Little einsteins preschool amherst nh: Little Einsteins Preschool – Care.com Amherst, NH Child Care Center
Little Einsteins Preschool – Care.com Amherst, NH Child Care Center
Little Einsteins Preschool – Care.com Amherst, NH Child Care Center
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$199
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Costimate™
$199/week
Ratings
Availability
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Little Einsteins Preschool in Amherst, NH encourages unique and creative ideas while embracing the student’s values and personalities. They respect and appreciate the children to instill in them a sense of self that will heighten their confidence. They create challenges in aiding the student’s social, mental, psychological, physical, and academic growth.
In business since: 2005
Total Employees: 1
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Little Einsteins Preschool 199 State Route 101, Amherst, NH 03031
Little Einsteins Preschool 199 State Route 101, Amherst, NH 03031 – YP.com
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Places Near Amherst with Preschools & Kindergarten
- Milford (5 miles)
- Mont Vernon (6 miles)
- Merrimack (8 miles)
- Wilton (10 miles)
- Litchfield (11 miles)
- Bedford (11 miles)
- Lyndeborough (13 miles)
- New Boston (13 miles)
- Hollis (15 miles)
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Little Einsteins Preschool Learning Center, LLC
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Phone: (603) 673-3022
Address: 199 State Route 101, Amherst, NH 03031
Website: http://littleeinsteins.us
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Who We Are – LightHouse Holyoke
LightHouse Holyoke is led by a highly qualified group of advisors, directors, and core staff.
Core Staff
In addition to our Core Staff, LightHouse is joined by a team of adjunct faculty, workstudy college students, interns, and volunteers. At any given time our full staff numbers 20-25 people, an approximately 3:1 student to staff ratio.
Maghan Baptiste
Core Staff. (she/her) Maghan Baptiste is a Haitian-American reader, writer, and friend. She received her B. A. from Sarah Lawrence College where she dedicated her time to studying Black literature, creative writing, and environmental psychology. She is thrilled to be joining LightHouse as a core staff member and is dedicated to making poetry accessible to all who wish to welcome it into their lives. Maghan finds much joy in the process of coordinating the annual Well-Read Black Girl Book Festival, learning how to throw pottery, and watching reruns of Gilmore Girls.
You can contact Maghan directly at [email protected]
Molly Brown-Hill
Core Staff. (she/her) Molly is passionate about building intentional community and collective understanding, as well as uplifting and supporting others. Molly received her bachelors in Anthropology from UMass Amherst, where she mostly focused on Anthropology as it relates to social justice and identity. Molly likes to spend time gardening, playing soccer, getting into juicy conversations with friends, and cooking. She finds happiness in slow mornings and any Octavia Butler book.
You can contact Molly directly at [email protected]
LightHouse Board of Directors
Kelly Albrecht
LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Entrepreneur, Project Manager, Developer, Systems Administrator. Kelly Albrecht is an expert Linux Server Admin, having been responsible for several servers where over 100 sites and services are run and maintained.
As a Web Developer and Project Manager, Kelly has implemented web-based IT solutions for over 10 years and has extensive experience in all aspects of website design and development.
As an Entrepreneur, Kelly Albrecht has founded several businesses including the left-click IT strategy and consulting firms as well as the Last Call Media web development agency.
He is a regular presenter at Drupal Meetups, Camps and Conferences and stays involved in his local IT industry as the Executive Director of NERDs.
Kelly graduated Summa Cum Laude with departmental honors in Philosophy from the University of Massachusetts.
Adam Baker
Treasurer, Lighthouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Adam is Vice President of Commercial Lending at Greenfield Northampton Cooperative Bank. He has over 13 years of experience in the banking industry assisting small business owners and non-profit organizations achieve their dreams to start or grow their organizations as well as help investment real estate owners grow their real estate portfolios.
Adam holds a Bachelors Degree from University of Massachusetts Amherst and a Masters Degree in Finance from Southern New Hampshire University.
Adam dedicates his time helping youth including his volunteer work with the non-profit organization Horizons for Homeless Children in Holyoke, where he has served as a Playspace Activity Leader since 2016.
Adam also serves on the Board of Directors of Empty Arms Bereavement Support which is a non-profit organization in Northampton.
Adam lives with his wife in South Hadley. His interests include traveling, real estate investing, spending time with his friends and family, reading, and sports!
Tiffani Curtis
Lighthouse Board of Directors. (she/her)
Tiffani Curtis serves as Chief of Talent, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging for Hartford Public Schools. Prior to joining the leadership team in Hartford, Tiffani served as the Chief of Schools for Holyoke Public Schools. Tiffani has been the principal of a charter elementary school in Albany, New York, and the founding principal of a charter elementary school in Las Vegas, Nevada. In both roles, Tiffani was charged with creating sustainable school systems that supported teacher retention, practitioner development, school-based leadership, special populations and ultimately increased student achievement. As a founding principal at Imagine School at Mountain View in Las Vegas, NV, Tiffani led the school in earning the district’s distinction of “high performing. ” Earlier, Tiffani assisted in writing the Master Plan for Universal Preschool for the County of Los Angeles.
Tiffani holds a B.S. in Business from the University of Southern California. She continued at USC to earn a MAT and Ed.D. from the Rossier School of Education where she studied K-12 educational leadership with a focus on urban school settings.
Jacqui DeFelice
Lighthouse Board of Directors. (she/her) Jacqui joined the board of LightHouse in the summer of 2017. She brings twenty plus years of experience working in the Not for Profit sector focused mainly in education, but also in healthcare, leadership and contemplative science. Jacqui has worked with regional, national and international start-ups as well as established organizations committed to promoting human flourishing. She has expertise in identifying, designing and implementing programs to embrace growth opportunities while qualifying funding sources and building relationships for long-term programmatic sustainability.
Currently, Jacqui is the Director of International Development at Smith College, where she is responsible for engaging non US constituents to cultivate and grow philanthropic giving and other forms of support.
Prior to Smith College, Jacqui was with the Mind & Life Institute as Director of Advancement and Global Relations. Mind and Life fosters interdisciplinary dialogue between Western science, philosophy, humanities, and contemplative traditions, supporting the integration of first-person inquiry through meditation and other contemplative practices into traditional scientific methodology, founded by His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1987.
Jacqui is Scottish by birth, but for the last 25 years she has lived in Holyoke, MA with her husband Scott and her 2 sons and her niece and nephew. Jacqui is delighted to be on the Board of LightHouse, to be of service however she can to help LightHouse respond to the educational needs of the area’s youth.
Jacqui holds a Masters in International Business from Strathclyde University and a Bachelors degree from Caledonian University, both in Glasgow, Scotland. Jacqui is a dedicated cyclist, and can be found most weekends on the bike trails around western Massachusetts.
Luis Hernandez
LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Luis A. Hernandez, Early Childhood Education Specialist, brings solid expertise based on his work history in Head Start, child care, Pre K programs, college and universities, child care resource and referral administration, and professional development design.
Luis core work focuses in a wide range of early childhood education and professional development topics. His expertise includes early literacy, dual language learning, adult learning practices, family engagement, and ECE management and leadership topics. As a regular presenter and keynote speaker at national, state, and local conferences, Luis is highly regarded for his motivational and energizing presentations.
Alice Ladley
LightHouse Board of Directors. (they/them) Alice has lived in South Hadley their entire life and attended LightHouse Holyoke for five years. Alice graduated from LightHouse Holyoke in 2021. They are currently enrolled at Holyoke Community College and pursuing a degree in sociology.
Alice has interned at the Holyoke State Representative’s office and the Holyoke Public Library.
While attending LightHouse, Alice taught classes about LGBTQ+ identity and screenwriting. They also compiled and edited the student art magazine Siembra.
Alice joined the LightHouse board in 2022 and is excited to bring the perspective of a former student.
Josiah S. Litant
LightHouse Co-Founder. (he/him) Josiah co-founded LightHouse with Catherine Gobron and co-directed the organization for the first three years, building it from an idea into a thriving reality. Josiah and his family relocated to Minnesota in 2018, where he currently serves as Vice President of Strategic Initiatives at Minnesota State College Southeast, a technical and community college. Josiah remains deeply connected to LightHouse as a consultant, senior advisor, and enthusiastic supporter.
Josiah has been in the field of education for twenty years, as a teacher, mentor, and administrator at all age levels. Prior to co-founding LightHouse Holyoke, Josiah spent a decade working with college-age students at Hampshire College, where he was the Senior Associate Dean of Students until 2014. He has a particular passion for progressive education, with a focus on issues of student identity, inclusion, and advocacy.
Josiah has previously served on the boards of Hampshire College and North Star, the program on which the LightHouse model is based. Additionally, Josiah has proudly consulted as a facilitator with the National Conference for Community and Justice of Connecticut and Western Massachusetts and he currently serves as chair of the board of Engage Winona, a community change-making nonprofit organization in southeast Minnesota.
Josiah has Master of Arts degree in educational administration from Goddard College, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in education from Hampshire College.
You can contact Josiah directly at [email protected].
Insiyah Mohammad Bergeron
Secretary, LightHouse Board of Directors. (she/her) Insiyah Mohammad Bergeron has been working in sustainable economic development in Massachusetts for several years. She is a Cooperative Developer at the ICA Group, where she helps businesses explore and execute transitions to employee ownership. She is also the Coordinator of the Massachusetts Center for Employee Ownership that provides free succession planning support to businesses. Before ICA, Insiyah served as the Holyoke Innovation District Manager and Transformative Development Initiative Fellow through MassDevelopment. In these capacities, Insiyah collaborated with Holyoke residents, businesses, community organizations, and government agencies to develop projects that support equity and vibrancy, such as a new hydroponic farm and workforce training program in the heart of downtown. Insiyah has also worked on criminal justice reform nationally. Insiyah holds a BA from Bennington College, and a Masters in City Planning from MIT.
Kim Saal
Chair, LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Kim was most recently Chief Clinical and Strategy Office for Cooley Dickinson Health Care and President/CEO of the Cooley Dickinson Medical Group. Kim has served as Chief Medical Officer for CareGroup, an integrated delivery system where he utilized quality and information management tools to promote clinical integration and improve quality of care and was the founding President and Chairman of the Board of the Provider Service Network, an organization that contracted on behalf of 2,800 physicians and seven hospitals and was dedicated to improving the quality and value of health care for over 400,000 managed care enrollees.
Prior to moving to the Pioneer Valley, Kim lived in Cambridge, MA for thirty years where he was Chief of the Division of Cardiology, President of the Medical Staff and a board member at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kim was in Hampshire College’s first class and previously served as vice-chair of the Board of Trustees. He has served on numerous boards in health care, community service organizations, higher education and an automobile museum.
Anthony Scibelli
LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Anthony Scibelli is the Vice President, Operations and Chief Administrative Officer for Cooley Dickinson Health Care (a subsidiary of Massachusetts General Hospital) in Northampton, Massachusetts. Anthony is responsible for all aspects of the support services operations departments (nutrition, housekeeping, facilities, safety/security) as well as human resources, performance improvement, volunteer services, medical imaging, rehab services, lab, oncology services, pharmacy, urgent care, and home care & hospice.
Anthony has been with Cooley Dickinson since December 2014 and is a native of Springfield MA. Prior to joining Cooley Dickinson, Anthony lived in Upstate NY and held the position of Senior Vice President, Human Resources, Support Services and Post Acute with the Mohawk Valley Health System in Utica, New York. Prior to his healthcare career, Anthony worked in various human resources roles in the supermarket industry (Big Y, ShopRite and The Penn Traffic Company).
Anthony earned a bachelors degree in education from Worcester State College, Worcester MA and is a graduate of Lesley University in Cambridge MA with a Masters Degree in Training & Development. In 2012, he obtained a MBA from the University At Albany in Albany NY.
Anthony lives in South Hadley, and serves on the board at the Northampton Survival Center, as well as the Franklin/Hampshire County Regional Employment Board.
Mike Stone
LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Mike Stone is a partner at Cofab Design, a product design and manufacturing consultancy. He is a mechanical engineer and designer with a penchant for multidisciplinary projects, products, prototypes, and hands-on hammer swinging. He is a co-founder of Brick Coworkshop, a community-oriented collaborative industrial work space, and a member of the leadership team at AF, a national traveling pop-up marketplace. He sits on the Springfield Advisory Board for FORGE and has a secret history as a musician.
