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Technology of growing corn for grain

1. Corn: main characteristics
2. Basic requirements for growing corn
3. Maize tillage
4. Corn sowing
5. Care of corn crops
6. Fertilization and irrigation of corn

In recent years, corn has taken an increasingly stable position in the world grain market. In this area, the natural and economic conditions of Ukraine make it possible not only to meet domestic needs, but also to significantly increase its export potential. However, in reality, there are still numerous agro-technological barriers to creating a stable and favorable environment, including market infrastructure, in the production practice of growing corn. nine0017

Corn: main characteristics

Corn is one of the leading steps in the world grain portfolio. It should be noted that over the past few years, the grain yield, when compared with other crops, in our country has received the highest value.

The main feature of maize plants is a better ability to absorb light rays due to the fixation of 1 CO2 molecule with 4 carbon atoms. Given this, she belongs to the C4 group.

Maize is a highly productive crop in terms of the volume of formations of dry mass during the growing season (up to 220 kg per hectare per day and up to 110 kg per hectare between the 8th leaf phases, ear formation and maturity). nine0017

Basic requirements for growing corn

The requirements of corn for moisture, temperature, light, nutritional conditions and similar environmental factors are increased. Its hybrids differ significantly over the growing season, and therefore have different requirements for these indicators. Therefore, how to grow corn to get high production rates? In the case of using technical operations, taking into account the soil and climatic characteristics of the zone, environmental requirements, the crop provides the maximum yield. nine0017

On a clean and breathable surface with a significant layer of humus, a high content of nutrients and water, with a composition of 5. 5–7 pH, corn shows the maximum yield. The cultivation technology with high results provides for sowing on chernozem, sandy loam, gray loamy, chestnut and floodplain lands. During the germination period, corn seeds require aeration, as the germ absorbs a significant amount of oxygen. High yields are ensured when its index in the soil air is not lower than 18–20%. nine0017

The maximum favorable temperature for crop growth is 25–30 °C. The plant is resistant to drought by the booting phase. The culture perceives well the temporary shortage of water in the soil layers, and low air humidity.

Maize also requires active solar radiation. Cultivation for excessive thickening and infestation of crops has a negative impact on the yield.

Temperature

According to the technology of growing corn, the optimum temperature for the appearance of the first seedlings is +18–25 °C, but the germination process begins already after +9°C. If the indicator is +32 ° C, the appearance of sprouts is delayed, and above +35 ° C – growth stops.

As is typical for other crops, the sum of temperatures before the appearance of initial pairs of developed leaves is 140 °C, before the formation of cobs – 700 °C, and before flowering – 1200 °C.

To achieve optimal assimilation, plants need to develop at +22-30°C, the lower figure is +12°C and the upper one is +38°C. Very low temperatures can adversely affect the vegetation of the crop. So, in the phase of 3 leaves and flowering, the temperature below +3 °C is critical. For its part, an increase in the temperature regime provokes an increased reaction of plant organs, except for generative ones. There is also an intensive formation of cellulose, the level of which affects the productivity of biogas. nine0017

Amount of light

Corn loves intense light. At the same time, 700–1200 W per sq. m. The more light the plants receive, the better they grow, the sooner the leaves form and the earlier the lines close. Therefore, due to the high need for irradiation, it is better to sow on elevations – more than 400 m, where the sun’s rays are more intense.

On the other hand, the reduction of daylight hours accelerates the generative development of the crop, further affecting the quality of the grain due to the formation of a high starch content. Therefore, the ideal option is to reach the flowering phase even before the increase in daylight. nine0017

Moisture

During the main growing season, corn plants require almost 22 liters of water per square meter. m, for silage – 38 l per sq. m (when the raw material for silage is almost 30% dry matter). The crop needs maximum moisture when it blooms, forms grain and ripens. At the same time, the water content in the plant significantly affects the weight of the seed and the quality of the green mass.

