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Ingram Sowell Elementary in Lawrenceburg, TN

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Ingram Sowell Elementary Information:

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Ingram Sowell Elementary Enrollment, Ranking, and Statistics

Ingram Sowell Elementary is a public elementary school located in Lawrenceburg, TN in the Lawrence County School District. It enrolls 542 students in grades 1st through 12th.
Ingram Sowell Elementary is the 368th largest public school in Tennessee and the 18,178th largest nationally.
It has 14.0 students to every teacher.

Total Students: 542
Pupil/Teacher Ratio: 14:1
Full Time Teachers: 38.6

Enrollment Rank Nationally: 18,178th out of 56,369
Enrollment Rank in Tennessee: 368th out of 1,067
Student/Teacher Rank in Tennessee:
403rd out of 1,065
Full Time Teacher Rank in Tennessee:
311th out of 1,065

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Ingram Sowell Elementary Students by Gender

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Ingram Sowell Elementary Students by Ethnicity

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Ingram Sowell Elementary Free and Reduced Lunch Assistance

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Out of 1,041 ranked schools in Tennessee, Ingram Sowell Elementary is ranked 180th for total students on lunch assistance.

The percentage of Ingram Sowell Elementary students on free and reduced lunch assistance (83.6%) is higher than the state average of 61.6%. This may indicate that the area has a higher level of poverty than the state average.

Students at a participating school may purchase a meal through the National School Lunch Program. Families with incomes between 130%
and 185% of the federal poverty level are eligible for reduced price meals.
Schools may not charge more than 40¢ for reduced-price lunches, nor more than 30¢ for reduced-price breakfasts.
Students from families with incomes at or below 130% of the federal poverty level are eligible for free meals.

For 2014, a family of two needs to make an annual income below $20,449 to be eligible for free meals or below $29,100 for reduced price meals.
A family of four needs to make an annual income below $31,005 for free meals or $44,122 for reduced price meals.

Ingram Sowell Elementary Trends Over Time

Total Students Over Time

Student Teacher Ratio Over Time

Student Teacher Ratio Over Time

Year	Student Teacher Ratio
2005	13. 4
2006	12.2
2007	12.2
2008	12.3
2009	11.8
2010	13
2011	12.2
2012	13.3
2013	15.3
2014	14.5
2015	14

Lunch Assistance Over Time

Lunch Assitance Over Time

Year	Lunch Assitance
2005	0.77362637362637
2006	0.86848072562358
2007	0.91304347826087
2008	0. 9066985645933
2009	0.95631067961165
2010	0.91850220264317
2011	0.95805739514349
2012	0.92077087794433
2013	0.91198501872659
2014	0.80614203454894
2015	0.83579335793358

Compare Ingram Sowell Elementary to Other Elementary Schools

Student Teacher Ratio Comparison

1,400.0%	14.0:1
1,418.6%	14.2:1
1,598. 0%	16.0:1

Free and Reduced Lunch Comparison

Top Nearby Elementary Schools

School	Type	Grades	Students	Student Teacher Ratio	Distance
Ingram Sowell Elementary Lawrenceburg, TN	Public	PK – 06	542	14:1
E O Coffman Middle School Lawrenceburg, TN	Public	PK – 08	398	16. 2:1	1 miles
Sacred Heart School Lawrenceburg, TN	Private	PK – 08	79	11:1	1 miles
Lawrenceburg Public Lawrenceburg, TN	Public	PK – 06	468	16.7:1	3 miles
David Crockett Elementary Lawrenceburg, TN	Public	PK – 06	547	15. 9:1	4 miles
New Prospect Elementary Lawrenceburg, TN	Public	PK – 08	388	14.9:1	5 miles
Ethridge Elementary Ethridge, TN	Public	PK – 08	484	14.7:1	6 miles
Leoma Elementary Leoma, TN	Public	PK – 09	501	14. 7:1	7 miles
Summertown Elementary Summertown, TN	Public	PK – 06	598	13.7:1	13 miles
Sacred Heart School Loretto, TN	Private	PK – 08	82	9:1	14 miles
South Lawrence Elementary Loretto, TN	Public	PK – 09	609	15. 2:1	15 miles
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Ingram Sowell Elementary – Better Tennessee

Elementary schools across Tennessee are using GoNoodle to improve learning. The five-minute classroom exercises give students a chance to shake off excess energy and get ready to focus on the day’s lessons.

