Career path of a lawyer: Lawyer Career Path — How to Become a Lawyer

Опубликовано: November 1, 2022 в 9:47 am

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Lawyer Career Path — How to Become a Lawyer

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Last Updated September 21, 2021

Guide Overview

What Does a Lawyer Do?How to Become a LawyerLawyer Career Path LadderHow Much Do Lawyers Make?Lawyer Job MarketWhat Different Types of Jobs for Lawyers Are There?Related Careers in Law

Guide Overview

A Guide on Career Paths, Job Prospects & More

So you want to become a lawyer? Or perhaps you’ve just completed a law degree, and are looking to map out your next steps. While being a lawyer takes a huge time commitment (and financial commitment to law school), the profession can be extremely rewarding — intellectually, financially and socially — no matter where you’re employed. From criminal justice litigation to environmental law, there are many fields you can delve into as a lawyer. Which one is right for you, and how do you work your way up there? Here are the basics of climbing the career ladder as a lawyer.

What Does a Lawyer Do?

Lawyers represent their clients in criminal and civil trials by building a case and arguing in support of their client. Lawyers may work in both the public and the private sector. Lawyers may also give their clients advice and counsel on how to navigate their legal circumstances. The duties of lawyers can be very diverse, including arguing in a courtroom, interviewing witnesses, preparing legal documents, advising clients, facilitating depositions and conducting legal research.  There are many areas of law that lawyers may specialize in, from business law and intellectual property law to criminal law and constitutional law.

How to Become a Lawyer

Becoming a lawyer doesn’t happen overnight. There are six critical steps you must take before you’re able to become a practicing lawyer in your state.

Steps Required to Become a Lawyer:

  1. Get an undergraduate degree — While some colleges have pre-law programs, many aspiring lawyers major in fields as diverse as French literature to environmental studies. Popular majors for prospective lawyers include political science, economics, philosophy and history.
  2. Pass the LSAT — The LSAT is the main barrier to law school. While passing should be your main goal, the higher score you receive, the more likely you are to be accepted into competitive law school programs, especially if your college GPA wasn’t stellar.
  3. Apply to law school —Law schools take a variety of factors into consideration when evaluating applications, including undergraduate GPA, LSAT scores, letters of recommendation and application essays.
  4. Graduate with a Juris Doctor degree — In order to take the bar exam, you must hold a Juris Doctor degree from an accredited institution. Law school is also where, as a lawyer, you can start your track of specialization into a particular area of law, such as environmental law or contract law.
  5. Pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) —In the majority of states, passing the MPRE is a prerequisite for being eligible to take the bar examination. The MPRE is a multiple choice exam focusing on ethics and professional conduct.
  6. Pass the bar exam — The final obstacle in your path to becoming a lawyer is the bar exam. It’s a formidable test, lasting for two to three days, and in some states, yielding a pass rate of only 40 percent. The bar exam tests a wide variety of legal knowledge, from torts to civil procedures to contract law.

Lawyer Career Path Ladder

Right now, job prospects for lawyers are optimistic — the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates an 8% job growth for lawyers over the next ten years.

The majority of lawyers work in law firms, which means private practice. In law firms both small and large, there is usually a standard progression of job titles you’ll take as you work your way up in a firm. As a law student, you may work as a summer associate or law clerk during your breaks. You can also prepare for your career as a lawyer by working as a paralegal (an assistant to lawyers who sometimes performs similar duties to lawyers). Once you have your law degree, you’ll usually start out at a law firm as an associate. After around six to nine years at the firm, you’ll have a shot at becoming a partner, and eventually a managing partner. Some lawyers also choose to start their own firm after gaining experience within the field.

Outside of law firms, there are a variety of places where lawyers work. Many corporations retain their own legal departments, which means you would be a full-time employee of that corporation, rather than a law firm. Another large area of legal practice is public interest lawyers, who work for private or nonprofit organizations and provide legal services to disadvantaged populations, dealing with areas such as immigration and labor disputes.

There are also many spaces for lawyers in government positions, which range from prosecutors, who file lawsuits and charge parties on behalf of the government, to public defense attorneys, who represent parties who cannot afford their own attorney. In addition, government counsels work as lawyers in the executive and legislative branches of government, writing and interpreting laws, writing legal reviews and arguing civil and criminal cases for the government.

How Much Do Lawyers Make?

Additionally, according to Glassdoor data, the median base pay for lawyers is $117,188, which means that even when starting out on the bottom rung of the lawyer career ladder, you already have good salary prospects. Depending on the field of law you practice, your earning potential as you advance up the lawyer career ladder may vary.

Lawyer Job Market

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that that employment for lawyers, judges, and related workers will grow by 8% between 2016 and 2026. In addition, the BLS, projects that employment for paralegals and law clerks will grow by 14.6% within the same time span.

What Different Types of Jobs for Lawyers Are There?