Iohann Rashi Vega
LightHouse Board of Directors. (he/him) Iohann was born and raised in Mexico City, started music training at the age of six, and has a background on journalism and media. He moved to Puerto Rico, where he worked for 12 years in different roles as producer, on-air host, news anchor, promotion coordinator, and music program coordinator, at the University of Puerto Rico’s Public Radio Station, WRTU. For the last four years Iohann was the Media Literacy Coordinator at the Gándara Youth Development Center, in Holyoke, MA, where he worked with youth, creating media content with social justice, and self-advocacy focus.
Iohann is also the producer of Radioplasma, a local podcast that is a workshop for the youth and community to share stories and discussion of topics of relevance and interest, not always covered by mainstream media. This spring of 2019, Iohann took the position of Director of Media Engagement with Holyoke Media, the local public access channel for the City of Holyoke, where the goal is to create engaging content, teach youth and community how to do so, and develop partnerships around the creation of media content to build a dialogue that contributes to the local media environment.
“We cannot solve our problems with the same
thinking we used when we created them.”
-Albert Einstein
Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES
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Faculty Directory | lcds.org
Head of School
[email protected]
Michelle Odell became the fourth head of LCDS faculty in July 2022. A lifetime educator, she has worked in both public and private education as well as higher ed. Michelle spent the last 22 years of her career in independent schools where she taught in lower, middle and upper school, coached track and field, cross country, and basketball, and served in a variety of leadership roles, most recently as an assistant head of school at Flint Hill School. A lifelong learner, she earned her Doctorate in Organizational Change and Leadership from the University of Southern California, her Educational Specialist degree in Curriculum, Technology, and Instruction from Nova Southeastern University, her Master’s degree in Exercise Science from the University of Arizona, and her Bachelor’s degree in Education specializing in Biology and Physical Education from Abilene Christian University in Texas. She and her husband, Marcus, have two grown children, Mikaela and Jake, both of whom attended and graduated from an independent school. Some of her favorite memories are related to her work as an educator and include traveling annually with students to the Florida Keys or Bahamas for science research, mentoring new teachers, and knowing students for their whole educational lives. At home, Michelle enjoys spending time with Marcus and her dog, Cricket, as well as traveling, hiking, reading great books, learning new things, and trying new restaurants and foods.
Assistant Head of School, 3rd-5th Grade Director, Eighth Grade Civics Teacher
[email protected]
Tim Beauchemin has been with LCDS since 1997. After graduating from the University of Rochester with a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science, he moved to the Washington, D.C. area. He started as an intern at a national association of state legislators and eventually become its policy director. After working in the political arena for several years, he recognized that solving the world’s problems was too big a job for him alone and decided that he could have a greater impact by empowering children to help him do it. He earned a Master’s degree in Teaching from the University of South Carolina, returned to the D.C. area and was hired to teach middle school Math, Civics, and History at LCDS. In 2011, he became the Assistant Headmaster, though he still teaches eighth-grade Civics and also serves as the Secondary School Counselor. A history buff, Tim enjoys strolling through the area’s many Civil War battlefields. His greatest accomplishments are his three daughters: Esther (’12), Rebecca (’14), and Sarah (’22).
Preschool-2nd Grade Director,
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Angie Cross began working at Loudoun Country Day School in 2002. She is a native of the area and was born and raised on a beef cattle farm in Lovettsville. She received her B.S. in Early Childhood Education and MaED in Education, Curriculum, and Instruction from Virginia Tech. During her study there, she was a member of the University Honors Program and wrote the first undergraduate “In-Honors” thesis for the College of Human Resources and Education. She also studied abroad in Italy twice, learning about their approach to early childhood education. Angie still has close contact with the Education Department at VT and assists with research projects and presentations each year. After teaching at LCDS for 20 years, she became a division director where she enjoys supporting students, teachers, and families in preschool through second grade. Angie now lives in Leesburg with her husband and her two daughters, who both attended LCDS from prekindergarten through eighth grade. When there is time (and there really is very little of it) she enjoys attending concerts, photography and rooting for the Hokies during football season!
Interim Middle School Director
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Randy Hollister joined LCDS in September 1988, following the completion of a doctorate of philosophy in foundations of education from the University at Buffalo. He taught seventh and eighth grade English and writing lab, coached soccer and basketball and served as student council adviser. In 1993, he became headmaster and continued to teach eighth grade English until 2006. Dr. Hollister is a National Endowment of the Humanities fellowship recipient and a Washington Post Distinguished Educational Leadership Award winner. He has chaired numerous accreditation teams for the Virginia Association of Independent Schools (VAIS). A Shakespeare enthusiast, Dr. Hollister offers a “Shakespeare on Saturdays” program for fifth through eighth graders each January through April. His other interests include coaching basketball and leading skill-development clinics, aviation, and tinkering with mechanical projects. He is always thrilled to hear from former LCDS students. His own two children, Laura and Will, attended LCDS from prekindergarten through eighth grade and graduated in 2008 and 2010 respectively. Dr. Hollister retired as headmaster and became our Interim Middle School Director in 2022.
Lower School Spanish Teacher
[email protected]
“Profesor Miguel” earned a bachelor’s degree in economics and sociology from Virginia Tech. He has been teaching Spanish since 2016. His instructional experience spans homeschool coops, a Christian school, and the Prince William County system. Prior to teaching, Profesor Miguel’s work took him
overseas to the UK, Yemen, Qatar, and Dubai. In his spare time, Profesor Miguel enjoys coaching youth baseball, growing chili peppers, tutoring Algebra, cooking, and car maintenance.
First Grade Assistant
[email protected]
Morgan Balaban started working at LCDS in 2021 as a long term sub which rekindled her passion for teaching and love for children. She graduated from Christopher Newport University with a bachelor’s degree in Communication Studies. Before she began teaching full time at LCDS, she worked as the Children’s Ministry Director at her local church. She was naturally drawn to LCDS because of the nurturing, grace-filled community and unconditional love shown to every student. Her passion for teaching stems from her faith, desiring to meet each student where they are with grace, mercy, compassion, love, and patience. Ms. Balaban has great zeal about pursuing deep and intentional relationships with her students in order to understand their individual learning style and best cater to their success. Morgan was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and moved to Virginia in 2000. Outside of teaching, Morgan loves paddleboarding, skiing, teaching at her church, graphic design, volunteering with Tree of Life, and spending quality time with family.
Prekindergarten Teacher
[email protected]
Lauren was very excited to join the LCDS faculty as a lead PK teacher in 2022. She received her Bachelor of Arts from James Madison University and went on to teach PK and Kindergarten Art, Music and PE and coach lacrosse, field hockey and basketball at The Wakefield School in the Plains, Virginia. Lauren was later given an opportunity to join the corporate advertising world and accepted a position which married her passion for teaching with her passion for the arts, training employees on online advertising operations, creating website content, and managing advertising for two major online media companies. Once becoming a mother, Lauren made the decision to stay home with her two daughters, which is what inevitably led her to LCDS and back to her passion for early childhood education. She is very excited to bring her love for creating art into the classroom. In her free time, you can find her spending time with her family, enjoying live music, running, and crafting all the crafts.
Kindergarten Teacher
[email protected]
Kristin Borowski (Siegert) is excited to join the Loudoun Country Day School family as a Lead Kindergarten Teacher. Kristin holds a BA in Theatre from James Madison University and began her career in the entertainment industry in New York City, where she worked at a talent agency for several years. While making a career shift, she spent two summers at a sleepaway camp, serving as the Program Director Assistant. It is here where she realized her passion to work with children and decided to go back to school and pursue her MA in Teaching at Manhattanville College, where she became certified in Early Childhood and Childhood Education. For the past two years, Kristin has worked at an all-boys school in Greenwich, CT, where she taught Kindergarten and First Grade. Kristin believes that there is something truly special about early education. She values what is unique about each of her students and loves to see the “ah-ha” moment when they discover something new. She has a wonderful fiancé, Stefan, and a playful dog named Kona.
Third Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Stacey started teaching at Loudoun Country Day School in 2022. She graduated from Moravian College, in Pennsylvania, in 2000 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in two majors; Elementary Education and World Religions. She taught 3rd grade for seven years in both public and independent schools and earned her National Board Certification in 2006. Between 2007-2020, she and her family moved overseas with the U.S. Department of State. She’s lived in Greece, Germany, Denmark, and Thailand. She moved to Atlanta in 2020 where she taught the IB PYP curriculum in a fourth and fifth grade multi-age class. When not at school, you’ll find her hiking with her husband and three sons; Colin (16), Sean (13) and Kiernan (12), watching soccer, or reading. Her favorite things about teaching are getting to know her students and building a classroom community full of growth and curiosity. She believes in the importance of each student’s unique learning style; working with them to find effective strategies to help them grow academically, socially, and emotionally.
Fourth and Fifth Grade Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Liz Causey first joined LCDS as an Assistant Teacher in 2020. However, she has worked in the field of education for more than 15 years. She has lived in the Northern Virginia area for the past thirty years, and she is extremely excited to move to her new home in Winchester VA in September! Liz received her bachelor’s degree in Elementary Ed from Old Dominion University. After her last child was born, she decided to pursue her master’s degree. She graduated from George Mason University with a master’s degree in English Language learners. Since then Liz has worked in private and public settings. She has always loved working with children and feels very strongly that all children are unique and benefit greatly from a stimulating educational environment where they can grow physically, emotionally, and socially. She hopes to help create this type of environment where her students can meet their full potential. Liz has 3 children, Kristin 32, Alex 23, and Andrew 18. She also has 2 cats Nimbus and Nyla.
First Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Quela Carlson came to LCDS in 2014. She has two Bachelor of Science degrees (Mathematics and Psychology) from the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia. She also attended Loyola University Maryland, where she earned her Master’s degree in Education, as well as her AMI Montessori elementary diploma through the Washington Montessori Institute. Quela loves teaching first grade through hands-on experiences, craft projects and any other activity that shows the students’ uniqueness and creativity. She enjoys creating a nurturing environment where children thrive and become astronauts in her space-themed classroom. Quela truly loves creating a special bond with each and every one of her students. She can’t seem to walk down the hallway without getting at least one hug! She loves clever puns, the color blue and her two cats, Tiramisu and Spresso. She likes to say blue things make her happy because they are blue-tiful!
Technology Support Professional
PE Teacher
[email protected]
Charlie started at LCDS in 2021. After graduating from the University of Plymouth in 2011 with a Bachelor’s degree in business and events management, he found his passion for teaching while coaching sports at a summer camp in New Hampshire. After a brief 2 year sabbatical “working” as a ski instructor and chef in the European Alps, Charlie pursued his passion for teaching when he graduated from Bath Spa University with a Masters in elementary education in 2014. Charlie taught for 5 years in the UK, Spain, and China. While teaching in Spain, he met his American wife, who convinced him to give his passport a bit of a break and settle down in the USA in 2019. Working as a certified personal trainer and nutrition coach through 2020 helped Charlie rediscover a passion for teaching sports and physical education which he’s excited to bring to the LCDS Athletics department. Charlie is an avid traveler, amateur chef and self-taught yogi. He loves video games and cartoons (much to his wife’s delight).
Middle School STEM Teacher, Director of Technology
[email protected]
Cara was very excited to join the LCDS faculty in 2020. She earned her Master’s degree in Integrative STEM Education K-12 from Virginia Tech and her Bachelor’s degree in Elementary Education from High Point University in North Carolina. Cara has experience teaching 2nd grade, 5th grade, and 6th-8th grade Math and Science. She uses personalized learning and project based learning pedagogy in her teaching. In her classroom, Cara facilitates a risk-friendly environment where students can explore their curiosities and learn 21st century skills. She loves experimenting with new technologies and learning about advancements in STEM Education. Having grown up in Washington DC, Cara is an avid Washington Capitals and Washington Nationals fan. At home, Cara enjoys spending time with her two dogs. She enjoys traveling, hiking, reading, skiing, and ordering way too many things from Amazon.
Kindergarten Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Brenda has been with LCDS since 2013. She received a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from Strayer College. Her first career was working as a government contractor doing financial work on the V-22 Osprey program. It was during that time she met her husband and had three children. When her first child was born, Brenda continued working, but soon realized her place was at home. When the youngest went to first grade, she started working as a preschool teacher. She loves working with young children and says she learns something new every day! She feels every child has a different way of learning and her goal is to try and figure out what works best for each child. Brenda’s son graduated from Roanoke College where he played baseball as a left handed pitcher. Her daughter graduated from SUNY Brockport as a competitive gymnast and her youngest daughter is attending Virginia Tech and having the time of her life.