Counties Served

Lawrence

Contact Info

Ingram Sowell Elementary

510 Seventh ST

Lawrenceburg, TN 38464

(931) 762-4438

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Stories about Education

1. Investing in Themselves to Help Others

   Sakura Horiuchi has known she wanted to work in the medical field since she was in third grade. Inspired by a friend’s mother who was an anesthesiologist, the rising senior at Rhodes College is currently studying chemistry with the goal of becoming a surgeon. She joins Asia White and Renae Spears, both students at East Tennessee State University, as recipients of the 2018 BlueCross Power of We Scholarship. Through the program, the BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Health Foundation awards $10,000 each year to three minority students pursuing careers in health care. Horiuchi has worked as an intern at Methodist University Hospital in Memphis, where she conducted patient satisfaction surveys, and she is currently employed as an administrative assistant for a […]

   Investing in Themselves to Help Others: 2018 Power of We Scholars forge their own paths, hope to inspire

   Sakura Horiuchi has known she wanted to work in the medical field since she was in third grade. Inspired by a friend’s mother who was an anesthesiologist, the rising senior at Rhodes College is currently studying chemistry with the goal of becoming a surgeon. She joins Asia White and Renae Spears, both students at East Tennessee State University, as recipients of the 2018 BlueCross Power of We Scholarship. Through the program, the BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Health Foundation awards $10,000 each year to three minority students pursuing careers in health care. Horiuchi has worked as an intern at Methodist University Hospital in Memphis, where she conducted patient satisfaction surveys, and she is currently employed as an administrative assistant for a […]

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Ingram Sowell School 510 7th St, Lawrenceburg, TN 38464

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General Info

Ingram Sowell Elementary School is an educational institution that provides academic classes and extracurricular activities to students in kindergarten through grade six. The school has a library media center that provides study materials to stimulate the student interest in reading, viewing and using information and ideas. Ingram Sowell Elementary School operates through various academic departments, such as science, language arts, music, speech and language, math, social studies and physical education. The school has a parent-teacher organization that provides programs, activities, information and resources that strengthen relationships between school staff, students and the community. Ingram Sowell Elementary School is a part of Lawrence County Schools and is located in Lawrenceburg, Tenn.

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Phone: (931) 762-4438

Address: 510 7th St, Lawrenceburg, TN 38464

Website: https://www.lcss.us

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Long Drive Home – Ingram Hill

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April 1944 United States View of German Secret Weapon

in Favorites in Favorites in Favorites 9

View from the United States April 1944 on the German secret weapon

An interesting vintage article from the April 1944 issue of Mechanix Illustrated, which I think will be of interest to colleagues.

Foreword by blog.modernmechanix.com: This article is about a hypothetical German secret weapon, but is actually propaganda material that talks about the superiority of American weapons and equipment. My favorite quote from this article is: “until now the Germans have not made anything like the new Anglo-American jet aircraft, which is already in serial production.”

As far as I know, at that time the Germans were already armed with Me-262 jet fighters. The only American jet combat aircraft that went into mass production during the war years was the P-80. By the end of hostilities in Europe, only four vehicles of this type were delivered from America to this continent.

Mechanix Illustrated Editorial Foreword: “Our new weapon can and should be kept secret, except that the enemy is given full knowledge of its effectiveness,” says Admiral W. H. P. Blandy. ). In this article, a military analyst for Mechanix Illustrated, with his sober analysis, debunks the fear of the “secret weapon” of the so-called. “master races” (Herrenvolk)”.

