treaty With the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands”. August 5, 1851. Archived from the original July 11, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007. 9 45.4 °F for 1971 through 2000 per US Census Archived January 3, 2007 Wayback Machine who cites “Normals 1971–2000”. National Climate Data Center. Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. or 44.6 °F (7.0 °C) per Fisk, Charles (March 3, 2007). “Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Daily Climatological History of Temperature, Precipitation, and Snowfall, A Year-by-Year Graphical Portrayal (1820–present)”. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. 9 “Saint Paul adds a new sister city, Mogadishu. About a dozen others have this name.” twincities.com . Pioneer of the Twin Cities Press. May 10, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2020.

external link

• Official Website
• Official Tourism Website – Visitor Information
• brothers

O Claire (Wisconsin) – frwiki.wiki

For articles of the same name, see Eau Claire.

Eau Claire is a city located in west-central Wisconsin, United States. It is the county seat of Eau Claire County. At the 2010 census, its population was 65,883.

Summary

• 1 Toponymy
• 2 Geography
  • 2.1 Location
  • 2.2 Climate
• 3 Politics
  • 3. 1 Government
• 4 Population and society
  • 4.1 Demographics
  • 4.2 Religion
  • 4.3 Education
  • 4.4 Media
    • 4.4.1 Letter press
    • 4.4.2 Television
    • 4.4.3 Radio
• 5 Economy
• 6 Transport
  • 6.1 Airports
  • 6.2 Public transport
  • 6.3 Highways and main axles
• 7 Culture and heritage
  • 7.1 Sport
• 8 individuals associated with the city of
• 9 Twinning
• 10 Links
• 11 External links

Toponymy

The toponym “O Claire” dates back to the times of New France. The first European explorers to travel the northern territory of French Louisiana were French Canadian fur traders and trappers from 17th – ^th centuries.

The city is named after the Eau Claire River, which flows through the area and is a tributary of the Chippewa River, itself a tributary of the Mississippi River.

Geography

Location

Barstow Street

Graham Riverside Building

Eau Claire is approximately 145, km east of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota.

The city was founded near the confluence of the Eau Clair and Chippewa rivers as three separate villages. much of the city center is in the original village of Eau Claire. Across the river was West-Eau-Clare, founded in 1856, near the current county courthouse. The city was incorporated in 1872. Between 3 and 4 km downstream sawmill Daniel Shaw & Co. founded the city of Showtown, which was annexed to the city in the 1930s. In the 1950s, the incorporated towns spread eastward until they reached Altoona.

According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​83. 8 km ² . Of these, 78.4 km ² (land and 5.4 km ² , or 6.46%, water.

The city has two lakes: Dells Pond and Half Moon Lake. Dells Pond is a reservoir created by a hydroelectric dam, which was once used as a swimming pool. Crescent Lake is a meandering lake created on the ancient bed of the Chippewa River.

Weather

The climate in Eau Claire develops as follows:

Feb

Government

From 1948, Eau Claire has had a municipal government manager and therefore no mayor. From 19For 48 years, several discussions were held with the aim of restoring the office of mayor, as a result of which 6 referendums were held without success. Most recently, a petition was submitted to the municipal council with 3,126 signatures. February 21, 2006 , so the request will be put to the vote April 4, 2006 . Since the petition was not filed on time, it is officially considered “dead” until at least the fall of 2006.

Eau Claire’s City Council is currently made up of 5 elected members of the districts, plus a council president who is elected by all city voters.