Athletic Director
[email protected]
Cathy Fernandez has been with LCDS since 2003, when she started as the middle school boys’ soccer coach. She graduated from UCLA with a degree in Communication Studies. While in college, her love of sports had her playing on intramural teams, for the women’s JV basketball team and attending John Wooden practices. Throughout high school, Cathy also played softball, ran track, played volleyball and loved Powder Puff Football. She began her coaching career 27 years ago while coaching her children in soccer. At the youth, middle school and high school level, she has coached basketball, t-ball, soccer, lacrosse, cross country and roller hockey. She previously taught prekindergarten PE, and just saw her last class for that age level graduate. Cathy currently teaches fourth and fifth grade PE, coaches middle school soccer, basketball, cross country and girls’ lacrosse and serves as the director for PE and athletics. In her free time, she loves to cook, play golf, be a mom and watch the NBA.
Third Grade Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Denise has been with LCDS since August 2020. She is a Virginia native, having graduated from James Madison University with a Bachelor’s degree in Early Childhood Education. After clowning around in college and graduating, Denise decided to run away and join the circus. She worked for Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey circus for five years before jumping on the Administrative Assistant track for another four years. She then raised her two daughters through their elementary years before coming back to the school system. She worked for LCPS as both a Special Ed. and Regular Ed. Teacher Assistant for eight years and loved it. Denise enjoys working with young kids and helping to fan into flame their curiosity and love for learning. She enjoys connecting with each child and seeing all facets of their unique personalities. Denise loves reading books to students because she is an avid reader herself. She also loves art, theatre, music, and sports. She is a dog-lover and has two Golden Retrievers, Penny and Oshie.
Librarian
[email protected]
Victoria Frashure (Cunningham) has been with LCDS since 2016. She graduated from James Madison University with a Master’s degree in the Art of Teaching and from Old Dominion University with a Master’s degree in School Librarianship. Prior to moving to Northern Virginia, Victoria lived in rural southern Virginia, where most of her family still resides. Since becoming a NoVa resident, she has taught fourth grade for Manassas City Public Schools and third and fifth grades for Fairfax County Public Schools. She joined LCDS as the lower school enrichment teacher before transitioning into the role of librarian. Her love of reading and project-based learning is well-utilized within the LCDS library program, with a heavy emphasis on student interest and real-life experiences. Victoria is an avid Washington Capitals fan (Go Caps!), reader, and runner. Some of her favorite books include the Harry Potter series and Wonder. In her free time, she loves to take her four-legged friend, Maddie, on long walks to explore new places!
Third Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Jennifer Fusselle began teaching at LCDS in 2013. She originally developed her interest in teaching while in high school, after taking a Teacher Cadet course that gave her the opportunity to create fun lessons for elementary school classes. Jennifer then went on to graduate from Lynchburg College with a Bachelor’s degree in Elementary Education (K-6). Science and Math are two of her favorite subjects to teach, though she also loves all things athletic. Jennifer is active throughout the school year, playing in multiple adult-league sports teams, as well as occasionally attending PE with her class. Jennifer has served on various committees such as Relay for Life and Garden Lab for LCDS, and during the summer is a counselor for multiple summer camps through the school. Outside of LCDS, she enjoys participating in outdoor activities such as hiking, kayaking, yoga and paddleboarding.
Fifth Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Laura Galvin joined the LCDS family in 2020. She earned her Bachelor’s in English from John Carroll University and a Collegiate Professional License from George Mason University. With over 20 years of teaching experience in private education Laura has taught all grade levels from kindergarten to high school. In 2013 she was recognized as a St. Vincent College Great Teacher. Her goal is to promote a love of learning, life and self in her students. As a lifelong learner, Laura loves learning from and with her students. As an educator and mom she understands the importance of working with families to promote a positive learning environment for her students. Outside of the classroom Laura can be found kayaking and cooking with her family. Always eager to read a good book and to attend live theater, she is building up the courage to downhill ski again.
Director of Extended Day, Medical Administrator
[email protected]
Pam began working at Loudoun Country Day School in 2000. She grew up in St. Louis, Missouri and earned a B.A. and M.A. in Psychology at the University of Missouri. After college, she moved to San Diego, California and worked as a regional loan supervisor in the mortgage lending industry. Later, she relocated to the Northern Virginia area and began volunteering at the Montessori school that her children attended. Her love of helping children learn to read lead to a job at that school. When her children transitioned to LCDS, she also joined the school as a first-grade assistant. At the beginning of the 2016-2017 school year, she began her current role at the school. Pam enjoys the many different responsibilities her job offers: assisting in the library, providing support to the health suite, helping coordinate buses for field trips and sporting events, managing school calendars, and working with Extended Day. Every day at work is a little bit different and always interesting!
Director of Advancement
Kindergarten Teacher
annie. [email protected]
Annie joined the LCDS community in 2021 and is incredibly excited to be a kindergarten teacher at Loudoun Country Day School. She graduated from Christopher Newport University in 2020 with her BA in Communication Studies with a concentration in rhetoric and a minor in leadership studies and received her Master’s degree in Elementary Education in 2021. Her goal as a teacher is to help all of her students gain confidence in themselves and feel valued as a student and a member of the LCDS community. Annie grew up in Great Falls, Virginia and attended Flint Hill School through high school. She moved to Loudoun County at the beginning of the pandemic and has enjoyed exploring the new area. Outside of teaching, Annie loves to play and coach lacrosse, ski, read, and spend time with her friends and family. She also enjoys playing with her French Bulldog, Meatball.
Middle School Resource Teacher
[email protected]
Marty Hope has been with LCDS since 1982. After graduating from Hollins College with a Bachelor’s degree in Divisional Social Studies, she worked with autistic children at Grafton School. She earned a Master’s degree in Education at the University of Virginia, and returned to Grafton School, teaching learning disabled and emotionally disturbed children. After two intense years, she left Grafton and started the resource program at LCDS, eventually becoming the Middle School Director. In addition to that role, Marty teaches the middle school resource classes and a pre-algebra class. Helping adolescent children become confident, successful learners and kind, cooperative citizens is her lifelong passion, and the one that has been most gratifying. In addition to teaching, horses have always been and continue to be a big part of her life. Marty enjoys being outdoors, spending time with her family and friends, and being an auntie to five awesome nephews and one very cool niece.
Prekindergarten Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Jenny Huerbin joined the LCDS faculty in 2017. After six years of working for Loudoun County Public Schools as a Teacher Assistant and Substitute Teacher, Jenny was excited to expand her role in a small classroom environment where she could work closely with each student. Jenny’s kind, positive spirit is contagious and valued by her second graders, who often say they’re encouraged and inspired by her warmth and wonder. Jenny has lived in Loudoun County for 18 years with her husband Greg. They have three wonderful sons: Josh, who attends UVA, Jake who attends the University of Tampa, and Owen, who attends Loudoun Valley High School. When she’s not working with her students on their biographer presentations and other interesting projects, Jenny loves practicing yoga. Her family enjoys skiing, sailing and travel when they are not cheering in the stands watching their boys play lacrosse and football!
Second Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Nicole Jaeger was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Germantown, Maryland. When she was a child, she enjoyed playing “Teacher”. She loved teaching her little sister new things and continued her passion as soon as she was able to (16 years old) by working at her first daycare center. Nicole later attended Howard University and received her B. S in Human Development and Masters in the Art of Teaching in 2010. Nicole already had a ton of hands-on experience in the classroom by the time she graduated. She has worked in a variety of different educational settings such as daycare centers, charter schools, and private schools, with the bulk of her experience being with children between the ages of 2-10. She enjoys providing her students with a fun, safe, nurturing, diverse, hands-on learning environment that promotes students cognitive, physical, and social emotional needs. She cares tremendously for her students and does her best to help them feel confident in the work they do and excited about coming to school & learning new things everyday. Nicole has also worked as a teacher mentor at two of her previous schools helping new & existing teachers with classroom management, implementing curriculum, and more. Nicole enjoys spending time with her husband (Rob) and 3 children. She has a daughter (Ava) and twin boys (Jaxson & Carter). All of Nicole’s experience in the classroom and being a mom have given her even more insight and has helped her to be able to relate more to the families in the school. Nicole learns new things every year and shows her students that even adults don’t know everything. She likes to reinforce the fact that everyone is a lifelong learner. Nicole was so excited to begin her journey at LCDS as a second-grade teacher in 2022. She hopes to make an impact in each one of her students lives in some way.
Admissions Assistant
[email protected]
Jane Jerome joined LCDS in 2022. She grew up in Maryland, but has lived in Virginia since graduating from the University of Maryland with a journalism degree. She began her career in advertising and marketing, working at Time Life and AOL, where she was Director of Brand Advertising for six years. During that time, Jane completed her MBA at The American University. After a short break to care for
her two sons, Jane began volunteering at the elementary school, and quickly realized her career was heading in a new direction. This led Jane to secure a position teaching preschool, as well as a Masters Degree in Education from George Mason University. Her last position was at LCPS, where she taught 2nd grade for seven years. Jane is excited for her role in the admissions office, which allows her to draw on her corporate and educational background to support the LCDS community. In her spare time, you can find Jane searching for treasures at the thrift store, knitting, or spending time with her beloved Havanese, Greta.
Lower School Music Teacher, Middle School Music, Band, and Orchestra Teacher
[email protected]
Sonja Jewell holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Music Education, Summa Cum Laude, from Youngstown State University, with a double major in trumpet and voice. She also earned a Master’s degree from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, in Music Education with a Major in Instrumental Conducting, and a Specialization Area in Trumpet. Sonja was fortunate to study with world class teachers and performers such as Esotto Pelligrini, Charles Gorham and David Baker. She completed post graduate courses in voice with past voice chair Dr. Roger Hvronek at Indiana University. Sonja taught undergraduate music education courses at IU, as well as later teaching high school choir and orchestra in Indiana. Sonja has been teaching at LCDS since 1997. At LCDS, she started the string orchestra and band programs, and expanded the vocal music and general music programs. Sonja loves spending time with her family, playing tennis and reading, not at the same time, and kayaking. She is a past Board Member of the Loudoun Symphony, and continues to freelance as a singer, trumpeter, festival judge, and conductor.
Events Coordinator, Advancement Assistant
[email protected]
Milisa Johnson joined the LCDS team in 2015. She grew up in Illinois and graduated from Elgin Community College. Milisa spent 15 years in the corporate world, specializing in Human Resources and holding positions that ranged from generalist to director. Milisa and her husband moved to Virginia in 2002, where they started a family in 2010 with the birth of their daughter. Becoming a mom inspired Milisa to take a break from the corporate world, and when she became a stay-at-home mom, she was also able to realize her dream of launching her DYI company, Henigan Manor. Once her daughter started school, she decided to return to the workforce and use her degree in Art Education to work within a school. Milisa first came to LCDS as a substitute teacher, but accepted her current position of Development and Events Coordinator in 2016. She enjoys spending time with her family, entertaining and the DYI projects she creates through Henigan Manor. Her family loves traveling and being with their pets.
Lower School Resource Teacher
[email protected]
Janet Jones has been with LCDS since 2013. She is a WVU alumnus and graduated with a B.S. in Elementary Education in 1993. She continued her education at JMU and graduated with an M.A. in Special Education in 1995. She worked in Fairfax County Public Schools for five years as a Special Education Teacher until the birth of her daughter in 2000. Her son was born in 2003, and she continued to stay at home to raise her wonderful children. After 13 years at home, she decided it was time to “get back out there” and was hired as a substitute teacher for LCDS. For the next two years, she was a classroom assistant and then took on the role of the resource teacher in 2016. She is excited to continue working with students in a variety of grades as well as many of the wonderful teachers. In her free time, Janet likes to read historical fiction and create delicious meals for her family while listening to Dave Matthews Band. Janet is a certified Orton Gillingham Instructor and tutors students 1-1 after school.
Director of Maintenance and Transportation
[email protected]
Joe Kaylor joined LCDS in 2016. He has 42 years of experience in working with mechanical equipment in a variety of industries, ranging from heavy-duty vehicles to commercial print operations to HVAC units. He is an ASE-certified Master Mechanic, the highest certification available in the industry. One of his career highlights was driving NASCAR great Jeff Gordon’s motor coach cross-country. His skills have also taken him as far away as Russia (technically the USSR when he went) to install specialized printing equipment for a company in the 1980s. Family is very important to Joe, who has two sons, both of whom live in NoVa. In his spare time, Joe enjoys working on his lime green 1974 Dodge Challenger (nicknamed “The Grinch”), which is currently tuned to 900 horsepower. At LCDS, Joe enjoys using the skills he has refined over the years and interact with students on a daily basis to ensure their learning facilities are running at top-notch levels so they can succeed.