* * *

Rumor-mongering stations in Stockholm, Bern, and Berlin periodically threaten the Nazis with a miraculous “secret weapon” that will destroy the Allies, scattering their remnants to the skies, and bring the war to an abrupt end. Are they just bluffing?

While this article is being written, the press is still buzzing about the highly publicized German “rocket bomb”. Dr. Goebbels himself, fanning the flames of propaganda, claimed that the British convoy was completely destroyed in the English Channel in a matter of minutes by deadly long-range rockets. He wants us to believe that the entire coast of northern France is a mass of rocket batteries capable of dropping 12-ton bombs on London that are so powerful that each of them is capable of devastating an area of ​​20 square miles (52 km²).

The “secret weapon” of the Nazis as imagined by an artist in Mechanix Illustrated

There are many reasons to believe that the Nazi spokesmen, who are voicing their blatant threats to unleash gigantic screeching bombs on Britain, are waging a desperate war of nerves. Rockets are not very good. First, they are much less accurate than rifle bullets or even smoothbore cannonballs. In addition, for strikes against targets located at a great distance, missiles must carry such a large supply of fuel that their combat load in terms of their effectiveness will not exceed the large-caliber bomb of the Allies. The Germans might have a surprise that could take us by surprise, but an attempt to sow panic with the threat of powerful missiles may mean that at Hitler’s headquarters he gave up any hope of resuming air strikes on the British Isles or landing on the coast of Dover.

If the Nazi long-range rocket bomb depicted on the cover of the April 1944 issue of Illustrated Mechanics really exists, then its internal arrangement is likely to be as follows: (A) a detonator fairing; (B) explosive; (C) compressed nitrogen; (D) fuel; (E) liquid oxygen; (F) combustion chamber

London rocket attacks? Unlikely. Long-range missiles are characterized by low accuracy and can deviate from a given course by an angle that can reach 30 degrees. Bombs aimed at London could fly over Brighton or Dover

In contrast to the scary headlines, Allied military experts can point to some encouraging facts. Previous German attempts to capitalize on secret warfare had usually been miserable failures. In addition, there is an indisputable fact that secret weapons sometimes influence the results of this or that battle, but never win the war. From Archimedes’ incendiary glasses that burned Roman galleys off the coast of ancient Sicily, to the Nazi acoustic torpedoes that tried to stalk not-so-helpless Allied merchant ships in the Atlantic, secret weapons were more tactical and local in their effect than strategic and general. In addition, the Allies, in terms of the number and ability of their scientific personnel and the amount of research equipment, far outnumber their German opponents. The best German scientists were expelled or sent to concentration camps. On the other hand, Allied production facilities, especially American ones, are so flexible that they can be so quickly adapted to the mass production of anti-German secret weapons that any new enemy weapon will be a short-term success. We have heard such extravagant talk before. It seems that there is some kind of huge blind spot in the square Teutonic heads, which makes the Fritz lovers of paramilitary fortune-telling and fantasies. The Germans ardently want to believe that some mechanical miracle will suddenly appear that will correct strategic and psychological errors.

In the last war, the Germans filled the Atlantic with wolf packs of submarines, used poison gases on the battlefield and bombarded Paris from the Big Bertha, but still they lost the war. One Allied “secret weapon”—the tank, which cut infantry through barbed wire, trenches, and machine-gun nests—had done more harm to the Germans than all of their ploys combined. In 1921 the German General von Zwehl wrote

“We were defeated not by the genius of Marshal Foch, but by General Tank.”

It is worth remembering that the scientists of the allied countries are not idle in this war. We may not be as good at lunging as Goebbels and his cohort of propagandists, but our labs are working overtime and we’ve already thrown some munitions surprises, forcing the Germans to retreat. Commander of the British Western Atlantic Fleet, Vice Admiral Thomas Curteis, recently said that

“The Germans may have more than one trump card up their sleeve, but I want to say this: whatever they produce will not have the slightest influence on the outcome of the war: we will deal with it.”

In short: our scientists have developed enough advanced technology to deal with any emergency.