Lawyer careers can take many different shapes. Specializations with the field of law include:

  • Contract Law
  • Environmental Law
  • Tax Law
  • Constitutional Law
  • Worker’s Compensation
  • Family Law
  • Appeals
  • Bankruptcy Law
  • Intellectual Property Law
  • Criminal Law
  • Social Security/Disability
  • Corporate Law
  • Estate Planning Law
  • Employment Law
  • Immigration Law

The majority of these fields are open to specialize in whether you work in a private law firm, as a corporate counsel, for the government or for an advocacy organization. Specialization can begin in law school and continue from there. In addition to working as a lawyer, there are other professions that those who train as a lawyer often go into, including:

  • Mediation and Conflict Resolution
  • Politics
  • Lobbying
  • Finance
  • Legal Journalism
  • Public Interest Advocacy
  • Management Consulting
  • Judge

While law school isn’t for everyone, there are a variety of careers within the legal field that take less schooling to break into, and can be equally as fulfilling. Here are just a few of the many careers available in the legal field:

PARALEGAL

Average Salary: $40,662

Degrees required: Associates degree or Bachelor’s degree

ARBITRATOR

Average Salary: $72,714

Degrees required: Bachelor’s degree

COURT REPORTER

Average Salary: $60,433

Degrees required: Associate’s degree

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Lawyer Careers: How to Become a Lawyer

Lawyer Career Path

Becoming a lawyer is a significant undertaking that requires considerable time, effort, and financial expenditure. Completing law school and passing the bar exam are both challenging endeavors. However, passing the bar exam and earning your law degree are only the first steps on your lawyer career path.

To get the most out of your career, you need to clearly identify your personal lawyer career goals, plan your lawyer career path, and hone your legal skills. Below you will find some helpful tips on lawyer career development that will help you become the best lawyer you can be.

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Lawyer Career Prospects: Why is Law a Good Profession?

Law is a good profession because it offers prestige, a high earning potential, and a broad range of public and private practice areas. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for lawyers was $127,990 in May 2020. From 2020 to 2030, employment for lawyers is expected to expand at a rate of approximately nine percent, with about 46,000 new legal positions predicted over the next 10 years. Building a law career requires a lot of time and effort, but keeping the benefits of a legal career in mind can help keep future lawyers motivated. 

What Does a Typical Lawyer Career Path Look Like?

Stage 1: Summer Associate

Law firms and government agencies can employ law students for short periods while they are still attending law school. Summer associate programs typically last nine weeks, starting in May and ending in July. Summer associates get to experience what it’s like to work at a law firm without having to commit to full-time employment. According to ZipRecruiter, a summer associate’s average annual wage is $35,706.

Stage 2: Paralegal

Law students can get part-time paralegal jobs to gain more experience in the legal industry. If you become a paralegal, you will be a legal assistant that conducts legal, regulatory, and business research for lawyers. Paralegals usually work for law firms, corporations in the legal department, courts, or in the private sector. A paralegal’s average annual compensation is $49,930, according to PayScale.

Stage 3: Associate Attorney

Associate attorneys are in charge of accomplishing legal work for their law firm. They conduct research, attend court hearings, and provide analysis and advice to clients. They also finalize and deliver any necessary paperwork to the courts. The average salary of an associate attorney is $83,771 per year. 

Stage 4: Senior Attorney

A senior attorney has a high expertise level. Licensed attorneys assist in the management of lower-ranking employees and also oversee a legal team’s work when representing clients. Senior attorneys are also responsible for representing their legal team in meetings with an opposing party’s legal team. A senior attorney has an average salary of $124,900 per year.  

Stage 5: Law Firm Partner 

A law firm partner is a co-owner of the law firm and works to manage the firm itself. Partners are in charge of the firm’s legal and technical support teams, and they are also responsible for coordinating logistics for new cases, budgeting, and vendor connections. A law firm partner’s average salary is $188,859 per year. 

Lawyer Career Path: Important Milestones

After passing the bar exam and acquiring state board licensing, law students become lawyers seeking employment in law firms and at government agencies. Obtaining work experience in the legal field is crucial for recent graduates. Before becoming a partner or founding their own law firm, entry-level lawyers work with experienced lawyers to improve their craft. Below you will find a list of important milestones in your career as a lawyer.

  1. Gain work experience in the legal field while studying. Internships, summer associate programs, volunteer legal services, and paralegal positions allow you to immerse yourself in larger firms or government agencies while also getting work experience in the practice of law.
  2. Prepare your resume. Most law students have little or no prior legal expertise, but your resume shouldn’t be blank. Include all your legal experience in your resume, such as the aforementioned internships, summer associate programs, and volunteer legal services.
  3. Obtain your first full-time position as an associate. Some law students get job offers from professional firms that they’ve interned at or have been employed by during their time in school. Others need to take advantage of their law school’s resources and enhance their professional network to acquire their first full-time legal job.
  4. Hone your legal skills to grow as a legal professional. It is essential to develop legal writing proficiency, citation and reference management abilities, litigation expertise, and reading list navigation know-how to build a successful law career. You’ll need strong problem-solving skills to boot.
  5. Become a law firm partner. If you’re a practicing lawyer looking to join a firm as a partner, you need to build your reputation as a legal specialist before finding a partnership mentor. After you become a partner, you will strengthen your leadership and analytical skills by developing relationships with other partners.

Planning Your Lawyer Career Path

To build a rewarding career in the legal field, you need to determine your professional goals, choose what area of law suits you best, and find a mentor who can serve as your career guide.