Preschool Teacher
[email protected]
Dr. Jennifer Kaywork joined the LCDS staff in 2020. Jenn earned her BSEd in Elementary/Early Childhood Education and Child/Family Development from the University of Georgia, her MS in Family and Child Development from Virginia Tech and her EdD in Elementary/Early Childhood Education from Rutgers University. Jenn fills many roles in the field of education, including as a consultant to child development centers and a professor of teacher education. She has conducted research on children’s learning, project-based learning and preservice teacher reflection, and was fortunate enough to study early childhood education and the Reggio Emilia Approach in Italy during her graduate work. Jenn has also authored two textbooks on infant/toddler development and curriculum. Connection, community and relationships are the focus of her work and daily life, and she feels privileged to have the opportunity to work with young children at LCDS. Jenn loves college football, outdoor adventures with her family and good food and drink. While teaching is her passion, her most favorite job is being Mommy to her kids Hayleigh and Maximus.
Registrar
[email protected]
Casey has been with LCDS since 2001 when she joined as a 2nd grade student, and has worked as a camp counselor and director as well as a substitute teacher at LCDS for a number of years. She was excited to begin working as the Admissions Assistant and Registrar in 2020. After graduating from McDaniel College in 2016 with a bachelor’s degree in Environmental Studies & Spanish, Casey worked for several years in the field of Environmental Education both in the US and in South America. Her favorite part of any job is the opportunity to build relationships and learn from the people around her, though she also enjoys having a good problem to solve here and there. In her free time, she enjoys doing yoga, exploring the area’s trails with friends, going to trivia nights, and talking about bugs with Mrs. Peacemaker!
First Grade Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Dana Kilrain began teaching as a first grade assistant in 2020 after being a sub at Loudoun Country Day School. She has a degree from Virginia Tech with a Bachelors of Science in Biology. She is a native Virginian and life long baker. She and her husband Michael, live in Purcellville and have five children. A son who graduated from UVA, a daughter who graduated from JMU, a son who graduated from VCU, a son who is a Junior at JMU and a son who is a Senior at The Lawrenceville School. She enjoys watching any college sports- especially football and lacrosse, listening to podcasts, walks on the beach, and traveling with her family.
Kindergarten Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Laura Kirkpatrick grew up in the Adirondack Mountains in New York and later graduated with a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Hawaii Pacific University. She worked in Silicon Valley, San Diego and Seattle in marketing and sales positions in the computer and video game industry, where she launched games and other consumer products. Then, she decided to stay home to raise her son (who is now in college at The Citadel). She was a regular classroom volunteer in her son’s schools from Pre-K through 8th grade and held leadership positions in the schools’ PTAs. She also chaired fundraising campaigns for local charities. In her free time, she enjoys hiking mountains with her husband and 2 red dogs, and playing competitive racquetball. Laura is starting her second year at LCDS and feels very at home being an Assistant Teacher in Kindergarten where she can support the growth of enthusiastic minds.
Middle School Science Teacher
[email protected]
Laura Kitselman began her career at LCDS in 1987 after graduating from the University of Virginia. At UVA, she earned a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Biology. At the same time, she pursued her desire to teach and completed coursework in Science Education at the Curry School of Education, leading to state certification. She teaches seventh and eighth-grade science and coordinates the Lower School science curriculum. Laura is passionate about science, teaching and learning. A strong believer in the value of hands-on, experiential learning, she strives to create an environment in which her students can explore a variety of topics and methods of experimentation. Some of her favorite activities of the year include hydroponics, mousetrap cars, DNA extraction, and using microscopes. In addition to learning in the classroom, Laura is an advocate of educational travel and has led student trips to the Amazon, Costa Rica, and Key Largo. In her free time, she experiments with cooking and coral reef organisms, knits socks and completes the daily crossword puzzle.
Preschool Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Tania grew up in Loudoun County and graduated from the University of Virginia with a BA in Communications. She spent 12 years in the corporate world where training company and client employees was one of her main responsibilities. When her children were born in 2002 and 2005, she decided to take a break from the corporate world to be a stay-at-home mom. When she returned to the workforce, she realized that while she had enjoyed the teaching aspect of her previous jobs, teaching children rather than adults would be a better fit to her nurturing nature. She initially became a substitute teacher for Loudoun County Public Schools, then in 2014 she became a substitute teacher at LCDS. In 2016, LCDS offered her the Preschool Assistant position. She was thrilled to follow in the footsteps of her mother, who was also a preschool teacher. Tania enjoys reading, spending time with her husband, their children Kelli and Jack, and their 2 cats. Her family loves lake life, the beach, snow skiing, and the Washington Capitals.
Fourth Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Emily joined the LCDS family in 2021 upon relocating from the Charlottesville area. The 2021-2022 school year will be Emily’s 9th year teaching; previously she has taught Kindergarten, second grade, 4th grade, and 7th and 8th grade History. Emily graduated from Christopher Newport University with a Bachelor’s degree in Elementary Education where she played tennis. After graduating Emily attended James Madison University to complete a Master’s of Art in Teaching in General K-12 Education with a specialization in Special Education. In 2016 Emily returned to graduate school at The University of Virginia and earned a Master’s of Education in Psychology and Foundations of Education. Her personal philosophy is “I aspire to inspire before I expire”. Emily believes the greatest impact in the world is teaching children to love the sound of their own laughter and to be lifelong learners. She loves baseball, strong coffee, spending time with her 1 year old daughter, Charlie, running with her 4-year old boxer mix dog, and spending time at the beach with her family.
Second Grade Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Jordan grew up and lived mostly in the Bay Area, California (Go Niners!) and Arizona. She recently relocated to Northern Virginia after having lived in London, U.K. for almost 2 years. Jordan has a finance background, a B.A. from Arizona State in Supply Chain Management, and will complete her M. Ed. in Early Childhood Education this Fall. Raising her three kids for the last 15 years, she spent a lot of time inside classrooms volunteering; headed the parents association; and even homeschooled her children for one year, traveling all over according to their curriculum. This was the year when enjoyment for teaching and learning with young children became a genuine passion. As a family they love to travel, and bicycling is their favorite way to explore new places. Jordan loves gardening, flowers, skiing, tennis, reading, and anything creative! Jordan was thrilled to join the LCDS community in 2022.
Middle School Assistant
[email protected]
Abby came to LCDS in 2020 as the first Middle School Assistant. While attending school to become a pastry chef, Mrs. Krebs worked as a lifeguard, at a preschool, and taught swim lessons. After college her search found her working at Wegmans, the Grand Hyatt in Washington D.C., and managing bakeries. Through all of these experiences, two things really stuck with her: she tremendously enjoys helping people and she absolutely loves working with children. Mrs. Krebs found her home at LCDS and couldn’t be happier! In her free time, she loves baking, knitting, painting, and anything crafty. Most importantly she loves spending time with her amazing husband, John Krebs, who is an exceptional history teacher at LCDS. Whether they are going to concerts or having a quiet evening at home, as long as they are together, they couldn’t be happier.
Middle School History Teacher
[email protected]
John Krebs joined the LCDS faculty in 2015. He graduated from the Franciscan University of Steubenville Ohio, earning a B.A. and a B.S. in History and Education. Ever since he was a child, John knew he wanted to be a history teacher. He loved movies that portrayed teachers in a fun and inspiring manner, especially School of Rock. Both of his maternal grandparents fought in WWII. His grandmother was a WWII nurse who was forced to help NAZIs in a POW camp and his grandfather was a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne. John grew up listening to his grandmother’s stories and immediately fell in love with history. John’s passion and enthusiasm are contagious; his students enjoy his lessons and learning about World History from such an animated teacher. After school, he enjoys spending time with his very lovely wife, Abigail Krebs, who is a professional baker and cake decorator. They are avid concert- and movie-goers.
Bookkeeper and Blackbaud Systems Administrator
[email protected]
Shannon Krise joined LCDS in 2017. She was born in Indiana and grew up in Hong Kong, where her parents helped administer a seminary serving students all across Southeast Asia. After studying English Education at Cedarville University, Shannon worked as a program supervisor for Toward Independence, Inc., providing residential services for adults with developmental disabilities. She then moved to Loudoun County, where she worked as a conference-center billing clerk. For the next 15 years, Shannon worked as a stay-at-home mom raising three children: Gareth, William, and Freyja. During that time, Shannon also volunteered on the boards of various school and youth organizations including Cub Scouts, Harmony Band Boosters, Woodgrove Music & Arts Association and as an Odyssey of the Mind Coach and School Coordinator. Working at LCDS provides Shannon the opportunity to combine her interest in organization, bookkeeping experience and passion for working with youth.
Second Grade Assistant Teacher
[email protected]
Barbara joined LCDS faculty in 2021. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration from Elon College. Barbara has been a Preschool Teacher Assistant, a PALS Tutor, a Substitute Teacher, and a Teacher Assistant in the Early Childhood Special Education Program with Loudoun County Public Schools. She was awarded LCPS Elementary Substitute of the Year in 2019. She was born and raised in Montgomery County, Maryland. Her family moved to Purcellville, Virginia in 2003. Her eldest Emma lives and works in Arlington. Barbara’s son Christopher graduated from Virginia Wesleyan University in May and works in Reston. Her youngest Ryan is a freshman at James Madison University. Barbara and her husband Stephen enjoy playing trivia and spending time with family and friends.
5th Grade Band Teacher
Business Office Director
[email protected]
Kim Martino began her position as Business Manager at LCDS in 1996. She received her Bachelor’s degree from Franklin and Marshall College, graduating cum laude with a double major in Accounting and Spanish. She started her career with Price Waterhouse in Philadelphia and is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). After she took some time off to start a family, Kim began a position as Business Manager at a private school in Connecticut. She worked there for five years before her family moved to Virginia, where she joined LCDS. She has always loved the family environment at LCDS and the opportunity for her three boys to attend school here. Of the many varied aspects of her job, she most enjoys budgeting. Her personal passion has been following her sons through their athletic careers, all three wrestling from youth through college. Academics, though, have always come first to her, and she appreciates working in a school.
Transportation
[email protected]
Jane McCarter joined LCDS as a middle-school substitute teacher and bus driver in 2014, but she has been a part of the school community for many years. In 1996, she chose LCDS for her daughter’s education and participated as an Odyssey of the Mind Coach for LCDS teams at that time. Jane received both her B.S. in science and engineering from Iowa State University, later licensing in Urban Planning (AICP) and LEED-AP design. Jane has recently retired from Loudoun County service with 25 years experience as a project manager in land development engineering and urban planning. She has experience teaching adults in continuing education for engineers and planners. Jane flunked retirement and was delighted to have the opportunity to support the LCDS community once again. She has lived immediately adjacent to the Appalachian Trail for more than 30 years with a variety of visiting and resident dogs. In her free time, she enjoys hosting Appalachian Trail hikers, writing and sustainable design work.
Director of Admissions
[email protected]
Susan Hower Modlin joined LCDS in 1990 as an experienced early childhood educator and became an LCDS prekindergarten lead teacher for over twenty years. She was instrumental in developing the current program for our young learners and drew inspiration from graduate study at the University of Virginia to establish the prekindergarten art curriculum. An award-winning faculty member, Susan has earned recognition for her contributions in education from The Town of Leesburg, Loudoun County Board of Supervisors, the Wolf Trap Foundation, and as a recipient of the Thomas Jewell Reading Chair. She also served the LCDS Board of Trustees as the faculty representative. Concluding a nine-year term as a member of the Alumni Admissions Committee at her alma mater, Susan switched gears in 2012 to join the administrative team in the newly-created role of Director of Admissions. She treasures her relationships with the many LCDS children and families with whom she has worked for nearly three decades. An avid traveler and perennial adventure seeker, Susan often finds simple pleasures provide her with the broadest smiles: searching for the ultimate ice cream, discovering the perfect beach and daydreaming about being a mermaid.