US Navy Admiral Ingram C. Sowell, in a similar vein, recently stated that

“Allied secret weapons were the cause of our grand victory over the Japanese in the Pacific.”

Among the “artillery sensations” uncovered by him and other military representatives in response to the Nazi threats were: huge improvements in fire control on some types of guns, making it necessary only to aim at a moving target, since mechanical calculations will do the rest of the work; a device for a sharp increase in the maximum speed of fighters, pumping water directly into the engine cylinders along with gasoline. Allies now have their own “piat projector” [1] is a one-man tank destroyer with a charge capable of penetrating a four-inch (102 mm) thick slab of the finest steel.

“Our new weapon can and should be kept secret, except that the enemy is given full knowledge of its effectiveness”

– says Admiral W. H. P. Blandy.

The list of secret Allied weapons in this war – only the few examples that have been presented to the public so far – puts to shame everything the Germans could offer. The first surprise presented by Hitler was not a mechanical device, but striking innovations in combat units and formations, the most notable of which are the close interaction of tanks and aircraft and lightning panzer divisions. After the first attacks of the enemy, the Allies were able to withstand and, having created strategic aviation, surpassed the Luftwaffe command, which considered aviation exclusively in the role of direct support of ground forces. To date, no matter how tough the opposition of the Germans, the Allies firmly own dominance in the sky.

The Germans produced in large quantities their triple-purpose 88mm cannons, which could be used as anti-aircraft, anti-tank and field guns. After the Germans had broken the “impregnable” Maginot Line with their effective cannons, whose shells could penetrate almost three inches (76 mm) of armor at a distance of two miles (3.2 km), they threw their cannons into Africa and unleashed their fire on the British 8th Army and drove Montgomery almost into Egypt. However, the American 90 mm guns, which had more firepower and better mobility, defeated the German 88 mm guns and drove Rommel from El Alamein to the Tunisian Sea. The Guerlich anti-tank gun with a tapered barrel and high projectile velocity did not have a decisive effect, since the Allies took countermeasures long before a sufficient number of such guns appeared on the battlefield.

The Germans do not have an anti-tank weapon to match our bazooka, a ridiculously simple one-man rocket launcher that allows our soldiers to hold their ground against any enemy tanks. The bazookas have already gone through their baptism of fire in the invasion forces, destroying long-term defensive structures located on the coast and destroying barbed wire fences. The German tanks that spearheaded the assaults of the elite panzer divisions were good vehicles, but after some initial turmoil, the Allied production lines began to see increasing numbers of General Sherman tanks, Priest self-propelled howitzers, and a range of self-propelled guns that have no equal in the world. We have the Sperry sight, a mechanical brain that makes quick calculations and aims the aircraft’s machine gun at moving targets with terrifying accuracy. Today, these electric precision sights are housed in Vickers-designed electro-hydraulic turrets and control the tendency of machine guns to turn in the direction of the airflow.

In terms of air weapons control, the Germans have nothing superior to our systems. Only allies have an inductive gyromagnetic compass. This is the second new compass in over 4,500 years, a direction indicator controlled by the Earth’s magnetic field that never fluctuates, lags, drifts, and provides automatically corrected data.

The US Army learned how to mount a 75mm cannon in the nose of a B-25 bomber, a weapon so powerful that a single plane could sink a Japanese destroyer. The recoil of the cannon, which usually rips the aircraft to pieces, is made completely harmless thanks to a special mechanism. German scientists called such development impossible.

Until now, the Germans have not made anything like the new Anglo-American jet aircraft, which is already in mass production. They can’t copy our gyro-stabilized tank gun mounts, which can greatly improve the accuracy of firing when moving over rough terrain. Their turbochargers, which allow their fighter planes to fly with relentless engine power through the thin air of the stratosphere, are no match for ours.