There are several factors to consider when planning your lawyer career path. Depending on which route you would like to follow in the legal field, you must take into consideration which areas you excel in, what your career goals are, and how you can grow your professional network to access the roles you want.

Evaluate Your Strengths and Skill Gaps 

To become the best lawyer you can be you need to reflect on what you are proficient in, consider your passions, and identify any areas that you can improve. Understanding your strengths and interests will help you choose the most suitable field of law and pursue relevant specialized experience on your lawyer career path. 

Upskilling as a Lawyer

Regardless of your current position, you should always think about your lawyer career goals and professional development. If you don’t continually increase your level of expertise, your career may stagnate. Take advantage of any opportunities for professional growth that come your way, and always consider how to improve your experience level in pertinent areas. 

Find a Mentor

Take time to observe your senior colleagues during your career. Do they possess any abilities that you want to gain? Is there anyone that could serve as a good mentor? Look for someone who is inclined to share their own experiences, provide career advice, and would be willing to act as a sounding board when you need a second opinion. 

Grow Your Professional Network

Take advantage of networking opportunities inside your law firm, in any associations you are a member of, and in your client base. A robust professional network will be a great asset as you move along your lawyer career path. Don’t forget to use professional networking services such as LinkedIn to maintain your online network of coworkers, former colleagues, and clients.

Maintain Your Work-Life Balance

Law can be a stressful profession. Don’t forget that prioritizing your personal life is vital. Think about what you’re enthusiastic about and what you want to be remembered for. Take into account your relationships. Have a bucket list, travel goals, and other things you focus on outside of your professional life. 

Popular Law Career Paths

Next Steps for Aspiring Lawyers

Passing the bar exam and receiving your license is just the start of your lawyer career path. To become the best lawyer you can be, you should keep upskilling and consulting with your senior colleagues on legal matters that you find challenging. Along with honing legal skills, prospective lawyers need to develop strong communication skills, interpersonal skills, and critical thinking abilities and grow their professional networks to build their reputations.   

Lawyer Career Path FAQ

What degree is best to become a lawyer?

A Juris Doctor (JD) degree is the best degree to become a lawyer. A JD is an advanced degree in law that focuses on civil procedures, contracts, and constitutional law,. A wide range of lawyers choose political science or another focus in the social sciences as their degree during their undergraduate study. However, depending on the career path you want to follow you may choose a slightly different undergraduate degree or further your studies in a graduate school.

What type of lawyer is most in demand?

The top five most in-demand types of lawyers include civil litigation lawyer (also known as a trial lawyer), criminal defense lawyer, defamation lawyer (also known as a libel and slander attorney), business lawyer (litigation or transactional), and family lawyer (also known as domestic relations attorney or divorce lawyer).

What careers can you have with a law degree?

The careers you can have with a law degree include an associate in a law firm, a senior attorney, or even a law firm partner. Alternatively, you can work as an arbitrator, mediator, or conciliator, or you can become a judge.

Is law a good career in the United States?

Law is a good career in the US. Lawyers are paid $126,930 annually on average, making it a good role to pursue financially. From 2020 to 2030, the employment of lawyers is expected to expand at a rate of 9 percent, which is approximately average for all occupations. Over the next 10 years, around 46,000 lawyer openings are projected by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

How to Become a Lawyer – Career Path and Job Description

Where Might You Work?

As a lawyer, you may find yourself working as a public defender in the offices of a state agency. Or you may work as in-house counsel in a variety of settings, such as an interest group, corporate office, or government agency.

You may be the lawyer who represents a state child protective services agency, helping decide which children should remain in foster care. You could work for a large or small law firm that represents a range of business clients, or decide to open your own practice. If you open your own law firm, you will have to plan carefully, choose an area of the law on which you will focus, then begin building a network of referrals. Don’t forget about joining listservs and organizations so you can get the name of your firm out. It’s also possible that you may return to academia, this time as an instructor or professor.

Potential Career Paths

Once you pass your bar exam and begin officially practicing law, you will be able to work in one of several settings. Your main location will be in an office. If circumstances require, you may meet your clients in hospitals, their homes or in a prison.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), you’re most likely to work in a legal services office, with 48% of lawyers working for legal services firms. You may be self-employed, as 20% of practicing lawyers have established their own law firms. You may work in other settings as well.

Employment Lawyer
You be accepted into most firms as an associate. You’ll be expected to have 0-5 years of experience when you join the firm. This type of firm handles a wide variety of employment issues for classes and people.

You should enjoy working with people and helping the employees that have hired the law firm. You will be expected to have good writing skills.

Associate Attorney
This position could be within a law firm that specializes in several areas of law—civil litigation, personal injury, criminal defense, family law, and/or many others. You may be asked to handle part of the caseload of one type of law, if that is your specialty, or given civil and criminal cases from multiple types of law, depending on your experience.

Contract Attorney
Law firms looking for attorneys to work specific civil and criminal cases may hire you to assist within the time frame of a specific set of court hearings or trials. When your contract is over, you will likely move on to find another firm or client that needs your specialized experience.

Associate Lawyer
Firms looking for lawyers at the entry-level to intermediate-level of experience may hire you on in this position. These firms may be looking for lawyers interested in real estate law, business law, estate planning, personal injury and/or general district court, traffic cases, civil case work, or some other specialty. You will need to have excellent interpersonal skills and aptitude, as well as communication skills. These firms may consider part-time applicants, bar applicants, and those who lack experience but are promising in other ways.