Sixth Grade English and Math Teacher
[email protected]
Ms. Pannuto was immersed in the education field starting in high school, where she completed a Teacher Education program from New Paltz High School. With a love for traveling, Ms. Pannuto spent the summer of 2019 volunteering in Uganda, Africa, where she taught English and Math at a juvenile detention center. She went on to graduate from CUNY Hunter College this past summer with her BA in English and a Field of Study in Preparation for Secondary Education with honors, all while competing on their Women’s Basketball and Softball teams. Both her grandfather and grandmother were lifelong educators, and inspired Ms. Pannuto with their with their work ethic and dedication to helping their students become the best version of themselves. Ms. Pannuto loves to spend her free time on a softball field or basketball court, and can always be seen with a good book in her bag! She is beyond grateful to start her first year at LCDS with an amazing group of students and fellow teachers, and hopes that the 2021-22 school year will be filled with amazing memories, growth, and laughter!
Lower School STEM Teacher
robin. [email protected]
Robin Peacemaker joined the LCDS faculty in 2014. She has earned multiple degrees including a B.S. in Agronomy with a minor in Environmental Sciences from the University of Maryland and a CTE teaching certification from VCCS. She has enjoyed leading STEM camps and looks forward to more of them. Robin loves all things STEM and especially science! She has a passion for protecting the environment and strives to share that with her students. She also wants all of her students to know that making a mistake is not something to be feared, but rather how we learn the most. One of her favorite quotes from Albert Einstein is “A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.” Robin has a daughter studying forensic psychology in college, a husband who is her best friend, four dogs and a cat. She loves to cook and feed lots of people, to garden and to read all types of books.
Kindergarten-Third Grade Art Teacher
[email protected]
Anne Peterson joined the LCDS faculty in 2015. She graduated with a degree in education from Hope College in Holland, Michigan. Michigan continues to feel like home and she returns twice a year to enjoy snow drifts and the sandy beaches of Lake Michigan. Before coming to LCDS, Anne taught a variety of grades in Texas, Maryland and Northern Virginia. She also worked for a member of Congress on Capitol Hill. She originally became a teacher because of her desire to make a difference in the lives of children and the opportunity to exercise her creativity. LCDS is a perfect fit for Anne because she strongly believes in a Liberal Arts education and the need to expose children to a variety of disciplines early in life. She has lived in Leesburg with her husband and three sons for almost 20 years. Anne enjoys painting watercolors, reading and binge-watching House Hunters International.
Fourth Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Suzanne Porreca has been an LCDS teacher since 1994. She grew up in the beautiful rolling hills of western Pennsylvania, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Elementary Education with a minor in Educational Psychology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Suzanne and her then five-year-old daughter, Megan, relocated to Maryland in order to accept a job at the National Institute of Health’s Retrovirus Exposure Surveillance Program. Suzanne’s first teaching position was in third grade in Prince George’s County Public Schools. When she first joined LCDS, she taught fifth grade before eventually moving into her current position. Suzanne’s 27-year teaching career has been quite fulfilling. Watching her students develop socially, emotionally and academically has been one of her life’s greatest pleasures. Suzanne enjoys spending time with her family: Wayne (husband), Megan and Ricky White (daughter and son-in-law), Matthew (son) and Bella and Casper (dogs). She also enjoys going to the movies, gardening and visiting her family in Pennsylvania.
Middle School Spanish Teacher, Service Learning Coordinator
[email protected]
Señora Quiles joined LCDS in 2018. She earned her Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Science from the College of William and Mary, her Master’s degree in curriculum and instruction from Virginia Tech, and a certificate in gifted education from the University of Virginia. She is passionate about teaching Spanish and nurturing her students’ personal and academic growth. Prior to teaching, Kim lived abroad in Costa Rica and Spain. She taught Spanish for more than a decade, first with Williamsburg Public Schools and later with Loudoun County Public Schools. In addition to teaching every level of high school Spanish, including Advanced Placement, Kim was a gifted resource teacher with LCPS. She loves to travel the world, but Barcelona is her favorite city, as it is the first Spanish city she ever visited and where she met her Catalan husband. She lives in Ashburn with her husband, two daughters, and their golden retriever, Neula (which is a type of Spanish cookie).
PE Teacher
[email protected]
Coach Rayson joined LCDS in 2014. He grew up in the UK playing the “big 3 sports”– rugby, soccer and cricket–as well as swimming competitively. After moving to Hong Kong with the Royal Air Force, Ian continued his sporting career as a triathlete and coach. After receiving his M.A. in Recreation and Sports Management and attending Reading University in the UK to obtain his Post Graduate Teaching Certificate, he embarked on his teaching career. He spent two years teaching PE in the UK and 11 years as a PE and classroom teacher at a private International school in Hong Kong. He loved running the sports days, camps, swim meets and extracurricular activities. He most enjoyed the annual overnight outward-bound camps, sharing his excitement for the great outdoors with students. A keen swimmer, he coaches and manages the LCDS Swim Team. He teaches PK, K and 1st grade PE, middle school girls’ hockey, the co-ed intramural program and tennis. His free time is spent “coaching” his wife and three young boys.
Sixth Grade Math and Science Teacher
[email protected]
Alex joined LCDS in 2020 as a middle school science and math teacher. Alex came to LCDS from the Smithsonian Institution, where she was a primate keeper and a behavioral research investigator. She remains affiliated as a Research Associate. Alex has worked with many school groups, educating them about behavioral science, conservation, and natural history, incorporating her experience observing wild orangutans in Indonesia. She also served as a substitute teacher in Washington, DC public schools. Alex volunteers with the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance, the largest association of wildlife centers in Africa. She earned a Master’s degree in biological anthropology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where she was an anatomy and physiology graduate teaching instructor, and a Bachelor’s in anthropology from the University of Oregon. Alex is passionate about science, nature, and lifelong learning. Her teaching philosophy is inspired by Jane Goodall´s words: “Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.” In 2021, her baby boy, Cedar, was born.
Prekindergarten Teacher
[email protected]
Julie Roberts joined the LCDS community in 2007 as a Kindergarten Assistant Teacher, before advancing into her current role. She earned her Bachelor’s degree in Early Childhood and Elementary Education from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1994. Julie began her career working in administration and human resources with an airline association in Washington D.C., and enjoyed traveling in her position. After spreading her wings, she settled down to work as a teacher at a special needs preschool in Maryland and her children’s preschool in Virginia. At LCDS, she found a program that supported her educational philosophy of nurturing the whole child, providing enriching experiences in all content areas and guiding children to become successful learners. In 2011, Julie became a Lead Kindergarten Teacher at LCDS. She is also a seasoned LCDS parent—she has a son, alumni Jake (‘14) and daughter Carly (‘18). In her free time, Julie stays busy at home with her family and four dogs. She enjoys cooking, planting and is an avid fan of HGTV and the Food Network.
Kindergarten Assistant Teacher
shannon.rood@lcds. org
Shannon joined LCDS in 2021. After graduating from Central Michigan University with a BS in Art Psychology, she then pursued an elementary teacher certification at North Central College. She began her teaching career in the public sector as a long-term substitute for 1st grade as well as for a 4th/5th split gifted classroom. Shannon moved into the private sector, teaching both 4th and 5th grade for Cranbrook Institute’s Lower School, Brookside. She stepped away from the professional world to raise her three children, Jack, Lucy and Kate. Over those 18 years, Shannon continued her life-long drive to positively impact young minds in her community. She passionately volunteered in elementary classrooms, school libraries, started a middle school theater program, guided her own children in beginning a charity, created and authored her own private art studio classes, and initiated numerous family oriented events in her community. When she isn’t at LCDS, as one of the Kindergarten Assistant Teachers, you will find her enjoying her family while hiking, camping, or riding roller coasters!
Lower School Music Teacher
amie. [email protected]
Amie Roos began her teaching career at LCDS in 2001. She received a Bachelor’s degree of Music Education from Youngstown State University. Throughout the years, she has taught grades PS through Eighth, General Music, Choir, Show Choir, and Orchestra. Amie shares her love of music through passionate teaching and truly involves herself in all of her lessons. Students can’t help but get excited because her fun spirit and enthusiasm is contagious. Through her high expectations of performance etiquette, the students engage and perform to the best of their ability in the numerous LCDS school programs and performances. A singer herself, she has performed throughout Northern Virginia and D.C. venues including the Kennedy Center, Ford’s Theatre, and the Supreme Court. Her greatest accomplishments are her three children: Liam, Andrew and Lauren. When not at school, you will find her at baseball and football fields and the dance studio cheering her kiddos on!
First Grade Teacher
kristin. [email protected]
Kristin Seamans joined LCDS in 2019 with 10 years of teaching experience. After graduating from the State University of New York at Cortland with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology, she worked for the New York State Department of Labor for five years. It was after working with the Summer Youth Program that Kristin confirmed her true passion was in education and working with children. She earned a Master’s degree in Teaching from the State University of New York at Cortland, and taught for five years in Upstate New York prior to moving to Alexandria, VA. While in Alexandria, Kristin taught 3rd grade for five years, before taking a short break from teaching to stay at home with her daughter. She believes in creating a nurturing and fun atmosphere for her students, where they are excited to learn and strive to meet their full potential. She enjoys traveling and spending time with her husband Ben, daughter Mia, and English Bulldog Fiona.
Orchestra Teacher
marjory. [email protected]
Marjory Serrano began teaching at LCDS in 2013. An accomplished orchestral and chamber musician, she began violin studies at the Aragua Symphony Foundation in Venezuela. At Shenandoah University, she earned a Masters Degree in Violin and an Artist Diploma in String Quartet Studies. She also received her Doctor of Musical Arts in Violin Performance from Catholic University. Marjory served as principal second violin at the Idyllwild Arts Music Festival under the baton of Larry Livingston, and also performed at the Castleton Festival under the baton of then-New York Philharmonic conductor Lorin Maazel. She has performed at such renowned venues as Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. Dr. Serrano holds an adjunct faculty position in violin at Frederick (Maryland) Community College. She is Concertmaster of the Pro Arte Chamber Orchestra of Greater Washington (PACO), and she also performs with the Apollo Orchestra and the American Festival Pops Orchestra in the Washington, D. C. area.
Fifth Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Charlette Simmons was excited to join the LCDS faculty in 2022. She earned a Master’s Degree in Elementary Mathematics and a Bachelor’s of Science in Learning Disabilities. She has spent much of her career teaching students and supporting teachers in independent schools in Virginia. Charlette has taught students in grades one through eight in all subjects. Not only has she taught students how to read, she has also taught students who were considered gifted. She uses integrative and guided inquiry-based learning pedagogies in the classroom. These approaches to learning and teaching center the students, encourage intellectual and creative growth, and engage their natural curiosity. Charlette’s teaching style is clear, concise, rigorous, and stress-free. Her former students enjoy her sense of humor, consistency, fairness, and love of learning. Charlette is a proud wife, mother of three daughters, grandmother, and fur mom to two beautiful Weimaraners. She is also proud of being a daughter of a retired United States Marine Corp veteran.
Maintenance
[email protected]
Rob Smith began working at LCDS in 2013. He grew up in Loudoun County and attended Art Institute of Washington, where he studied graphic design. He was a Loudoun County Public School substitute teacher for four years, as well as a special education teacher’s assistant for two years. Recognizing his love of sports and passion for working with kids, Rob coached high school basketball and middle school basketball for five years. He currently coaches LCDS afterschool flag football, where he promotes enthusiasm, good sportsmanship and aims to improve kids’ skills and knowledge after every practice and game. Rob loves coaching LCDS students and being a positive role model for them. He enjoys sharing his knowledge of his favorite sports, and his excitement is contagious. During his free time, he loves being with his daughter, going fishing as often as he can and playing basketball and football.
Second Grade Teacher
[email protected]
Vasanthi joined LCDS as a 2nd grade teacher in 2022. She holds a B.S. in Special Education from Penn State and a M.Ed. in Curriculum & Instruction from George Mason. Vasanthi has worked as a teacher of 3rd grade, 3rd/4th GT, Learning Disabilities, Emotional Disabilities, Multiple Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder. She values empowering children to see their limitless potential by becoming curious risk takers, and advocates for learning. Vasanthi is a certified yoga therapist, yoga teacher, and teacher trainer for children’s yoga. She has trained schools on implementing yoga programs as a viable solution to the prevention and maintenance of individual and community health. Vasanthi loves to spend time with her family, fur babies, and gardening. Born in Chennai, India and coming from a family of chefs of Indian cuisine, she continues to share the tradition of cooking with others. As a Philadelphia native and Penn State alum, you can get her attention by saying, “ Fly Eagles Fly,” or “WE ARE!”