What, in fact, did the Germans, in addition to sensational rumors, produce in the field of secret weapons? Among the developments should be noted “iron crab” – a mobile two-man ventilated steel structure, which houses machine guns and rangefinders and which can be easily destroyed by bazookas and heavy artillery fire. Also worth mentioning is the anti-tank torpedo, a sort of small remote-controlled tank that the Russians disabled by cutting its control cables. The Germans also have Teller anti-tank mines and “jumping betties” – anti-personnel mines that no longer cause significant losses to the Allied forces, since they already have well-trained sapper detachments capable of detecting and neutralizing them.

The Germans made a big bet on jet launchers, which were installed on fighter aircraft and which were supposed to clear the sky from the Allied bombers. It was an effective weapon against the American bombers during their raid on Schweinfurt, costing us sixty vehicles. However, today we have found a means to counter this threat. In the same way, German magnetic mines inflicted serious losses on our merchant fleet, until degaussing cables, improved by doubling, rendered them harmless.

Today rumor experts in Berlin talk a lot about the bumblebee cannon. Presumably this is a super-torpedo launcher whose projectiles buzz over the water like giant bees. Obviously, this weapon is designed to counter Allied invasion from the sea. The German press claims that this and other types of rockets have great penetrating power and are equipped with a new explosive of great destructive power.

The only published photograph of the new Nazi weapon “Hummel-Hummel”, nicknamed by the British “Bumblebee” (bumblebee). It is assumed that a battery of such guns is installed on the southeastern coast of the Balkans

A super torpedo fired by a “bumblebee” ricochets over the waves and slides over the water surface. It was supposed to carry a high explosive charge. Allies were not embarrassed by these “bumblebees”

At the moment, in all these reports, we cannot separate fact from fiction, but it must be said that our scientists do not sit idly by when it comes to missile warfare. The Russians demoralized the German troops and sent them on a fast flight from Stalingrad with dense rocket salvos, the Russian Stormovik fighter-bombers (Il-2 attack aircraft) increase the speed of their bombs with missiles and finally we have the now famous bazookas. We can be sure that our specialists will be able to reproduce everything that the Germans create and make it even better.

Germans are not the only ones who know how to launch rockets. Russian recognized masters in this matter. The picture shows a Stormovik fighter-bomber attacking German tanks with bombs equipped with rocket boosters

In 1942, a General Electric factory received a hand-made model of a bazooka from the US Army Ordnance Department. Thirty days later, our troops received thousands of these rocket launchers.

The Allies have the answer to every secret weapon Hitler can dream of.

[1] PIAT (abbr. English Projector, Infantry, Anti-Tank, literally “grenade launcher, infantry, anti-tank”) – a British hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher designed to destroy enemy equipment, structures or manpower with a grenade shot (grenade launcher) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT

source: Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson “Secret weapons” “Mechanix Illustrated” Apr, 1944, pp. 46-49, 150-151

5. Battles with submarines in other areas, May 1943 – August 1944. Fleet of two oceans

5. Fights with submarines in other areas, May 1943 – August 1944

From May 15 to September 18, 62 convoys of 3,546 merchant ships crossed the North Atlantic from America to Britain, none of which were lost. Winston Churchill announced this in the House of Commons with unusual pomp even for him.

He also added that the construction of new tonnage has exceeded all losses since January 1 by 6 million tons, so the food and all other crises are left behind. However, he correctly predicted that there was still a lot of struggle ahead, and that Doenitz would prepare a new surprise for the spring.

It was the homing torpedo “Zaunkönig”.[13] She was attracted by the noise of the propellers of the escort ship. Dönitz first tested the new weapon in September on 2 transatlantic convoys heading west. The boats sank 3 Canadian and British destroyers and 6 merchant ships. But at the same time, the escort forces, together with the Liberators, sank 3 out of 21 submarines.

After attacking this convoy, Doenitz suspend the operations of the boats until new, more lethal types of submarines are built. One of the operations during this period of inactivity was the failed attempt by 13 submarines between June and October 1943 mine the harbor entrances from St. John, Newfoundland to the St. John River, Florida. 2 boats were lost, and their total booty, including mine victims, was limited to 4 transports and the Plymouth gunboat. However, they created a real panic on the East Coast, where boats had not appeared for 9 months, and some nonchalance reigned.