The reduction in yield causes a significant increase in temperature (+32 °C and above), as well as hot weather during the growing season. The lack of moisture in this aspect is rather not the main role. nine0017

Soil tillage for corn

Soil tillage is an essential costly technological operation. With its help, water, temperature, air and other nutrients are regulated, which is especially important in drought conditions.

Traditional grain maize cultivation involves general methods of moisture conservation such as hulling, polishing or moldless deep (25–27 cm) tillage, harrowing (early spring, pre-emergence and post-emergence), cultivation (before planting and between rows). After the field is cleared of predecessors, peeling or disking (milling after coarse stems) is carried out 6–8 cm down, and after the appearance of pest plants, by 8–10 cm.0017

The main mistake of growing corn for grain can be the formation of a very shallow, wet or hard surface, as well as the lack of a loose layer at a ten centimeter level. When only the surface is treated, the plants are not deeply rooted, there is less development of the main roots. In addition, at deep levels of the soil, where insufficient ventilation can form an unfavorable environment that will stop the mineralization of nitrogen.

No-Till

In recent years, no-till technology for growing corn for grain in Ukraine has spread significantly – a protective energy-saving method of direct sowing without treatments. Regulatory accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil occurs due to natural methods – meteorological (precipitation, temperature) and biological (remains of previous crops). nine0017

For no-till, residues from predecessors can protect the soil surface from thermal overheating and help reduce moisture evaporation. Thus, compliance with the optimal timing of operations is an important factor in increasing crop productivity in this technology and reducing the cost of growing corn.

Strip-Till

Strip-till corn technology has significant advantages, including the prevention of erosion and whitening with standing water. Keeping the structure of the soil between the rows, the moves made by earthworms are not affected. Therefore, even with heavy precipitation, water in the fields where the strip-till technology is used does not stagnate, but very quickly gets into the deep layers, where it accumulates. On the one hand, this prevents the leaching of nutrients and the fertile layer from the surface with its accumulation in the lower parts, and on the other hand, it saturates with moisture, which is used by plants in the next phases of development. nine0017

With this technology, crop residues and stubble remain untouched between the rows by covering with soil. In such conditions, there is enough moisture and there is access to oxygen. This is the optimal environment in which organic matter decomposes and nutrients are released.

In strip-till technology, the straw not only protects the soil for subsequent crops, but also prevents leaching and erosion, which temporarily stops the decrease in moisture until row spacing closes, when liquid can evaporate significantly during active sun and heat. nine0017

Deep loosening

Deep loosening, according to the technology of growing corn, is an effective method of changing the soil layer, which was formed after processing with a disc, flat-cutting unit. Such a technological operation destroys the plow pan of the surface.

A high soil-protective loosening index is ensured by the preservation of the main post-harvest residues and a sharp change in surface runoff. This method is also effective due to the accumulation of moisture, especially during wet autumn. In autumn, after deep cultivation, there is no continuous frost. This creates favorable conditions for the absorption of melt water and reduces its runoff, mainly during the late pre-winter periods. As a rule, the working depth is 30–45 cm.

Disc harrowing with a heavy disc harrow

Soil cultivation with discs is a non-moldboard method. It is performed by disk units to a depth of 6 to 20 cm. Disk crushing, partially mixing the soil and destroying weeds. It is advisable to use this method after stubble predecessors and after tilled crops.

Disk disking is an important operation that solves important problems:

• destruction of pest plants, harmful insects and pathogens; nine0004
• keeps and accumulates moisture;
• activates microbiological processes;
• moves to the top layer of plant residues, as well as fertilizers;
• high-quality preparation for the following technological operations.

Plowing

Autumn plowing is carried out in autumn under spring crops. For the next year, such an operation has a significant advantage, compared with the processing in the spring for early or late sowing. Plowing is effective when the surface is highly weedy, especially with perennial pests, and on a heavy soil layer. Autumn processing helps to more efficiently accumulate and store moisture after precipitation and spring melt water. nine0017

Plowing contributes to the formation of optimal agrophysical properties. This ensures a favorable development of the microbiological environment in the soil. Thanks to this technological operation, it is possible to effectively deal with pest plants (including perennials), harmful insects and pathogens. Plowing ensures the optimal phytosanitary condition of the soil. Processing is carried out to a depth of 25 to 33 cm.