Population and Society

Demography

Month	Jan		Mar	Apr	May	June	Jul	Aug	Sep	October	Nov	December	year
Avg. High Temperature °C	-4	-2	4	13	21 years old	26 year	28 year	27	22	15	5	-2	12
Avg. Low temperature °C	-15	-13	-6	1	7	13	16	14	10	3	-3	-11	1
Rain in mm	27.9	27.9	45.7	68.6	101.6	119.4	86.4	94	91.4	63.5	43.2	30.5	800.1

Census history
Anya.	Pop.		% ±
1870	2 293		–
1880	10 119		▲ + 341. 3%
1890	17 415		▲ + 72.1%
1900	17 517		▲ + 0.59%
1910	18 310		▲ + 4.53%
1920	20 906		▲ + 14.18%
1930	26 287		▲ + 25.74%
1940	30 745		▲ + 16. 96%
1950	36 058		▲ + 17.28%
1960	37 987		▲ + 5.35%
1970	44 619		▲ + 17.46%
1980	51 509		▲ + 15.44%
1990	56 856		▲ + 10.38%
2000	61 704		▲ + 8. 53%
2010	65 883		▲ + 6.77%
Is. 2017	68 587		▲ + 4.1%

Composition of the population in % (2010)

Group	Pure water	Wisconsin	United States
White	91.4	86.2	72.4
Asians	4.6	2.3	4.8
Metis	1.8	1.8	2.9
black people	1.1	6. 3	12.6
Other	0.6	2.4	6.2
Native Americans	0.5	1.0	0.9
General	100	100	100
Hispanics	1.9	5.9	16.7

According to the American Community Survey for the period 2011-2015. 93.70% of the population over the age of 5 reported speaking English at home, while 2.32% reported speaking Hmong, 1.35% Spanish, 0.59% Chinese , 0.50% – in the Hmong language. German and 1.53% other language.

Religion

Water St.

Synagogue : Temple Sholom in Eau Claire

In addition to the only synagogue, there are several churches in the city representing different bodies of Christianity. (There is also a mosque near Altoona.) Among the more than 70 churches in Eau Claire are:

• Apostolic Church – 1 meeting
• Assemblies of God – 2 meetings
• Baptist Church – 8 churches (including one from the SBC congregation)
• Catholic – 5 parishes in the Diocese of La Crosse and Eau Claire, which has three other parishes: one in Altoona, one in Elk Mound and one in Brackett.
• Christian Science – 1 meeting
• Church of Christ – 2 meetings
• Episcopal – 1 congregation
  • The Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire has a branch in Eau Claire.
• Hmong Christian Alliance – 1 meeting
• Jehovah’s Witnesses – 1 congregation
• Lutheran – about 20 churches representing 6 cathedrals
  • Evangelical Lutheran Synod (ELS)
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)
  • Lutheran Brethren Church of America
  • Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS)
  • Church of the Lutheran Confession
  • Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS)
• Methodists – 4 meetings
• Mennonite Church USA – 1 meeting meeting 2 Sundays a month
• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – 1 meeting
• Nazarene – 1 meeting
• Pentecostal – about 10 affiliated congregations
• Presbyterian – 2 congregations
• Religious Society of Friends – 1 meeting
• Salvation Army – 1 meeting
• Seventh-day Adventist Church – No members, however there is 1 congregation each in the nearby towns of Altoona and Chippewa Falls.
• Unitarian Universalists – 1 congregation
• United Church of Christ – 3 meetings
• Unity School of Christianity – 1 congregation
• Wesleyan Church – 1 meeting

Education

University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire

Eau Claire has several universities and high schools, including the University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire (UWEC), Immanuel Lutheran Private Lutheran College, and three campuses of Chippewa Valley Technical College (CVTC).

There are two private high schools in Eau Claire: Catholic Church affiliated Regis High School and Immanuel Lutheran College High School and High School.

The Eau Claire Area School District has two public high schools: Memorial High School and North High School.

There are two charter schools in Eau Claire: McKinley Charter School and Technology Charter School.

There are three public high schools in the Eau Claire Area School District: DeLong High School, Northstar High School, and South High School.

mass media

Written press

Local Daily – Eau Claire Leader-Telegram [4], circulation of almost 26,901 copies. A day on weekdays and 38,824 copies. For Sunday publication. There is also a bimonthly Volume One [5] and a number of smaller monthly or other publications distributed in the region.