Middle School English Teacher
kate. [email protected]
Kate Stavish began teaching at LCDS in 2018. She brings with her over 10 years of teaching and education leadership experience. After graduating from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1999 with a Bachelor’s degree in Sports Management, Kate worked as the Director of Marketing for a technology company. Inspired to give back to rising generations, Kate left the corporate world and entered the University of Virginia in 2004, graduating with a Master’s degree in English Education in 2007. She taught in Virginia for four years before relocating to Philadelphia, PA where she was an Assistant Athletic Director and teacher at the William Penn Charter School. In 2011, she and her husband moved to Leesburg and she began teaching at Herndon High School and recently (2013-2018) worked as an Administrator at McLean High School. Along with teaching in the Middle School, Kate will be coaching field hockey and has over 20 years of playing and coaching experience. Kate has two wonderful daughters, Harper and Eliza.
O.E. Mandelstam, his predecessors and contemporaries: Collection of materials for the Mandelstam Encyclopedia. – M. : RGGU, 2007
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Pandora’s Box read online free by Paul Offit
Introduction
It must be humbly confessed that writers do not create their creations from nothing, but only from chaos.
Mary Shelley[2]
The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, home of the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, was founded in 1824. This is one of the oldest research and educational centers in the United States. In 2014, he held the popular science exhibition “101 Inventions That Changed the World.” My son, the author of scientific publications, and I, going there, tried to guess what would be on the list. Many of the achievements of mankind were named correctly, but some came as a surprise to us.
The first three are pasteurization, paper and fire extraction. Closed the list of sail, air conditioning and global navigation system (GPS). Others included the telephone, cloning, the alphabet, penicillin, the spinning wheel, vaccination, transistor radio, email, and aspirin. The inventions that neither I nor my son would have guessed in their lives (because both did much more harm than good) were gunpowder (number 20) and the atomic bomb (number 30). This gave me the idea to create another list – “101 inventions that changed the world for the worse.”
For several years I have asked doctors, natural scientists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, skeptical philosophers, and my friends what they consider to be the worst achievements of mankind. In the end, he compiled a list of 50 items. I originally had a plan to limit it to only those inventions that caused the most deaths (such as explosive materials). Then I began to consider only innovations that harmed the environment (for example, freon cooler). As a result, I settled on the inventions that surprised me the most (at least for me), but at the same time, whose influence is still felt.
Here are the seven finalists.
Six thousand years ago, the Sumerians discovered a plant they called hul gil, “flower of joy.” It was made into a drug that now kills 20,000 Americans every year. Far more young people die from this substance than in traffic accidents.
In 1901, a German scientist conducted an experiment that revolutionized the food industry. A hundred years later, an editorial in the respected New England Journal of Medicine stated, “Based on calories [of this food], it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease more than any other macronutrient.” The Harvard School of Public Health estimates that if it were removed from the diet, 250,000 fewer Americans would die from heart disease a year.
In 1909, another German scientist came up with a chemical reaction and received the Nobel Prize as a result. Thanks to his invention, it became possible to feed seven billion people, but if we do not take decisive action, life on Earth could end because of it.
In New York City in 1916, a conservationist wrote a scientific tract that pushed the US government to pass a series of draconian immigration laws that forced the sterilization of tens of thousands of American citizens, and provided the scientific justification for Adolf Hitler’s murder of six million Jews. . Echoes of this tract can still be heard today, when politicians like Donald Trump denounce Mexican immigrants as “rapists” and “murderers.”
In 1935, a Portuguese neurologist invented a surgical treatment for mental disorders, for which he received the Nobel Prize. It was this operation that turned the sister of President John F. Kennedy into an incapacitated invalid in five minutes. Now we see this dangerous procedure only in horror films, and we still see remnants in the treatment of one of the most common childhood mental disorders – autism.
In 1962, a popular biologist and founding mother of the modern environmental movement wrote a book that led to the banning of one particular pesticide. The move was welcomed by environmental activists, but public health officials were wary. And their fears were well founded. As a result of this ban, tens of millions of children died for nothing.
In 1966, the American chemist, winner of two Nobel Prizes, first used the word “antioxidant”, elevating it to the rank of terms that no advertising can do without. Unfortunately, for those who followed his advice, the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease only increased. Worse still, an industry emerged whose harm is still evident today: in Hawaii there was a sudden need for liver transplants, and women in the Northeast suddenly began to show symptoms of masculinism.
All these stories have a myth that goes back to about 700 BC. AD: This is a story about unforeseen consequences. Zeus, angry that Prometheus stole fire from the gods, decided to punish all of humanity. And he created Pandora. And he gave her a wonderful precious box, the contents of which were secret. Pandora was warned that it was impossible to open it, but she did not obey, and many ghostly creatures flew into the light, personifying illness, poverty, suffering, sadness, death and all evil. Pandora hastened to close the chest, but it was too late. There was only hope left in him.
Science is also a beautiful Pandora’s box. We are curious to know what is hidden there, so we sometimes unleash evil that causes suffering and leads to death. In some cases, scientific results have planted a time bomb and may eventually destroy us. All of them are rooted in the beginning of recorded history, but the effect of them is visible to this day, and it can be said that we have not learned the lesson with Pandora’s box.
As a scientist who has been developing vaccines for the past 35 years, I have witnessed both the joy of science as a panacea and the sadness of unintended consequences. For example, the oral poliovirus vaccine that eradicated polio in the Western Hemisphere and is still in use around the world can itself cause the disease. Although this side effect is rare, it is a possibility. The rotavirus vaccine, which has been given to infants in the United States for a full ten months, since 1998 to 1999, became a rare cause of intestinal obstruction: as a result, one child died. The swine flu vaccine used in Europe and Scandinavia in 2009 caused a rare but incurable sleep disorder called narcolepsy. All of these drugs were well-intentioned, all of which protected against potentially fatal infections, but their use was, in a way, tragic.
We will analyze how it was possible to avoid sad outcomes in the case of all seven discoveries. Then, in the last chapter, we will look at modern inventions such as the electronic cigarette, chemical resins, autism drugs, cancer screening programs, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). We will talk about them in the light of what we have learned, hoping to understand whether it is possible to distinguish scientific progress from scientific tragedy at the very source, and what the past has given us – a lesson or another opening of Pandora’s box. The findings will surely surprise you.
Chapter 1. God’s Medicine
The only thing you want from pain is to end it. There is nothing worse in life than physical pain. There are no heroes in the face of pain.
George Orwell. 1984[3]
With the birth of the first civilization came the first medicine. About 6,000 years ago, during the time of Abraham, the Sumerians left Persia (modern Iran) and settled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was they who invented cuneiform writing, leaving behind more than 400,000 clay tablets. They were the first to engage in agriculture, growing barley, wheat, dates, apples, plums and grapes. They discovered a plant that, over time, brought more pleasure and suffering than any other in the history of mankind. The Sumerians called it hul gil (“flower of joy”), and Carl Linnaeus, an 18th-century Swedish botanist, called the sleeping pill (papaver somniferum). We now call it the opium poppy.
The effect of opium was so strong that representatives of ancient cultures considered it a remedy of divine origin, and nothing else. The Sumerians believed that this was a gift from Isis to the sun god Ra: she created this plant to save the god from a headache. In India, opium lovers were convinced that this drug was the work of the Buddha: in order to never sleep, he cut off his eyelids, and when they touched the ground, they turned into a beautiful flower, giving eternal sleep and dreams. Thomas Sydenham, a 17th-century English physician, said: “Among the means pleasing to the Almighty God, given by him to man for the relief of suffering, there is none so universal and effective as opium.” Even in the 20th century, this medicine continued to be considered a creation of the Creator: at the beginning of the century, William Osler – perhaps the most eminent physician of his time, the founder of the Johns Hopkins Hospital – called opium God’s medicine.
Throughout human history , the opium poppy has adapted to grow in different soils and regions. It is naturally resistant to insects and fungi, so it can be grown and harvested even in countries with limited resources. (In Afghanistan, the opium poppy is still the leading commercial crop.) The plant’s prized pod, or pod, contains a milky-white sap that dries to a dark, sticky mass. This mass (opium) contains five biologically active elements: morphine, the most powerful painkiller (analgesic) known to man; codeine (methylmorphine) – a mild pain reliever and cough suppressant; muscle relaxants alpha narcotine and papaverine; as well as thebaine, which since the end of 1990s is used to prepare a drug that kills about 20,000 Americans a year.
Even in ancient Greece, doctors used opium for pain relief, and also treated many diseases with it. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, considered it a cure for insomnia. Galen – the last of a galaxy of great Greek physicians – used it to treat headaches, dizziness, deafness, epilepsy, apoplexy (stroke), poor eyesight, bronchitis, asthma, cough, hemoptysis (hemoptysis), stomach cramps, jaundice, hardening of the spleen, resistant depression, kidney stones, pain when urinating, fever, dropsy (swelling of the limbs due to heart failure), leprosy, menstrual cramps and melancholy. Neither Hippocrates nor Galen knew about the trap one could fall into by using opium. The first person to realize that many of his ancient Greek colleagues were addicted to the drug was a relatively obscure physician named Diagoras of Melos. He was also the first person in history to speak out against the use of this remedy. The physician declared that it was better to be in pain than to be addicted to opium. But his warnings have been ignored for the last 2,500 years.
The Romans were also addicted to the opium poppy. He was depicted on coins, revered as a gift from Somnus (Hypnos), the god of dreams. But they understood that opium is a strong poison. In 183 BC. e. the Carthaginian commander Hannibal committed suicide with his help. And the wife of Emperor Claudius, Agrippina, poisoned her 14-year-old stepson, Britannicus, to make her own son, Nero, emperor.
Mention of opium can be found even in the New Testament. As Matthew 27:34[4] says, Jesus, hanging on the cross, the disciples offered some remedy to dull the pain: “They gave Him vinegar mixed with gall to drink; and, having tasted it, did not want to drink. Opium was bitter, and to make it more palatable, it was often mixed with wine or beer. The Bible Students suggested that the “gall,” that is, “something bitter,” was probably opium.
Neither the Greeks nor the Romans traded this remedy. Trade was conducted by Arab merchants who brought the drug to China, where it subjugated the population of the country.
Opium first appeared in China in the 7th century AD. e. Then it was used mainly for medicinal purposes, but sometimes added to sweets and pastries. At first, opium was just a pleasant distraction, but that all changed when the Portuguese brought the pipe to the country. The Chinese started using the drug and couldn’t stop.
In 1660, British companies shipped over 600 kilos of opium from India to China; in 1720, the volume of supplies increased to 15 tons, and in 1773 – to almost 75 tons. Three million inhabitants of the Celestial Empire are addicted to the drug. The government banned opium smoking, but it didn’t work. In 1839, the British exported a horrendous amount of the substance to the country – 2540 tons. 25% of the population got hooked on opium. In some regions, the number of addicts reached 90%. Chinese society was on the verge of collapse. Then the government turned to British officials with a request to suspend the supply of opium from India. They refused, and the Chinese authorities, desperate to stop the epidemic of addiction and unrest that had reached incredible proportions, took the next step.
In 1839, imperial official Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed almost 1,200 tons of British opium. From that moment until 1860, China experienced two opium wars with Britain and lost both. The defeat resulted in the state having to pay the victor $21 million in reparations, open more ports for opium imports, and cede Hong Kong (under the treaty, it remained a British protectorate until 1997). After the second Opium War, all restrictions on the drug trade in China were lifted. At 19In 00, the Celestial Empire imported 3,900 tons of opium for the more than 13 million drug addicts living there.
At the same time, while the Chinese smoked opium, the Americans drank it, for which thanks to one “inventor” from Europe.
At the beginning of the 16th century the Swiss alchemist, physician, astrologer and philosopher Paracelsus mixed opium with brandy and named the drink laudanum (from the Latin verb laudare, meaning “worthy of praise”). “I have a secret remedy, which I call laudanum, and it is better than any other drug that gives good health,” he said. The craze for liquid opium swept Europe. It began to be drunk by Victorian women, who considered frequent visits to bars and salons unacceptable; they also gave tincture to children so that they would fall asleep better. British physicians treated laudanum for coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, and gout.