Legal Writer-Editor
Firms may be looking for lawyers with a state bar license. A background in employment law or legal publishing is preferred. You’ll need to be high on the creativity scale, and with a passion for writing. If you have a good, analytical mind that can translate legal-speak into plain English, you’ll be the perfect fit for this position. You’ll be a member of the editorial staff; responsible for developing, updating, revising, and supplementing the firms legal forms, memos, etc. You may also help produce newsletters, quizzes, case briefs, or online training. You must be flexible and willing to multi-task.

Lawyer Salaries














Occupation Entry-Level Mid-Career Late-Career
Associate Attorney $51,000 $76,000 $126,000
Bankruptcy Attorney $49,000 $67,000 $128,000
Corporate Lawyer $96,000 $110,000 $163,000
Criminal Defense Lawyer $64,000 $90,000 $103,000
Divorce Lawyer $75,000 $103,000 $114,000
Family Law Attorney $58,000 $84,000 $98,000
Government Attorney $51,000 $97,400 $155,000
Immigration Attorney $48,000 $69,000 $108,000
Law Firm Partner $103,000 $187,000 $358,000
Patent Attorney $85,000 $138,000 $214,000
Public Interest Lawyer $53,000 $67,000 $113,000
Trial Lawyer $61,000 $100,000 $219,000

**Salary info provided by PayScale

Career Outlook

The job outlook for lawyers is expected to grow about 8% between 2016 and 2026. This is about as fast as the average for all U.S. occupations.

Even with this anticipated growth in the employment of lawyers, changes are coming. Increased price competition over the next 10 years is projected to lead to law firms reconsidering project staffing as they look for ways to reducing costs to their clients. In addition, the clients of law firms are expected to shave their legal expenses by pushing for lower rates and reviewing invoices much more closely. On top of that, assignments that used to be given to lawyers may now be assigned to legal assistants and paralegals. Some of this work may include document review. Other routine legal tasks may be sent to lower-cost legal providers overseas.

However, large corporations may be joining the trend of adding a group of in-house lawyers to their staff. This, in addition to law firms continuing to hire the most lawyers, means that employment numbers should not fall.

Advancing From Here

Once you have reached the top in your profession, you may decide that it’s time to see in what ways you can rise higher as a lawyer.

You could return to a university setting as an administrator at a law school. You will still be able to impact peoples’ lives in this position. In the courtroom you could move to the bench as a judge. You could also accept a position as a Chief Executive Officer. With your people and research skills you may be uniquely suited to run a business connected with your specialty in a specific area of law, such as real estate.

The profession of a lawyer: description and features of the specialty

Contents

  • Types of law
  • How to become a lawyer
  • Advantages of the profession
  • Disadvantages of the profession

Romanticizing the specialty of a lawyer, modern cinema, as a rule, shows us two polar portraits. This is a lively defender who brilliantly delivered a defense speech, endearing himself to the jury and interrogating the witnesses so that the “mafiosi” themselves confessed to the crime, thereby justifying the innocent client. Or the second option: having worked through mountains of documents, re-read many laws and decisions on old lawsuits, looked through all the evidence in the case a million times, our hero noticed a small inaccuracy, which helped win the process. In fact, the key to the legal profession lies in its versatility. After all, this is a generalization of such specialties as:0003

  • lawyer,
  • prosecutor,
  • judge,
  • investigator,
  • legal adviser,
  • notary, etc.

All these specialties are so specific and contain such volumes of information that huge libraries of books are devoted to their description.

Types of law

In any case, no matter what direction you choose, you will have to work with both people and documents. And a lot to learn even after graduation. This is a lot of work. Society is developing, and with it laws are constantly changing, changes are made to codes, new branches of law are emerging. Every year the growth of the volume of information is accelerating. You always need to be aware of the latest changes, know the nuances of local laws, track the statistics of court decisions.

The peculiarities of the profession of a lawyer is that you always need to be on the alert, to be known as an expert in the field of law that you represent. For example, family law is the preparation of marriage contracts, defending the interests of clients during the divorce process, supervising the procedure for adopting a family to raise children. Labor law is the task of a lawyer to protect the client from illegal dismissal, to prepare an employment contract. Popular now copyright is to protect the author from plagiarism, from illegal use of his works, etc.

The most common types of law are:

  • civil,
  • commercial,
  • administrative,
  • land,
  • financial,
  • criminal procedure.

How to Become a Lawyer

If you want to become a lawyer and dream of career growth, you need to develop memory, logical thinking, and rhetoric – the ability to talk to people and communicate freely in any audience. Your speech should be bright, memorable, saturated with colorful descriptions and new images, and not hackneyed clichés and clericalism. Of course, the profession of a lawyer is a job that requires high intellectual effort. It must be clearly understood that career growth is possible only with an expert level of knowledge in your field of law. If you are inquisitive, you like to look for answers to riddles and you understand that this requires the utmost perseverance and attentiveness, then this work is created for you.