Dönitz also attempted a summer blitz in the Caribbean and off the coast of Brazil. U-615 spent the second half of July loitering around Curaçao in search of tankers. Within 9days, she beat off so many attacks by aircraft and submarine hunters that she was seriously damaged. Therefore, when the destroyer Walker, which left Port of Spain, noticed the boat, its captain immediately ordered the crew to escape on rafts, and he himself sent his submarine on the last dive. The Walker rescued 43 crew members. For the Germans, the Caribbean Blitz was a disaster. 10 submarines sank only 16213 tons of ships in 6 weeks, which in 1942 was the result of one boat. But in the Caribbean, 5 German submarines were sunk, and 2 more did not return.

In August, Doenitz withdrew the rest of his battered flock from the Caribbean Sea and left it until October. He attempted to stage a series of minelayings, but achieved nothing. In November, he again sent 3 boats to the Caribbean. U-516 (Lieutenant Commander Hans Tillessen) made the most famous raid on Panama since Drake. He sank more ships than 10 boats in the summer. In the Pacific, the battles on Bougainville were in full swing, an invasion of Tarawa was being prepared, so warships, tankers and transports, landing craft were flowing through the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. Empty troop transports were returning from San Diego. For an enterprising commander, there would be many targets here, and U-516 had such a commander. Just when he made a surprise visit to the Atlantic entrance to the channel, all the forces of the local PLO were in the Pacific Ocean, conducting tactical exercises.

November 5, 1943 the boat was spotted and unsuccessfully attacked north of Curaçao by a Ventura bomber. The local commander sent 3 RS hunters to search for the boat, but Tillessen evaded them, clinging to the shore. November 12, he sank a small Panamanian freighter. On 17 November he sank a Colombian schooner. November 23 torpedoed and sank a loaded tanker just after she left Cristobal. The following night, Tillessen destroyed a Liberty-class transport 75 miles from the entrance to the canal. All available aircraft, including Avengers from escort aircraft carriers passing through the channel, were sent in search of U-516. However, Tillessen evaded them on December 8 by sinking another bulk carrier in San Blas Bay. In the Aruba and Trinidad sectors, minesweepers, coast guard ships and aircraft were now active. Tillessen on December 16 was marked by the sinking of another tanker near Aruba. Acoustic buoys, which recorded the noise of the propellers, were dropped in the place where they saw the submarine. But U-516 got away from all attacks and celebrated Christmas under water near the island of St. Eustace. Then she set off for the open ocean through a narrow strait that the local PLO forces did not dare to patrol. Tillessen returned here the following year and sank 2 more tankers.

Near Brazil and in the South Atlantic 4 Vice Admiral Ingram’s fleet waged a relentless fight against raiders, blockade breakers and submarines with the support of the Brazilian government and military forces. Jonas Ingram and President Vargas worked together like 2 thieves in one gang. Everything that the admiral wanted, the Brazilian armed forces did for him. The tiny 4th Fleet, which received practically no reinforcements, was distinguished by exceptionally high spirit and aggressiveness. It included 5 obsolete Omaha-class light cruisers, 8 destroyers and several small ships. However, his aviation at the end of 1943 consisted of 10 squadrons of Catalin, Ventur, Liberators and Mariners located at 5 bases along the Brazilian coast. There were also several Army bombers and Navy Liberators stationed on lone Ascension Island. The air force was much stronger and more mobile than the ship, which was heavily occupied with escort duties. Therefore, all anti-submarine warfare in this theater was carried out by aviation. U-848 was sunk by aircraft from Ascension Island on 5 November. U-849 sank on Thanksgiving November 25, just on the day Arleigh Burke was celebrating his victory at Cape St. George. The 4th fleet paid special attention to blockade breakers who tried to deliver rubber, tin and tungsten to Germany from the Far East. The Weatherland was sunk by the destroyers Somers, Rio Grande and Burgenland – Omaha and Jewett. Thus ended the campaigns of blockade breakers in this war.