Americans are also addicted to liquid opium. Laudanum was drunk by Louise Alcott and George Washington; Mary Lincoln was dependent on him. By the end of the 1800s, there were about 200,000 drug addicts in the United States, and three-quarters were women. It was believed that (unlike the opium smokers in China) European and American ladies who drank the drug had a mild and harmless addiction. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, set in a small Alabama town, the opium-addicted Mrs. Henry DuBose represents degradation and decadence. But Atticus Finch, a lawyer who turned the whole city against him with his racist beliefs, praises Dubose for her courageous attempt to overcome addiction and die with dignity. Finch sympathizes with Dubose and doesn’t think she’s pathetic at all.
Everyone is crazy about opium. It has become a staple for the preparation of over-the-counter drugs. Products such as Scott’s Fruit Tincture, which contained 3% opium, or chlorodin, which included opium, marijuana, and chloroform, were freely available. And Mrs. Charlotte Winslow’s Calming Syrup, Mother Baylis’s Calming Potion, and Hooper’s Calming Supplement were given to children to “calm down a naughty child.” The American Medical Association later labeled opium-containing drugs “baby killers. ”
In addition, the opium poppy can be said to have played itself in the famous book written by Lyman Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (when Dorothy and Toto fell asleep in a poppy field).
Unlike the Europeans the Americans eventually banned opium. This happened due to the events associated with the “gold rush” in California.
From the 1850s to the 1870s, about 70,000 Chinese came to the United States to mine gold and work on the railroads. The Chinese landed at the port of San Francisco; they carried opium pipes with them. Initially, only Chinese immigrants were addicted to it, but starting in the 1870s, opium dens became a popular destination for actors, gamblers, prostitutes, and criminals. They could be found in almost every major US city, including Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Miami. Opium addiction spread so widely and so corrupted the population that in 1875 the authorities of San Francisco passed an ordinance banning opium dens and smoking the drug. Their example was followed by officials from other cities. Then the government intervened. At 19In 09, Congress passed the Opium Import Ban Act, but it was too late. Many Americans are already addicted. Opium addicts were no longer sympathized with, which was reflected in the new vocabulary: they were called junkies or junk dealers , because they often rummaged through landfills in search of items that could be sold. The combination hop heads (“jumping heads”), from the Cantonese[5] ha peen, meaning bird or cow droppings, has entered American slang.
In 1914, the US Congress passed the Harrison Drug Tax Act. This forced doctors to keep a record of all prescriptions for drugs. (In addition to being an anesthetic, opium is also a narcotic (from the Greek word narkoun, meaning “paralysis” or “stupor”). All drugs, by definition, depress the central nervous system, cause drowsiness, induce stupor, and sometimes a person falls into in a coma.) In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court clarified the law that doctors were prohibited from prescribing drugs to maintain addiction. It will be almost a hundred years before doctors are held accountable for violating this law.
Opium use is now restricted by the US legislature and condemned by the public. But this was only the beginning of the enslavement of Americans to opium and its derivatives.
Although opium is addictive and disruptive to society, its ability to relieve pain cannot be disputed. There is no other medicine that can compare with it. Scientists were desperate to find a way to preserve the pain-relieving properties of opium without being addictive.
This was first tried by a young German chemist. In 1803, Friedrich Sertürner, a 20-year-old apothecary’s assistant, isolated the active ingredient in opium, which is the most abundant. He named it morphine after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. Later this substance became known as morphine. Serturner never went to university, had no degree or professional achievement, so he made the lab equipment himself and tested the drug he had just discovered on the only person he could find to do it, on himself. So a shy and lonely man, a young apprentice pharmacist, brought medicine to a new level.
Serturner found that morphine was about six times stronger than opium and almost immediately caused euphoria, which was replaced by depression and addiction – in the final experiments, the researcher almost became a drug addict. The chemist was very worried that he had created a real monster, so he warned the society: “In order to prevent a disaster, I consider it my duty to draw attention to the terrible consequences of a new substance that I called morphine.” But Serturner’s warnings went unheeded. In 1827, the German pharmaceutical company Merck began mass production of the drug. European doctors began to prescribe morphine for various diseases, including alcoholism. It turned out that they inadvertently replaced alcohol addiction with drug addiction.
Then the situation with drug addiction changed because of a medical invention.
In 1853, a Scottish doctor from Edinburgh named Alexander Wood invented a syringe with a needle, which allowed the drug to be injected directly into the blood. (Morphine was the first drug given intravenously.) Wood believed that if morphine was taken by injection rather than through the esophagus, it would not create an “appetite” for the drug. The doctor was confident that he had found a way to separate the pain-relieving properties of morphine from the addictive ones. By 1880, almost every physician in the United States had a hypodermic syringe and began instructing patients on how to self-administer the drug. Wood’s wife later died of an overdose of morphine, becoming the first recorded patient to die from the drug, given by injection.
With the invention of the hypodermic syringe, more addicts began to choose morphine. By 1900 there were over 300,000 addicts in the United States. With the passage of laws to prohibit the sale of the drug, the demographics of drug addicts have changed dramatically. They were no longer pale, frail women drinking laudanum and arousing compassion, as in To Kill a Mockingbird, but urban poor, mostly men, such as Frankie Makine in Nelson Algren’s bestseller The Man with the Golden Arm: fussy, playing preference drug addict. (In the film of the same name 19Frank Sinatra played the role of Makine in 1955.)
And everything started anew. Was it possible to invent an anesthetic with the main component morphine, which has the power of opium, but does not cause addiction and dependence, which has so far remained an integral quality of the drug? At that time, scientists used only products of natural origin. Of course, there must have been a way to apply the achievements of modern chemistry to the synthesis of a painkiller that did not have a narcotic effect. At the end of the 19th century, one scientist decided that he had come to his cherished goal and found a way to relieve pain.
In 1874, London pharmacist Elder Wright boiled morphine with acetic anhydride (vinegar) for several hours and obtained diacetylmorphine (a process called acetylation). Wright was sure he had created a non-addictive painkiller, so he gave the gray-white powder to his dog. She began to behave excessively active, then she became very ill, and she almost died. The scientist threw away the remaining powder, but published the results of research in the London-based scientific journal for chemists, the Journal of the Chemical Society. And despite the fact that Wright soon became a member of the prestigious Royal Society, no one paid attention to his publication.
21 years have passed.
In the late 1800s, a young Rhineland chemistry professor, Heinrich Dreser, working for a small and not very successful pharmaceutical company, discovered Elder Wright’s article. He was very impressed with the work of the scientist, because he also tried to make sure that morphine was not addictive. Dreser knew that acetylated morphine reaches the brain faster, so a smaller dose is needed to relieve pain. The professor reasoned that a small amount of a narcotic substance would most likely not cause addiction. He decided he had finally found a safe and effective anesthetic.
In 1895 Dreser asked his doctoral assistant Felix Hoffmann to acetylate morphine. Hoffmann already knew how to do this because he had to acetylate another chemical, sodium salicylate, which was used as an anti-inflammatory in the treatment of rheumatism. The problem was that sodium salicylate damaged the gastric mucosa, which caused gastritis, bleeding, and sometimes an ulcer. Felix discovered that when acetylated, sodium salicylate is converted into acetylsalicylic acid, which caused practically no problems for the stomach. In 189In the year 9, Dreser and Hoffmann’s company, named after its founder, Friedrich Bayer, introduced a new drug to the market – Bayer aspirin.
Dreser and Hoffmann were now ready to extend this success to morphine. They gave diacetylmorphine to rats and rabbits, and they liked the stuff. Then they tested the gray powder on four employees of the company, who also reacted positively; moreover, they wanted to repeat the experience. Next, the scientists tested the drug on several patients at the clinic.
In September 1898, Heinrich Dreser presented his development at the Seventieth Congress of German Biologists and Physicians. He claimed that diacetylmorphine could treat colds, sore throats, and headaches, as well as more serious respiratory illnesses like pneumonia and tuberculosis, two major causes of death. Diacetylmorphine was recognized as being more potent, five times more potent than morphine, and was also thought to be non-addictive. It must be said that Dreser tested the drug for only a month and only on a few people. He was sure that he had found an excellent remedy that relieves drug addiction. The members of the congress gave a standing ovation.
Drezer managed to convince the company management to launch a new product with little effort. But first of all, I had to come up with a name. Some employees wanted to call it Wunderlich, which means “wonderful” in German. But Dreser preferred the name Heroisch, or “heroic.” In 1898, Bayer began marketing a new drug, heroin. Aspirin was now available only by prescription: doctors were worried that it contributed to gastritis. They thought heroin was much safer, so it was sold freely.
In 1900, Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical company working with Bayer, began selling heroin in the United States without a prescription, promoting it along with aspirin as a cold and flu remedy. Representatives of Lilly claimed that the product is completely safe, not only for children, but also for pregnant women and infants.
Heroin sales skyrocketed. At first, military doctors administered the drug intravenously to soldiers in the field during the First World War. Then ordinary citizens bought it in the form of cough drops or glycerin-based mixture. Millions of doses of the drug were sold in England and the USA. Early 19In the 1900s, the St. James Philanthropic Society began a campaign to send free heroin to morphine addicts.
Heroin has become the standard of care. In 1906, the Journal of the American Medical Association wrote that heroin is “principally recommended for bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma, whooping cough, laryngitis, and some forms of hay fever. ”
However, very soon everyone realized that heroin was not at all what it was thought to be.
K 19In 2002, several cases of addiction and child deaths became known. By 1905, there was more than enough evidence. Due to the fact that heroin crossed the placenta, drug addicts had children already with symptoms of serious addiction. Traces of heroin have been found in breast milk. In 1906, the U.S. Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries Board stated that “addiction is formed immediately and leads to the most deplorable results.” By 1910, doctors were already fully aware of the dangers of the substance – its use had decreased. Bayer, however, continued to advertise the drug as safe for health until 1913 years old By 1918, there were over 200,000 heroin addicts in New York alone.
In 1924, Congress passed a law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of the product, so it began to be sold underground. In the 1920s and early 1930s, gangsters such as Meyer Lansky, Dutch Schultz, and Jack Diamond, nicknamed Long Legs, were the main distributors of heroin. (Due to the fact that all three were Jews, heroin was often called “relish”, from the Yiddish word schmecher, meaning “crazy”.) In the middle of 19In the 1930s, the leading positions passed to the Italian mafia, in particular to Charles Luciano, nicknamed Lucky, who established the so-called French corridor. Opium grown in French Indochina or Turkey was shipped to Lebanon, where it was made into morphine, and shipped to Marseille, a port city in France. There, high-quality heroin was produced from it and smuggled into the United States.
Initially, heroin abuse was considered the lot of the urban poor and the social underclass. But by 19Jazz musicians from Harlem became addicted to the drug in the 1940s, and by the 1950s, under the influence of the books of Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs, the beat generation [6]. By the mid-1960s, there were over 500,000 heroin addicts in America. In fact, all the big cities of the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany were in the “heroin trap”.
The American government tried to convince Turkey to stop the production of opium and the importation of heroin through France. (The success of this event formed the basis of the plot of the film 1971 The French Connection with Gene Hackman and Roy Scheider.)
By the 1970s, opium was being produced elsewhere: in the mountainous regions of Laos, Thailand and Burma (now Myanmar), known as the Golden Triangle. The US army soldiers in Vietnam suffered the most from the change in opium production, 15% of whom immediately became addicted to heroin.
In the summer of 1971, President Richard Nixon declared “total war on drugs.” “There are more heroin addicts in America right now than in any other country in the world,” he said. “If we can’t beat drugs, then they will definitely beat us.” Nixon chose Elvis Presley as the public figure for the war against heroin. Ironically, when the singer died at 1977, diazepam, methaqualone, morphine, codeine and barbiturates were found in his blood. Presley was not the only celebrity overdose victim: Janis Joplin died in 1970, John Belushi died in 1982, Chris Farley died in 1997, and Philip Hoffman died in 2014, all from heroin.
By the mid-1990s, heroin was cheaper and less contaminated. Now it was melted on foil and the vapors were inhaled (this was called “chasing the dragon”). More and more women began to use the drug. K 19In 1995, more than 600,000 Americans were on heroin. In addition to the Golden Triangle, the Colombian Medellin cartel supplied a lot of drugs. The US Drug Enforcement Administration,[8] which now has more than 75 offices in 50 countries, spent more than $13 billion a year to counter heroin imports.
By 2003, the number of American drug addicts had fallen from 600,000 to almost 100,000. But this was not at all because people lost interest in drugs. They just swapped one drug for another again.
At first, the scientists of hoped that opium addiction could be cured with morphine. Then they tried to treat morphine addiction with heroin. Now it’s time to try something else. And they again artificially modified the substance to separate its pain-relieving properties from the addictive ones. And again they failed, this time they just failed miserably.