TV

TV channels in the Eau Claire region:

• WEAU Channel 13 (NBC)
• WQOW, channel 18 (ABC)
• WHWC, channel 28 (PBS; Menomonie)
• WEUX, channel 48 (FOX)

WEAU also serves the La Crosse region, while WKBT (CBS) La Crosse serves Eau Claire.

Radio

Economy

The timber industry led the development of Eau Claire at the end of the XIX – century. There were once 22 sawmills operating in the city. Today, medicine and education are Eau Claire’s main areas of employment.

After the loss of several thousand jobs in the late 1990s (due to the closure of the Uniroyal tire plant – Uniroyal became part of Michelin), the city’s economy changed with the opening of a number of computer equipment factories such as Hutchinson. Technology (a company based in Hutchinson, Minnesota) and 3M, based in Minneapolis, St. Floor .

Eau Claire is home to several national/regional companies including Menards, National Presto Industries, Inc. , Silver Spring Gardens (the world’s largest horseradish producer), Ebert & Gerberts (Midwest sandwich chain).

Transport

Airports

Eau Claire is served by the Chippewa Valley Regional Airport.

Public transport

• Eau Claire Transit bus line.

Highways and main axles

Interstate 94

U.S. Route 12 (“Clairemont Avenue”)

U.S. Route 53 (“Bypass”)

Business-US-53 (“Hastings Way”)

Highway 29 (Devi d’Eau Claire north)

Highway 37 (“Hendrickson Drive”)

Highway 85 (terminates at Wisconsin 37 near Eau Claire)

Highway 93

Highway 124 (shortened in 2006, now ends at Halley Lake)

Highway 312 (“North Crossing”)

Culture and Heritage

Sergeant Boyd Bandstand in Owen Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Sports

The Eau Claire Express is a baseball team that plays in the Northwoods League, an NCAA baseball summer. Their matches are played at Carson Park in Eau Claire.

Eau Claire Cavaliers, an amateur baseball team who also play at Carson Park.

The Chippewa Valley Raptors, a member of the semi-professional Great Plains Football League, play at Carson Park Stadium. Since 2007 Crush Eau Claire has become 2 ^and Sibision in the sector.

O Claire also has a figure skating club at the Hobbs Ice Arena.

Personalities associated with the city

Twinning

• Lismore, Australia

Recommendations

• (fr) This article is taken in whole or in part from the English Wikipedia article titled “Eau Claire, Wisconsin” (see list of authors) .

1. ↑ “ Weatherbase: Historical weather for Eau Claire, Wisconsin ”
2. ↑ (in) “ Eau Claire, WI Population – Census 2010 and 2000 ” on censusviewer.com.
3. ↑ (in) “ Wisconsin population – 2010 and 2000 census ” On censusviewer.com.
4. ↑ (in) “ Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for Population 5 and Over “.
5. ↑ [1]
6. ↑ [1]
7. ↑ http://www.uucec.org/
8. ↑ ^{a and b} [1]
9. ↑ [2]
10. ↑ [3]

External links

72 county towns of Wisconsin

Alma Antigo Appleton Ashland Balsam Lake Baraboo Barron Black River Falls Chilton Chippewa Falls Crandon Darlington Dodgeville Durand Eagle River Eau Claire Elkhorn Ellsworth Florence Fond du Lac Friendship Green Lake Hayward Hudson Hurley Janesville Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Keshena Kewaunee La Crosse Ladysmith Lancaster Madison Manitowoc Marinette Mauston Medford Meenon Menomonie Merrill Milwaukee Monroe Montello Neillsville Okonto Oshkosh Phillips Portage Prairie du Chien Racine Rhinelander Richland Center Shawano Sheboygan Shell Lake Sparta Stevens Point Sturgeon Bay Superior Viroqua Washburn Waukesha Wopaka Wausau Watoma West Bend Whitehall Wisconsin Rapids

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list of the oldest in the world, their description that with them now

Thousands of high-tech, safe, comfortable airports serve travelers all over the world every day. Some of them have already celebrated their centennial anniversary. In this article, we will consider the oldest airport terminals in the world: Albany, Paris-Le Bourget, Rome Ciampino and many others.