The Mediterranean has now become more important than the South Atlantic. From December 1942 to March 1943, 24 military convoys went there from the United States, carrying 536,134 soldiers. 30 fast tanker convoys, with an average of 7 tankers each, have sailed from the Caribbean to the Mediterranean since February 1943 to June 1944 with an interval of 32 days. There were no losses among them. From November 1942 until the end of the war, 11,119 merchant ships proceeded as part of the low-speed US-Gibraltar and Gibraltar-US convoys. They lost only 9 ships while under the cover of American ships.

Although the maximum number of German submarines in the Mediterranean was 18, in February 1944 these 18 were too many for the Allies. The staff officers of the Commander of the Mediterranean Forces (Admiral Sir John Cunningham) and the Commander of the 8th Fleet (Vice Admiral Hewitt), as well as the North African Coastal Command of the RAF (Air Vice Marshal Hugh Lloyd) decided to launch Operation Swamp. They wanted to drive submarines until they were completely depleted of resources and attack when they rose to the surface. December 13 1943 operation “Swamp” brought the first success. U-593 was sunk after a tenacious 72-hour pursuit by British and American destroyers along with Wellington bombers. A few days later, 4 American destroyers and seaplanes from the Brooklyn destroyed U-73. In May 1944, the submarine U-371, which sank the light cruiser Penelope, was sunk after 24 hours of hunting. The next day the hunter became a game. U-967 attacked a convoy of 107 ships east of Gibraltar and sank the escort destroyer Fechteler. But in the same month, after a 60-hour pursuit, U-616 was destroyed by British and American destroyers with aircraft support.

In April 1944 the German air offensive became more intense. His goal was large US convoys – Gibraltar – Suez, which delivered equipment to troops in Italy, prepared a landing in southern France, and carried cargo to India and Russia. The Germans used all possible tricks. Aircraft attacked only at dusk and at night. The tactics of action were worked out to perfection. Exceptionally bright floating squibs were dropped, which formed a 60-mile long alley and the brightest flares. The planes carried out coordinated bomb attacks similar to those we ourselves used on Makin. These attacks could only be repulsed by having a sufficient number of well-trained escort ships that used remote fuses and smoke screens. But the most important contribution was made by the Beaufighters of the Coastal Command from Algerian airfields, which intercepted bombers. Only one eastbound convoy was hit. On April 20, the destroyer Lansdale and the transport Paul Hamilton were sunk, with 500 US Air Force personnel and a crew of 80 on board. It exploded and sank with all the people. Escort commanders of other convoys, Captain 2nd Rank Jesse K. Sowell (Coast Guard ship Campbell), Captain 2nd Rank W.R. Hidden (escort destroyer Stanton), captain 1st rank G.S. Berdin (destroyer Dikeytor), Captain 1st Rank Adelbert F. Convers (destroyer Allison), Captain 1st Rank Charles K. Hartman (destroyer Mervin), distinguished themselves in the fight against submarines. By August 1, on the eve of Operation Dragoon, German airfields in southern France were blockaded and the Mediterranean was completely peaceful. The convoy that passed Gibraltar on 27 November 1944, at Cape Europe dispersed, and then the ships went to the ports of destination on their own.

Several submarines in 1944 managed to slip past the Cape Verde Islands thanks to the snorkel. It allowed the boat to remain under water for a long time and evade search and strike aircraft carrier groups and base aircraft. But the main theater of action for snorkel-equipped boats remained the North Atlantic. This device, which the Germans pulled from the Dutch fleet, combined the air intake and exhaust pipes of a diesel engine. The snorkel allowed the boat to go underwater on the diesels, charging the batteries if necessary. The snorkel was a steel cylinder with an automatic float valve that shut off sea water and a small radar antenna. When the snorkel was used, it left a breaker just slightly larger than a regular periscope. Model 19 Radars44 could hardly detect it.