To find another miracle cure, scientists took another ingredient in opium – thebaine, named after the ancient Persian city of Tebes, where the opium poppy was grown. For the first time, a synthetic substance from thebaine was obtained by two German chemists from Frankfurt University in 1916 years. They gave it the name “Oxycodone”.
In the early 1950s, oxycodone made its debut in America. Initially, it was combined in various combinations with other drugs, for example: Percodan (with aspirin), Combunox (with ibuprofen), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Percocet (with acetaminophen (Tylenol)). But the most powerful and widely used drug, ultimately highly addictive, was OxyContin, pure oxycodone, with no impurities. OxyContin’s manufacturer, Purdue Pharma, touted the drug as the first arthritis drug. As a result, it was on it that the company earned the most – more than 80% of the total income.
Later, Purdue introduced OxyContin as an acrylic-filled combination product, which allowed the drug to be released more slowly and at a specific time, eliminating the need to take it several times a day. Addicts soon discovered that by chewing the pill or crushing it into powder, they could bypass the delay mechanism and experience immediate pleasure, the same as 160 mg of oxycodone, an order of magnitude more than any other product on the market. Now drug addicts have the opportunity to ingest a potentially lethal dose of the drug. (By weight, oxycodone is actually stronger than morphine.)
In 1996, when the new drug was introduced to the market, the label read: “Delayed absorption of the substance from OxyContin is believed to reduce the susceptibility to drug abuse.” Representatives of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will very soon regret this phrase. In fact, it was impossible to predict the “controlled” action of OxyContin.
At first, doctors were afraid of oxycodone. They had already burned themselves on morphine in the 1800s, heroin in the 1900s and opium at the very beginning of history. No one wanted to be disappointed again, so doctors were in no hurry to prescribe the next miracle drug derived from opium. But by the mid-1980s, everything had changed.
On April 20, 1948, a nurse named Cicely Saunders began working at St. Luke’s Hospital for the Dying in East London. She believed that terminally ill patients should not live out their last days in terrible pain. On the contrary, they can die with dignity and suffering as little as possible. Saunders reasoned that it was much better to prevent pain than to try to relieve it later. And at 19In 1967, she founded the hospice movement, where patients were given large amounts of addictive pain medication. The movement started by Saunders crossed the ocean, and in 1984 the US Congress passed the Pain Eligibility Act, which legally treated the terminally ill with heroin. In 1986, Wisconsin became the first state to begin a cancer pain management program. Other states followed.
For many near-death patients, strong pain relief has been a godsend. But now doctors have the legal ability to write long-term prescriptions for high doses of drugs. At first, they were only allowed to be given to terminally ill cancer patients. Then a respected New York doctor took another unfortunate step towards drug abuse.
In 1986, Russell Portenoy , a New York doctor, pain specialist, then 31 years old, published a paper in the medical journal Pain. Portenoy believed that it was time for American doctors to overcome the fear of anesthetics, which he called opiophobia. Portenoy told the stories of 38 people taking high doses of pain medication (12 of them were on OxyContin). Only two of them became some kind of “drug addicts”, both of whom had previously experienced addiction. The doctor insisted that he was not the first to come to this conclusion. Prior to this, three studies had been published that showed that only 1% of patients who constantly take painkillers become addicted to them. Portenoy argued that “Opium (opioid) maintenance therapy is safe and is becoming a real lifesaver, and certainly a more humane alternative for patients with intractable non-malignant pain who have not previously had drug dependence.” Russell believed that the empathy that Cicely Saunders showed for terminally ill cancer patients should be extended to other patients. According to Portenoy, pain should be the fifth indicator of vital signs (besides temperature, blood pressure, pulse and respiratory rate). Nobody should suffer. (An important note about terminology: when Russell used the term “opioid” he was referring to synthetic forms of opium drugs such as oxycodone. Morphine and codeine, pure substances derived directly from opium and not modified, are called opiates.)
Charismatic, intelligent and persuasive, Russell Portenoy became a leading specialist in pain relief, his name often appeared in the pages of newspapers and magazines. The doctor’s success in the academic field also grew rapidly: he wrote more than 140 articles in medical and scientific journals and 15 book chapters alone and in collaboration with other specialists. When Portenoy spoke, the doctors listened. And now he has allowed them to return to the use of opium-based drugs. This time, Russell convinced the doctors that there was practically no threat of addiction or death. Gone are the days of opium, morphine and heroin. Oxycodone solved the problem of anesthesia without causing addiction. Richard Nixon’s war on drugs turned into Russell Portenoy’s fight against the war on drugs.
In late 1995 , just as Portenoy was urging American doctors to stop being afraid of painkillers, the US Food and Drug Administration adopted a delayed-release version of OxyContin. Purdue heavily advertised the drug as a remedy for back pain, arthritis, as an anesthetic for general and sports injuries, fractures, fibromyalgia, dental procedures, and pain after surgery. In other words, almost everything. And Portenoy’s mantra was constantly sounding: the drug is addictive in less than 1% of patients.
In 1996, OxyContin filled over 300,000 prescriptions and generated $44 million in retail sales for Purdue Pharma. Company representatives realized that they were selling exactly what they needed, and there was demand, so they decided to double sales by offering customers coupons for purchasing a sufficient amount of the drug for a period of 7 to 30 days (34,000 coupons were purchased), while increasing advertising costs up to $200 million a year and paying $40 million to employees as a salary supplement. In 2001, Purdue made approximately $1.45 billion from the sale of OxyContin. This is the highest ever profit from the sale of drugs, including Viagra.
In addition, OxyContin was heavily traded on the black market.
More than 70% of occasional recreational users of this drug obtained it through friends or relatives; 5% bought from drug dealers online. Sometimes medicine was stolen from pharmacies; 90% of robberies in Pulaski County, Virginia were directly or indirectly related to the abuse of OxyContin, and half of the criminals in the city of Hazard, Kentucky were in prison for crimes committed because of this drug. Sometimes older people, in order to get a little extra money on top of their meager allowance, went to a free clinic or applied for social assistance, bought a pack of a hundred OxyContin 80 mg tablets and sold them on the street for a dollar per milligram, making $8,000 profit as a result. Teenagers steal medicine from their parents. (One of the informal names for the drug was “children’s drug.”) Prescriptions for it were forged. Women went into prostitution to satisfy their addiction. Pharmacists replaced the drug with fakes and sold it to the side. One pharmacist in Pennsylvania sold hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of prescription painkillers illegally before he was arrested. Basically it was OxyContin, which brought him in three years 9$00,000 (which he subsequently lost on the stock exchange).
Physicians capitalized on the OxyContin Gold Rush by selling prescriptions for money or sex. Dr. Randolph Livertz of Indianapolis has prescribed this drug for a total of more than a million dollars in federal low-income health care programs; $130,000 of which was paid by a woman who was part of a chain of drug dealers selling OxyContin on the street. In order to get her prescription on time, she would have had to take 31 tablets every 12 hours instead of one, as recommended by the manufacturers. And Livertz was not the only one: such drug dealers sprang up like mushrooms all over the country. One doctor in eastern Kentucky saw 150 patients a day. The person spent less than three minutes at the appointment and left with a prescription for painkillers. There were hundreds of such places in Florida alone.
Doctors were accused and arrested for intentional and manslaughter. Some were put in jail. But most of the attention in the international press was the case of a 55-year-old Florida doctor named James Graves, who was convicted of manslaughter: four of his patients died of an overdose. The Graves point was well known among drug addicts. “There were rumors that he was the easiest place to get pills,” said Assistant Attorney General Russ Edgar. Edgar argued in court that the doctor bragged about calling painkiller prescriptions a “gold mine” because he rarely saw patients and therefore didn’t fill out any medical records. Russ also believed that Graves ignored calls from pharmacists and parents to change the drug. Parking in front of his office was often like parking lots at sporting events: patients ate and worked in their cars and greeted each other with joy each time they got another prescription. “You have to understand that there is something wrong with people having car picnics outside your office door,” Edgar said.
During the trial, Russ alleged that “one mother after another called the defendant’s office and asked them to stop giving drugs to their children, otherwise they would die. The defendant did not listen to them, and in the end it all ended with an overdose. ” To this, Graves retorted that no one would have died if the patients had taken their medicines as written in the prescription. He confronted the accuser, whom he considered completely immoral, telling the judge: “I pray to God that something will change and he will come to faith in Christ.” James Graves was sentenced to 63 years in prison. He was the first physician to be charged with manslaughter or murder in connection with the irresponsible prescription of painkillers.
The worst affected by the OxyContin nightmare were 90,031 rural residents in the foothills of the Appalachians and the Ohio River Valley.
Abuse first emerged in rural Maine in the late 1990s and then spread along the East Coast, including West Virginia, Kentucky, and Southern Ohio. (Another name for OxyContin is “country heroin.”) Between 1995 and 2001, the number of patients treated for addiction increased 460% in Maine and 500% in eastern Kentucky. Six new drug treatment clinics opened in West Virginia, treating more than 3,000 drug addicts. In Southwest Virginia, the first drug treatment center opened in 2000; over 1,400 patients have been treated there in three years; by 2003, the fatality rate from oxycodone abuse had increased by 830% in the region. K 19In 1999, oxycodone deaths in Western Pennsylvania’s Allegheny County outnumbered car accident deaths.
Appalachian emergency room physicians became experts in recognizing withdrawal symptoms, which included restlessness, runny nose, sweating, yawning, insomnia, loss of appetite, goose bumps, back and stomach pain, tremors, and involuntary leg twitches.
In 2003, 17 years after Russell Portenoy published his paper declaring that long-term use of oxycodone was relatively safe and non-addictive, Jane Ballantyne wrote an article in the New England Journal of Medicine arguing quite the opposite. She showed that with long-term use, drugs such as OxyContin are addictive (that is, an increasing dose is needed to obtain a similar effect), hyperesthesia, or hypersensitivity (when using anesthetics, pain is felt more than without them), changes in hormonal levels (in particular, the production of cortisol, an important hormone involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, is reduced), in the immune system, as well as a decrease in fertility, libido and sexual desire. Ballantyne concluded: “It used to be thought that unlimited dose escalation was at least safe, now the opposite has been proven: long-term opioid treatment is unsafe as well as ineffective.”
The Food and Drug Administration did not take Ballantyne’s work as news, they had already recommended changing the label on OxyContin. It was no longer written that delayed absorption of the substance reduces the predisposition to drug abuse; it was now pointed out that this compound was highly addictive, leading to abuse, overdose and death. Moreover, the clarification was not small, but rather noticeable – the so-called “black box” warning.
However, this was too little, and it was too late.
In 2002, a rural school survey in Michigan found that 98% of students had heard of OxyContin and 9.5% had tried it; of the last 50% took it more than 20 times. By April, the Food and Drug Administration had reported 1,300 deaths caused by the drug; in most cases it was prescribed by doctors.
By the end of 2002, Purdue Pharma was selling over $30 million a week for OxyContin, with total annual sales in excess of $2 billion.
In 2003, Rush Limbaugh, a conservative radio host who often spoke out against the immoral behavior of drug addicts, admitted that he himself was “addicted” to OxyContin.
In 2004, three million people took this drug, considered the most widely used prescription anesthetic in the United States.
In 2007, 14,000 people died from overdoses of prescription painkillers, and healthcare and criminal justice costs exceeded $55 billion.
In 2008, prescribed anesthetics killed over 15,000 people (a leading cause of death in 30 states).
In 2009, health insurance companies paid out $72 billion to treat prescription pain medication-related illnesses.
By 2010, the number of anesthetic addicts recommended by doctors reached 22 million, and more people died from these drugs than from heroin and cocaine combined. So many drugs were now prescribed that this volume would be enough to treat all US residents around the clock for a month.
In 2012, 12 million Americans over the age of 12 reported taking prescription pain relievers occasionally for fun; 16,000 of them died from an overdose. Anesthetics became the most popular class of prescription drugs in the US; every 19minutes someone died from an overdose. (In the case of OxyContin, this looks like an overdose of opium, morphine, or heroin: the rate and depth of breathing are suppressed. Patients breathe only four times a minute; blood pressure and body temperature decrease, the skin becomes cold and clammy. Because the brain does not get enough oxygen, the patient suffocates and eventually dies.)
In 2014, US retail pharmacies filled 245 million prescriptions for opioid painkillers. About 2.5 million adults were addicted to this drug.
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