Disc-shank units

Disc units are processed to a depth of up to 20 centimeters of soil. Therefore, such tools replace, for example, cultivation or plowing. Diskolapovye aggregates are also used to earn organic or mineral fertilizers into the soil. nine0017

The main purpose of processing with such implements is to loosen the upper layers, which helps to retain moisture, creates conditions for its accumulation in the period from harvesting to plowing.

Sowing corn

The technology of growing corn for grain involves sowing corn seeds in a dotted way, when the row spacing is 70 centimeters deep. It is important to avoid excessive thickening, under such conditions the development of the cob is suppressed, the moisture consumption from the soil increases, and the competition of plants for light increases significantly. As a result, fine grains and weakly poured grains are formed, and the harvesting period is also delayed. Given the hybrid and varietal characteristics of the ripeness groups, early-ripening plants are somewhat smaller, so they can be sown more densely. nine0017

In addition to density when sowing corn, it is important to consider even seed placement. By reducing the row spacing, it is possible to achieve optimal standing of plants, however, under such conditions, a negative effect on the formation of grains in the cob was also recorded. The recommended sowing rate for corn seeds is 10–25 kg/ha.

Seed preparation

Seeds are dried to 13-14% moisture, then sized, fungicides and insecticides are applied. The weight of the seed lot (1000 seeds) is set according to the fractions for each hybrid. nine0017

It is necessary to sow conditioned seeds, the germination of which is at least 85%, and the purity is not lower than 98%. The germination energy should be at least 90%, it is very important that the seedlings are friendly and even.

Sowing dates

The level of productivity of hybrids of different maturity and grain moisture during harvesting significantly depend on the sowing time of corn. The optimal period for sowing is the heating of the layer at the depth of seed placement to +10–12 °C. Late sowing prolongs the ripening and harvesting of grain up to 17–20 days. Under such conditions, grain moisture, as a rule, is 26–30% or more. Therefore, in order to dry to the baseline (14%), you need to spend almost 50% of energy resources of the total volume on production. nine0017

For its part, early sowing of corn for grain at a temperature of +6–7 °C at a depth of seed placement contributes to better use of moisture, and flowering of plants does not occur during a critical temperature period. The culture is also well pollinated under such conditions. The disadvantage of early dates is the long period of emergence of seedlings, since seedlings appear only 14–16 days after sowing, or even later.

Seeding Methods

A common sowing method is staggered, when the row spacing is 45 cm, 70 cm or other, depending on the seeding units available. With a significant sowing density, the development of the cob worsens. nine0017

In order for seedlings to be friendly and even, you need to adhere to the same depth of seed placement. Such a result can be obtained if the soil is carefully leveled and the seeder is correctly adjusted to a given depth level. In the forest-steppe and woodland zones, corn seeds are planted 4-6 centimeters. If the soils are light and the seedbed is dry, the seedbed is 5–8 centimeters down. In excessively wet areas, this figure is reduced by 3-4 centimeters. In the western part of Ukraine, early ripe cold-resistant hybrids are sown later, and only 2-3 cm down. In the steppe zone, with deficient moisture in the upper layer, the seeds are buried deep – 6-10 centimeters. nine0017

Seeding rates

The recommended sowing density for the territory of Ukraine is 25-80 thousand plants per hectare. Early ripe hybrids sow up to 85-90 thousand plants per hectare. Approximately five or six seeds should be placed per meter of row length with a row spacing of 70 cm, which will provide a density of 80,000 hectares, and seven seeds – 100,000 per hectare.