Doenitz considered the snorkel a temporary measure until the boats of the XXI series were ready. In the spring of 1944, he began sending snorkel boats to the East Coast of the United States, hoping to hit the strategic convoys preparing for the Normandy landings. These boats have achieved nothing despite the snorkel. Overall transport losses continued to decline. In May 1944, only 4 transports were lost. This was the most convincing proof of the superiority of the Allied fleet. When the Normandy landings began, Doenitz launched 58 boats into the attack. However, not a single one even approached the landing areas. The “liberators” of the Coastal Command of the KVVS and the 7th Patrol Wing of the United States, where the elder brother of the future president, Joseph P. Kennedy, served, patrolled round the clock over the English Channel. A huge number of small ships scurried there, so the whole sea was under constant supervision. Shortwave radars and acoustic buoys were used intensively. On June 1944 aircraft sank 13 submarines on the approaches to the English Channel. Their only booty was 2 British frigates, 1 corvette and 1 empty transport. In early August, when General Patton broke through to the Brittany Peninsula, the submarines had to get out of the Breton ports and relocate to Norway.

But whatever the Allies thought, the U-boats had not yet been completely defeated. Doenitz prepared something new and made us live through many anxious hours in 1945.

I. Chronology of special missions carried out by American submarines

I. Chronology of Special Missions Performed by American Submarines
[~1] Now Uglegorsk. — Approx.

Chapter 7 GUADALCANAL, August 1942-February 1943

Chapter 7
GUADALCANAL, August 1942 – February 1943
1. Landing, 7 – 8 August 1942
The Guadalcanal campaign is the worst in American military history since the fighting in Northern Virginia during the Civil War. It includes 7 major naval battles, at least 10

7. Shipping and submarine warfare, August 1942 – May 1943

7. Shipping and submarine warfare, August 1942 – May 1943
The Casablanca meeting was held in an atmosphere of euphoria over the success of Operation Torch. As a result, the allies set out to bite off a piece more than they could digest. Although the timing of Operation Husky was not yet

9. Capture of Sicily, July-August 1943

9. Capture of Sicily, July – August 1943
For lack of space, I will only briefly mention the British amphibious landings conducted by Vice-Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey’s Eastern Task Force. The troops were landed between Formice, west of Cape Passero, and Cassibile, by

2. Aleutian waters, March – August 1943

2. Aleutian waters, March – August 1943
During this pause, some movements of troops and ships took place in the north, in the Bering Sea. No operations in this area, full of fogs and snow charges, had the slightest effect on the course of the war. It was a series of solid

6. Mariana Islands captured, June-August 1944

6. Mariana Islands captured, June – August 1944
After this battle, the fate of the Marianas was sealed, but the Japanese refused to acknowledge it. Ahead were 2 more weeks of fierce fighting on Saipan, after which it was necessary to capture Tinian and Guam. Main job

Chapter 20 Submarines in the Mediterranean (January 1943 to August 1944)

Chapter 20
Submarines in the Mediterranean
(from January 1943 to August 1944)
After the success of Operation Torch, in November 1942 the march on Tunisia began. The Germans landed units on Cape Bon, which divides the Mediterranean Sea, while the British 8th Army, which

Chapter 2 The Conquest of Sicily (July and August 1943)

Chapter 2
Conquest of Sicily (July and August 1943)
At a conference in Casablanca, held in January, it was decided to invade Sicily after the capture of Tunisia. This major operation, codenamed “Husky”, raised new complex issues. Vo

Japanese warships sunk by US submarines

Japanese warships sunk by American submarines

Chapter 4 Artillery bombardment of the enemy’s coast by submarines

Chapter 4
Artillery bombardment of the enemy’s coast by submarines
Our submarines were usually armed with guns of 80-140 mm caliber, intended either for direct fire or for firing at a high elevation angle. In addition, there were twin 25 mm

American warships sunk by Japanese submarines

American warships sunk by Japanese submarines

Chapter 14 Japanese Submarine Hunt

Chapter 14
Hunt for Japanese submarines
Destruction of imperial boats
The actions of Japanese submarines in a sense turned out to be a boomerang.