For a graduate of the Faculty of Law, the prestige of the university, whose diploma he received, is very important. In Russia, graduates are especially valued:

  1. of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation.
  2. St. Petersburg State University.
  3. Moscow State Law Academy.
  4. Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

Already getting an education, you should take care of internships to develop a base. Your first job may not be high paying, but it will give you the experience you need and help you make connections. Indeed, in a few years, when you want to embark on a career path, your experience, connections and, of course, your reputation will come to the fore.

Advantages of the profession

Everyone will agree that in today’s world most problems can be solved with the help of connections. One of the most significant advantages of being a lawyer is the opportunity to meet the most important people from different walks of life and professional fields. Helping the “grands” solve their problems, showing care, assisting and giving quality advice, you get not only a one-time client. You will be recommended, “passed on” by inheritance. Thus, thanks to the word of mouth effect, you will expand your customer base and significantly increase your monthly earnings, and over time, the fees for each won process.

Knowledge of the laws will undoubtedly be useful to you in life. For example, in a situation of receiving a low-quality service or exchanging a low-quality product. They will give confidence when communicating with the traffic police if you are stopped for a check on the road.

Lawyer is one of those professions that helps to positively influence the world. If you choose the profession of an investigator, you will be able to control the fairness of the punishment of criminals. The prosecutor can bring to justice an official who takes bribes. A lawyer will defend an unjustly accused client.

Among other things, the work of a lawyer implies a great deal of independence. It consists, to a greater extent, in the creative interpretation of laws. After all, the final decision in any case is made only on the basis of the letter of the law. This is where your “hunter’s passion” comes into play. The more courageous and persistent a lawyer is, the more information he has, the more accurate the solutions he proposes will be and the richer his judicial practice will be. An interesting and beloved work helps to fulfill oneself like no other.

Disadvantages of the profession

Lawyer is an interesting and highly paid profession. But how much you’re worth will be determined by how much you know. If you have chosen a career in the field of law, prepare for the fact that you will have to constantly learn. It is quite difficult to work in a system of changing legislation if you do not have new information about amendments to laws or new documentation requirements.

Of the minuses, one can also name the fact that, for the most part, a lawyer will have to work in an environment of conflict between two opposing sides. This specialty requires a high level of stress tolerance. In addition, friends and relatives will start contacting you for free advice. Well, being a lawyer requires a lot of patience.

Remember that a difficult path of improvement and constant self-education, as well as an impeccable reputation leads to fame, success and high fees. However, as in any other specialty. We wish you career growth and satisfaction from the fact that you are doing what you need and love!

Jurisprudence who can work. | SYNERGY University

Jurisprudence is a humanitarian specialty focused on social activities, organization of law enforcement, law enforcement and rule-making activities.

A lawyer acquires a universal profession within his subject field. After graduating from college, university, you can work in government agencies, in commercial enterprises.

The level of wages, specific place of work, form of activity, career prospects depend on the level of education. Graduates of secondary schools receive entry-level positions. Bachelors are higher. And only masters apply for highly paid positions.

Where can I study, what areas exist within the specialty of jurisprudence, who can I work with a law degree.

Features of employment of lawyers

Employment of graduates of the direction of jurisprudence depends on a group of factors:

  • Personal qualities.
  • Professional knowledge and skills.
  • Readiness for long-term career growth.

Also from the level of education. Lawyers after college apply for entry-level positions. A bachelor’s degree is considered a full-fledged higher education, but employers in the public service and in law enforcement agencies, large commercial organizations prefer lawyers with a master’s education, an academic degree.

Employers determine the requirements for applicants on their own. Employment in the authorities, law enforcement agencies is possible with the presence of legal experience, according to the results of passing psychological tests and a medical commission. The rigidity of the requirements depends on the department.

Possible branches of activity

A graduate of a legal direction can go one of 4 ways:

  • Get a job in a private company. Graduates of civil law specialization are in demand. Those who are ready to engage in claims, rule-making work, legal support for the commercial activities of an enterprise, firm. When working in international companies, international lawyers are in demand.
  • Go to work in state authorities at the federal, regional levels or local government. This requires fundamental training in the field of administrative, constitutional, municipal law.
  • Get a job in law enforcement agencies. The legal work of law enforcement officers is based on knowledge of the principles and norms of criminal, criminal procedure law. Civil – in the case of judicial activity.
  • Go to work in a law firm, go into private practice. Lawyers with the status of a lawyer deal with criminal, administrative, and civil cases. Depends on personal preference.

The graduate of the legal direction determines the job options himself. Who to become after graduation is an individual question.

List of professions in the legal sphere

The professional activity of a lawyer involves gaining experience in a particular area, branch of law. The forms of activity also differ, despite the common direction.

Lawyer

Defense attorney, representative of the interests of the parties in law enforcement agencies, courts. The task of a lawyer is to defend the rights of his client. Practice individually or in a group. The profession is heterogeneous: there are lawyers in criminal and civil cases. There is a more fractional division, a narrow specialization. The same specialists in civil cases can work on family, inheritance disputes.

To qualify, you must have legal experience and pass professional exams.

Lawyer

He is also a legal adviser. Professional in the field of civil law. Engaged in rule-making, law enforcement work on the basis of the enterprise. Represents the interests of the company in court, draws up transactions. The work requires extensive knowledge of civil, civil procedural norms. Career growth begins with the position of an assistant. This applies to both college graduates and newly minted professionals with a university behind them.