Content

• 1 Airports opened until 1950
  • 1.1 Actors
  • 1.2 Airports that have lost value
• 2 Conclusion

Airports, open until 1950

includes the oldest and the list of the oldest and the list and regional significance, operating and used for other purposes.

Operating

Several airports, opened about a century ago, still successfully perform their functions.

Albany

Opened: 1909.

Location: Albany, New York, USA.

The history of the airport began in 1908, when an airstrip (RWY) was opened on the polo fields near the town of Colony (near modern Albany). Aviation pioneers trained here: Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart, James Doolittle.

In 1909 the airfield was moved closer to the city of Albany. In 1928 Mayor John Boyd Thatcher decided to build a new modern airport.

Fact . Albany is the first and oldest public airport in the United States.

Initially, the airfield functioned intermittently and was often closed for technical reasons, which prompted the authorities to modernize the infrastructure in the 1930s and 1940s. Since 1942, Albany has been operating without restrictions (except for weather conditions). In 1962, a new terminal building was built, which was expanded in 1965. In 2000, the construction of a new terminal with an area of ​​1500 m2 was completed.

Status: operates regular domestic and charter flights, international flights to Montreal and Ottawa.

Carriers: Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, United Airlines, Allegiant Airlines.

Passenger traffic : 1.7 million people per year.

Minneapolis St. Paul

Opened: 1921.

Location: Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA.

The first small runway, called Speedway Field, was located on a bankrupt racetrack leased by a group of local businessmen. Minneapolis airport has been named since 1944.

With the development of passenger and cargo air transportation, it has become a major commercial air port, ranking 16th in the world in terms of the number of take-offs and landings of ships.

Passengers are served by two terminals:

• im. Charles Lindbergh, which opened in 1962;
• im. Hubert Humphrey, built in 2001.

Air National Guard units operating transport aircraft are based in Minneapolis.

Fact . The 1970 disaster film Airport was filmed in Minneapolis St. Paul.

Status: serves about 130 domestic and 14 international scheduled and charter flights.

Carriers: Southwest Airlines, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, American Eagle, United Airlines, Alaska Airlines, Sun Country Airlines.

Passenger traffic: about 36.5 million people per year.

Sydney (Kingsford Smith)

Opened: 1920.

Location: Sydney, Australia.

For the first time, the runway was graveled at the Port of Sydney. The terminal retained its original appearance until the 1960s. The new building was opened in 1970, since 1992 it has been regularly reconstructed due to the many times increased traffic flow.

The airport has three passenger terminals, two of which serve domestic flights and one international.

Fact . Takeoffs and landings of aircraft are prohibited here from 23:00 to 06:00 daily. Such a “curfew” was introduced due to numerous complaints from residents about the noise of jet engines.

Status: serves most domestic and international flights on the continent.

Carriers: Aircruising Australia, Eastern Australia Airlines, Jetstar Airways, Qantas, Regional Express, Tigerair Australia, Virgin Australia.

Passenger traffic: about 40 million people per year.

Don Muang

Opened: 1914.

Location: Bangkok, Thailand.

The first flights at the Don Muang airfield were made on March 8, 1914 years Royal Thai Air Force. Commercial flights have been carried out since 1924.

Fact . During the Vietnam War, Don Mueang was chosen as the main command and logistics center for the US Air Force.

In 2006, the spelling of the airport’s name changed to Don Muang, although most airlines and the Thais themselves use the old spelling.

In September of the same year, the activity of the port was terminated due to the opening of a new air harbor Suvarnabhumi. But higher operating costs and safety concerns forced the country’s Ministry of Transport to reopen Don Mueang in 2007 and relocate some domestic flights there.

Status: since March 2012 serves all budget, charter and non-related flights.

Carriers: Nok Air, Orient Thai, Air Asia, Thai Air Asia.

Passenger traffic: 40.758 million people per year.

Schiphol

Opened in 1916.

Location: Haarlemmermeer, The Netherlands.

The history of Europe’s most important airport begins with a small military base consisting of several barracks and a dirt runway.