The pre-harvest indicator is set by the seed insurance premium, which for the Forest-Steppe and Polissia is 30-40%. The weight rate of sowing seeds is in the range of 15–25 kilograms per hectare, for corn for silage and for reducing the row spacing, it can increase to 30–40 kg per 1 ha. nine0017

Corn in crop rotation

Corn is best sown after winter cereals, legumes, as well as potatoes, beets, melons and other row crops. At a low level of moisture, it is not recommended to grow corn for grain after sugar beets and sunflowers due to the strong drying of the soil at a considerable depth. Corn can also be used as a monoculture.

Placement of the crop after the best predecessors improves the soil environment, affects the reduction of weed infestation and the spread of pathogens and harmful insects. Thus, the development of corn plants is stabilized. nine0017

Care of corn crops

When annual weeds appear, harrowing is carried out. It is carried out after the emergence of corn seedlings, in the phase of 2–3 and 4–5 leaves. During the growing season, row spacings are cultivated 6–8 cm deep. To destroy the crust on the surface and destroy germinating weeds, harrowing is carried out 5–6 days after sowing.

Harrowing

Immediately after sowing, according to the technology of growing corn, the field must be rolled in order to improve seed-soil contact, increase germination and ensure friendly emergence of seedlings. Harrowing before germination is carried out five or six days after sowing, when weeds have appeared and to the white thread phase. nine0017

It is recommended to harrow across the row with a light or medium harrow. For carrying out two or three harrowings to shoots, you can get rid of 70–80% of pest plants. Harrowing after the emergence of seedlings is carried out in the phases of 2–3 and 4–5 leaves in corn, when the unit speed is 4.5–5.5 km/h. The use of harrows 3-4 times in a clean, little abandoned field helps to avoid herbicide treatment.

Fertilization and irrigation of corn

Efficiency of applying microfertilizers and seed protection products depends on a set of conditions: weather conditions, fertility level and biological characteristics of the crop. Natural and climatic conditions affect the availability of nutrients and water in the soil, and directly on the yield of corn. Cultivation and care of crops at all stages involves the use of complex fertilizers. nine0017

A decrease in the productive moisture reserve in the soil layer during the growing season by 10 millimeters reduces the effectiveness of nutrition preparations by almost 0.01–0.02 t/ha. Therefore, given the climate changes that have occurred in recent years, the interest in how to grow corn on irrigation is growing.

Basic fertilizer for corn

Corn plants absorb a large number of different elements useful for vegetation. The nutrition system consists of the main application of fertilizers, which is applied in autumn or spring before sowing, pre-sowing and feeding during growth and formation of cobs. nine0017

Providing plants with phosphorus and potassium, corn becomes more resistant to thermal stress and lack of water, improves the amino acid composition of the protein. Phosphorus and magnesium help to better form filled grains, provide quick and uniform ripening. Nitrogen affects the quality of the crop most of all, in addition to increasing yields, the content of microelements in grain also increases.

Feeding corn

High need of plants for basic nutrients occurs during the period of intensive growth of vegetative mass and formation of reproductive organs. Feeding corn with mineral fertilizers makes it possible to obtain a yield increase of 10–12% or more. nine0017

Plants require increased mineral nutrition, due to the long growing season and the ability to assimilate useful elements by the end of the grain ripening phase. To determine the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned harvest, the balance method is used, taking into account the actual fertility and the established standards for the consumption of microelements for 1 ton of grain: 25 kilograms of nitrogen, 12 kilograms of phosphorus, 25 kilograms of potassium.

Maize irrigation

Moisture is the limiting production factor. Therefore, in order to provide plants with water in the required amount, irrigation systems are installed. In recent years, drip irrigation has been in great demand. Such a system helps to efficiently use water and carry out fertigation during critical periods of plant development. nine0017

Drip irrigation in corn fields is proving cost effective in many countries. A particular advantage of this technology is the saving of water resources, which is 30-50% compared to sprinkling. To get a good harvest, plants consume 3500–8000 m³ of water per 1 hectare, taking into account climatic features and ripeness. It is important to water at night or water during low sun activity to reduce transpiration and improve absorption.