Forensic expert

Expert – related specialty. It requires not only and not so much legal knowledge as skills, knowledge and skills in a particular subject area: medicine, art, economics and more.

Examinations are carried out at the request of the parties to legal, procedural actions. On the basis of a competent expert opinion, the court may draw conclusions about the involvement of a person in unlawful acts or establish the degree of material, moral damage.

Pick

Dispute Resolution Specialist. There are no formal requirements for education, specialties. The mediator deals with conflict situations, helps to find a compromise on mutually beneficial terms for the parties.

A lawyer can also be a mediator. A conflictologist works in several or one subject area.

Law teacher

Law teacher performs his function of transferring knowledge to students. May work in one of the following positions:

  • Teacher of a general education organization, school. Conduct a special course or teach social studies.
  • College teacher in the specialties of jurisprudence.
  • University teacher (graduate students, applicants, as well as holders of academic degrees).

Teaching can be combined with practical activities. For example, a lawyer.

Prosecutor

Law enforcement lawyer who oversees compliance with laws, initiates investigations into possible violations, handles prosecution in court. The position is prestigious, but without extensive experience it is impossible to get a position. The career path is long, starting with the position of public prosecutor’s assistant. It can take years without guarantees of results due to the large competition of candidates, applicants.

Notary

A specialist who confirms legal facts and information. Verification of signatures, certification of documents. Notaries accompany transactions, bear responsibility with all their property. Experts with higher legal qualifications are allowed to practice.

Notary is traditionally considered a competitive area. Therefore, you can become an independent specialist only with extensive experience.

Judge

A judge is a lawyer who resolves disputes between parties. Citizens, organizations, and the state.

Formal requirements for judges relate to age, experience (legal seniority), as well as the level of knowledge. Applicants for the position must pass qualifying examinations.

You will be able to get a job only after checking the facts of the biography of the applicant, his purity before the law. Offenses close a person’s access to activities in the judiciary.

You can start your career path with the position of court secretary. The next step is the assistant referee. Next comes the independent position of the judge.

Private detective

Lawyer who deals with individual investigation of controversial cases and situations. In the conditions of the Russian legal field, it is strictly limited by the norms of the law and cannot replace law enforcement officers. It does not have wide powers, it is limited by practice within the framework of civil, property and personal non-property relations.

A license is required to start a business. Persons from the age of 21, with a higher legal degree, without a criminal record under serious articles of the Criminal Code, can become private detectives.

Insolvency practitioner

A professional who handles bankruptcy procedures for companies and individual entrepreneurs. Checks the facts about the financial solvency of the debtor, is engaged in the fulfillment of his financial obligations within the framework of the possible. Controls the procedure established by law for the fulfillment of the obligations of a potential bankrupt.

A lawyer with at least 1 year of managerial experience can become a specialist, subject to a successful internship under the supervision of the current manager. Not convicted

Investigator

Law enforcement lawyer. Potential organizations for service:

  • Ministry of Internal Affairs (police).
  • Investigative Committee.
  • FSB.

The investigator is engaged in the establishment of legal facts related to the illegal actions of citizens, the investigation of crimes. Prepares documents, materials to bring the perpetrator to criminal liability. The categories of cases investigated depend on the duty station.

Job prospects in law and career development

Legal career prospects depend on the choice of career path. Due to high competition, constant dynamics of legislation, high requirements for applicants, one diploma is not enough.

The start of professional activity and career growth of a lawyer depend on several factors:

  • The prestige of a college or university graduate.
  • Personal qualities.
  • Practical experience.
  • Willingness to learn. Including formally: undergraduate programs (for college graduates), master’s programs.
  • Attitudes towards professional growth, willingness to improve.
  • Region of residence.

Lawyer is a promising, multifaceted profession. Law graduates can work in the private sector or in public positions. But to realize career ambitions, you need a quality education, a willingness to work and improve your knowledge and skills.

Receipt addresses:

Moscow, Izmaylovsky Val, 2, Semenovskaya metro station

Moscow, Leningradsky pr., 80G, Sokol metro station

Opening hours:

Mon-Fri: 09.00-20004 Sat-Sun: 10.00-17.00

+7 495 800-10-018 800 100-00-11
(call around the clock) about your future professional development, about your career. Currently, a career is considered one of the key indicators of a person’s business success and a natural result of his professional activity, aimed at maximizing the realization of an individual’s business and personal potential and associated with the system of his life values.

There are many definitions of a career. This is due to the versatility of this phenomenon and process.

Career – the trajectory of his movement – a person builds himself, in accordance with the characteristics inside and outside the organizational reality, and most importantly – with his own goals, desires and attitudes. Knowledge of what a career is, what types and models of careers exist, how to manage a career, as well as knowledge of one’s abilities, weaknesses and strengths will help everyone choose a job in an organization that will provide him with opportunities for professional growth, obtaining high job satisfaction, building career advancement and competitiveness prospects.

Among the models of the initial choice of a profession, the model of “fit” by J. Holland, according to which people choose a profession that best suits their personal qualities, has received the most recognition. For a person already employed in a particular area of ​​activity, the following statement is true: the more the person corresponds to the profession, the more likely it is that he will remain in this area.