Civil aircraft have been accepted since 1920, by 1940 there were 4 paved runways at the airfield.

During World War II, Schiphol was captured and destroyed by the Germans. The airfield was quickly restored, and already on July 8, 1945, the first civilian aircraft landed.

In 1949 a passenger terminal was built, in 1967 it was significantly expanded and is still in operation.

Fact . Rijk Township was demolished to make way for the expanding airport.

Schiphol was built according to the concept of a single terminal: a huge area is divided into 3 halls connected by passages. From each there are exits to almost all boarding piers.

Status: serves flights to 260 destinations in 91 countries.

Carriers: Corendon Dutch Airlines, KLM cityhopper, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Transavia Airlines, TUI Airlines Netherlands.

Passenger traffic: 71 million people per year.

Rome Ciampino

Opened: 1916.

Location: Rome, Italy.

From 1944 until the end of World War II, it served as an airbase for the allied forces.

From its opening until 1960, it remained Rome’s main airport, serving up to 2 million passengers a year.

Fact . On April 10, 1926, the first polar air expedition started from Ciampino on the airship N-1, led by Amundsen and Umberto Nobile.

For more than forty years, the port received only charter and executive aircraft. In 2007, due to the interest of low-cost companies, the terminals were expanded and modernized.

Status: operates charter and scheduled flights of budget airlines.

Carriers: Mistral Air, Ryanair.

Passenger traffic: 5.9 million people per year.

Hamburg Airport

Opened: 1911.

Location: Hamburg, Germany.

The construction of the airfield at the beginning of the 20th century was financed by private individuals.

Used 45 ha for airship flights, by 1913 the area grew to 60 ha and port services switched to aircraft operation.

The first large-scale reconstruction took place in the 60s. Its main goal was to increase throughput. The need for a new expansion arose in the early 1990s. During this period, the piers were reconstructed, a new passenger terminal was built.

Fact . The airport got its name during the British occupation. It served as a base for military transportation.

Status: serves domestic and international flights.

Carriers: Eurowings, Germanwings, Lufthansa CityLine.

Passenger traffic: 17.2 million people per year.

Krasnodar International Airport

Year of opening: 1934.

Location: Krasnodar, Russia.

In 1932, not far from the Pashkovsky state farm, there was a base for the Aviation Society for Pest Control, on the basis of which an air squadron of the Civil Air Fleet was created. This unit was located on the territory of the present port.

In 1934, a significant part of the detachment’s aircraft was converted into passenger aircraft, which flew to Maikop, Sochi, Anapa. In 1960, the first concrete runway was built, in 1984, the second.

Now passengers are served in two terminals: for domestic and international airlines.

Fact . The terminal ranks ninth in terms of passenger traffic among Russian airports.

Status: serves domestic and international flights.

Carriers: Aeroflot, UTair, Ural Airlines, S7 Airlines.

Passenger traffic: 3.5 million people per year.

Airports that have lost their importance

Not all old airport terminals have grown into large modern ports. Some are still open and serve as a living reminder of the past of aviation and the people who dedicated their lives to it.

College Park

Opened: 1909.

Location: College Park, Maryland, USA.

Founded as a training ground in 1909 on the initiative of the US Army Signal Corps Command.

Civil aircraft flights began in 1911. In the same year, the first military flight school was opened here.

A small airport until 1973 was a place for pilot training, testing of new aircraft and equipment.

Fact . In 1918, College Park became the first airmail station.

Until 2011, it received civil aircraft of domestic airlines. Following the attacks in September 2011, for security reasons, the airport’s activities were restricted by the authorities due to its proximity to the capital.

College Park is home to the Aviation Museum and an airfield for light private aircraft.

Le Bourget

Opened: 1919.

Location: Paris, France.

Prior to the construction of Le Bourget, Orly was the only airport in Paris.

Fact . Charles Lindbergh landed at Le Bourget after the first transatlantic flight in 1927.

In 1977 the airport was closed for international traffic, at 1980 – for internal.

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