Another significant advantage of drip irrigation when growing corn grain is the timely application of fertilizers during the critical period of nutrition, because plants need nitrogen and potassium during the growing season, and phosphorus – in the early phase of strong root formation and grain formation. nine0017

Sugar beet cultivation technology – AgroBaza

Required soil

Sugar beet grows well on soils with a neutral reaction, such as chernozems, soddy-podzolic and loamy soils or peat bogs. Soils with excess moisture and pH less than 7 produce unacceptably low yields.

Crop rotation

Do not apply manure for sugar beets – this must be taken into account when drawing up a crop rotation. It is good to plant it after onions, potatoes, cucumbers and cabbage. nine0017

Soil preparation

Sugar beets require thorough soil preparation. In autumn, after 5-6 cm peeling [Disc harrows], autumn plowing is carried out with 27-30 cm skimmers [Ploughs]. Early spring harrowing is carried out in spring [Tooth Harrow Couplings, Spring Harrows], in the case of early sowing, seedbed cultivation [Seedbed Treatment Units] or milling [Cutting Cutters] can be carried out immediately. If the soil on the field intended for sowing sugar beet is heavy, then it is pre-ploughed [Ploughs] for two thirds of the arable layer with a trail of harrows [Tooth Harrow Couplings], after that the field surface is leveled with trailing harrows [Tooth Harrow Couplings]. On peat bogs and light soils, the field is rolled [Rollers]. If the cultivation technology assumes the presence of beds, they can be cut both in spring and autumn [Cultivators-ridge formers]. nine0017

Fertilization

Without fertilization, it is impossible to achieve a high yield, therefore, on soddy-podzolic soils, it is recommended to spread the following norm N120 P60 K150 over the field [Rotor spreaders], on soils of river valleys – N120 P60 K180, on peat soils – N60 P60 K180. Soils with high acidity are limed [Rod distributors].

Sowing

Sowing in single-row rows [Row seeders] with 45 cm row spacing or 20 + 50 cm bands, 3 x 26 + 62 cm; on the beds they sow with ribbons 2 x 32 + 62 cm. The sowing depth is 3-4 cm. The sowing rate depends on the preparation of the seeds for sowing. nine0017

If it has not been carried out, then 12-15 kg/ha of seeds are sown, if calibration and seed coating have been carried out [Coating machines] then 6-8 kg/ha. Also, the seeds must be dressed, usually a fertilizer solution mixed with fentiuram (4 kg/ha) is used [Protectants].

Crop care

Herbicides [Sprayers] are used to control weeds in beet crops. They fight against pests and diseases, during dry periods they water [Water supply machines]. nine0017

Caring for sugar beet crops includes the following techniques:

• rolling [Rollers];
• continuous loosening of the soil before emergence of seedlings [Tooth harrow hitches];
• the first shallow loosening of the soil in the inter-row and row area (sharovka) [Cultivators for inter-row cultivation];
• continuous loosening of the soil after emergence of full shoots;
• building density;
• loosening the soil between the rows with weeds sprinkled with soil in the row (if necessary with top dressing) [Cultivators for inter-row cultivation]; nine0004
• protection of plants from pests and diseases [Sprayers].

One of the most important parameters on which the growth of sugar beet crops, as well as its sugar content, is plant density. To reduce excessive standing density, various machines are used – cultivators, thinners, harrows. The choice of one or another machine depends on the number of seedlings on the field.

An important technique for caring for crops is mechanized loosening of row-spacings in order to destroy weeds and keep the topsoil in a loose state. The depth of inter-row loosening is determined by the moisture reserve in the soil. nine0017

Harvesting

The ripening of the sugar beet crop usually occurs in early September, although the root crops can still gain weight throughout September.

To facilitate harvesting work, it is recommended to perform pre-harvest loosening with a depth of 10-12 cm, it is carried out 2-3 weeks before harvesting and allows you to reduce the traction force required for harvesting machines and helps to clean the root crops from the ground.

Harvesting from the moment of ripening should not exceed 25-30 days, which happens no later than October 15-20.