J. Holland singled out six main personal orientations that determine the choice of careers to which people are most inclined. These orientations have already been considered by us as professionally important qualities of a lawyer in the formation of his professional orientation. According to J. Holland, personality type largely designs professional implementation. Namely:

1) realistic orientation – a tendency to activities associated with physical strength, manipulation of tools and mechanisms that require skill, strength and coordination. For example, forestry, farming and agriculture;

2) exploratory orientation – a tendency to a career associated with introverted activity (thinking, organizing, interpreting) rather than affective (feeling, interpersonal communication and emotions). Examples are workers engaged in research activities;

3) artistic orientation – an inclination towards a career that requires self-expression, artistic creation, expression of emotions and individuality. These are artists, musicians, artists;

4) social orientation — inclination towards a career that implies interpersonal rather than intellectual or physical interaction: diplomatic service, social work;

5) initiative ( enterprising ) orientation – a tendency to a career that involves verbal activity associated with influencing others: managers, lawyers, press secretaries;

6) conventional orientation – a tendency to a career that provides a structured, regulated activity, as well as professions in which it is necessary that the subordinate compare his personal needs with organizational ones: accountants and bankers.

Most people have more than one orientation, and J. Holland believes that the more similar or compatible these orientations, the less internal conflict and the easier it is to make a decision about choosing a career. To illustrate this, he placed each kind of orientation in one of the corners of a regular hexagon (Figure 5. 3).

The career management process is two-way. It should not be forgotten that a career is a phenomenon and a process in which not only the employee but also the employer participate. The object of management in the second case is to increase the value of the employee’s human and professional capital. In a situation where the subject is an employee, we are talking about managing a personal career; if the subject of management is an employer, about the management of a business career. The concept of “career management” includes these two processes.

As for managing a personal career, when applying for a job, everyone should be able to realistically assess their business qualities, correlate their professional training with the requirements that the organization and their work put before them. The success of your entire future career will largely depend on this. Organizations in which a career is a managed process receive:

1) motivated employees who associate their professional activities with this organization. This increases labor productivity, reduces staff turnover and, as a result, makes the organization more sustainable ;

2) the ability to plan the professional development of (growing up) employees, taking into account their personal interests within the strategic objectives of the organization;

3) the ability to plan the needs for vocational training and advanced training;

4) personnel reserve for the long-term development of the organization.

Career has its own driving motives , starting from which, the employee makes active efforts to achieve the goals of building a career. As a rule, specialists in the field of personnel management identify the following career goals[111]:

– engage in a type of activity or have a position that corresponds to self-esteem and therefore delivers moral satisfaction. Such an attitude can be compared to a lifestyle;

– have a job or position that pays well or allows you to count on an increase in living standards. A person in this case is driven by the desire for security and stability, which in his view are associated with position and status;

– hold a position that enhances the professional capabilities of a person and develops them. Often people associate the possibility of self-development and self-realization with a high official position;

– have a job or position that is creative. People are driven by the desire to create or organize something new, creative. To achieve their goals, they need managerial power and freedom in decision-making, which are given by a certain official position;

– work in a specialty or occupy a position that allows you to achieve a certain degree of autonomy and independence. Within the framework of the organization, they are given a high position, authority, merit, which they are forced to reckon with;

– have a job or position that makes it possible to continue professional self-improvement. A person strives to be the best specialist and be able to solve the most complex professional problems. To do this, he focuses on professional growth, and considers promotion through the prism of professional growth. Material reward for such people is secondary;

– to have a job or a position that gives you the opportunity to lead others, to engage in responsible work and satisfies personal ambitions and the desire for leadership in the organization;

– have a job or position that simultaneously allows you to engage in raising children or housework.

The listed career goals are not exhaustive, their list can be continued. It should also be taken into account that career goals may change with age as qualifications increase, promotions, changes or revisions of values, etc. It must be remembered that the formation (adjustment) of career goals is an ongoing process.

A business career begins with the formation of the employee’s subjectively conscious own judgments about his/her labor future, the expected way of self-expression and job satisfaction.

There are several principal trajectories of a person’s movement within a profession or organization that will lead to different types of career (Table 5.5).

Table 5.5

Careers

Classification criteria Careers
1. Review environment Professional.
Intraorganizational
2. The direction of movement of the employee in the structure of the organization Vertical.
Horizontal.
centripetal
3. Belonging to a certain area of ​​professional (special) activity Jurisprudence.
Advocate.
Prosecutor.
Legal Counsel.
Corporate lawyer, etc.
4. The nature of the ongoing changes Vocational qualification.
Status.
Official (powerful).
material-monetary

Each of the types of career assumes some independence in its development, but necessarily interacts with others, depending on the trajectory of movement. For example, intra-organizational career involves the passage of all stages of career growth (training, employment, professional growth, support and development of individual professional abilities, retirement) within the same organization. However, such a career can be specialized and non-specialized.

Professional career (growth of knowledge, skills) can go along the line of specialization (deepening in one line of movement chosen at the beginning of the professional path) or transprofessionalization (mastering other or related areas of professional experience, associated, for example, with the expansion of tools and areas of activity).

Intra-organizational career can develop vertically (positional growth), horizontally (work in different departments of the same hierarchy level), be centripetal (advance to the control center, deepening in administrative functions).

One or another trajectory of a person’s movement along the line of a career is associated with his personal value orientation. Dr. Edgar Schein has developed an effective approach to identifying what motivates people in their professional careers. Shane believes that personal values ​​affect our ability to successfully meet the challenges we face at work. To define this concept, he introduced the definition – “career anchor” . According to E. Shane, the “career anchor” arises in the process of socialization based on and as a result of learning in the early years of career development. It is stable and can remain stable for a long time. Career anchors must be considered when choosing the type of activity you want to do, the company in which you will work, as well as the most preferred career path for you.

Based on research, several career anchors have been identified[112]:

1) technical and functional competence;

2) managerial competence;

3) autonomy;

4) stability;

5) service;

6) challenge;

7) integration of lifestyles;

8) entrepreneurship.

Business career management begins from the moment an employee is hired by the enterprise and continues until his expected dismissal. Such management lies in the fact that it is necessary to organize the systematic horizontal and vertical movement of this employee through positions and professional jobs. As you know, any management activity begins with setting a goal and planning steps to achieve it. Career planning is the definition of career development goals, for example, taking into account the understanding of its “anchors” and ways to achieve them. At the same time, the path to achieving career goals is a sequence of job growth or “growing up”, without which it is impossible to acquire the required qualifications necessary for further professional and career development. It is clear that such promotion requires appropriate means to ensure it (training, internships, trainings, etc.).

The basis of career planning is career chart – a document containing an idea of ​​what path a specialist must go in order to obtain the necessary knowledge and master the necessary skills to work effectively in a particular place.

Careerogram in its full presentation should consist of two parts. The first part contains a list of positions, lined up in a sequential chain in ascending line, that an employee can occupy throughout his career path, indicating the terms of holding positions in years. The second part should include a description of the types of training that an employee needs to undergo on a career path, indicating the periods of training. Those actions that an employee takes to implement his plan are career development. Naturally, career advancement is influenced not only by the goals and objectives formulated by the employee himself, but also by organizational (external) conditions and the possibilities for achieving them. For example, the highest point of a career and the number of positions on the way to it from the one that a person occupies in an organization, i.e. career length is an indicator of his potential mobility, position level, etc.

However, career development planning and management has benefits for both the individual and the organization. Indeed, a clearer vision of personal professional prospects, the possibility of targeted preparation for future professional activities create a higher degree of job satisfaction in the organization, the ability to plan other aspects of one’s own life, and increase competitiveness in the labor market. At the same time, the organization not only receives motivated employees who associate their professional activities with this company, but also the opportunity to plan the professional development of employees, taking into account their personal interests. All this makes the organization more stable and promising.

For example, the project Careerist.ru [113] offers the following idea of ​​a typical career as a lawyer (Fig. 5.4). Interestingly, there are two features in career growth. The first is in vertical career development of legal specialists cannot be unified, since it is difficult to compare the area of ​​responsibility in different companies in different positions. It (area of ​​responsibility) always depends on the status of this position in a particular company. The amount of salary will also depend on the height of the status. This is not only a feature, but also a limitation in the ability to make promising decisions in career growth.

Second – horizontal professional development allows you to choose a narrower specialization within a particular branch of law, i. deepen their professional competencies, as well as expand them by replenishing inter-industry and supra-industry knowledge and skills. There are no limits to such development. At the same time, a lawyer who has developed this kind of competence can move to the position of a lawyer with a wide profile (generalist) or the position of the only lawyer.

In any case, climbing the career ladder cannot be successful without the conscious use of knowledge in the field of organization theory, management theory, understanding the features of applying this knowledge in practical work in the internal and external environment of activity, establishing and effectively using communication channels for the movement of information, development of a management system for various legal practices in today’s highly competitive business environment.

Senior lawyer
Director of Legal Affairs / Law Firm Partner
Head of Legal / Head of Legal Practice at a law firm
Junior lawyer
Legal assistant
Legal Assistant/Legal Secretary
Generalist /
General Lawyer /
the only lawyer
Specialization in specific areas of law
Sole lawyer

Fig.5.4 . Lawyer career path

The aspect under consideration can be successfully supplemented by the opinion of well-known experts in the field of management, who identified 11 potential limitations for the self-development of a manager, which largely explain the high importance of organizational and managerial competencies in the activities of a lawyer, which allows building successful career and professional development. Thus, the English management consultants M. Woodcock and D. Francis[114] pointed out:

1) for inability to manage oneself : inability to fully use one’s time, energy, skills; inability to cope with the stresses of modern managerial life;

2) blurred personal values ​​ : lack of a clear understanding of them; the presence of values ​​that do not correspond to the conditions of modern business and private life;

3) unclear personal goals : lack of clarity about the goals of one’s personal or business life; the presence of goals incompatible with the conditions of modern work and life;

4) stopped self-development : lack of attitude and receptivity to new situations and opportunities;

5) lack of skill to solve problems : lack of strategy necessary in decision-making, as well as the ability to solve modern problems;

6) lack of creativity : lack of ability to generate and use new ideas;

7) inability to influence people : insufficient ability to secure participation and assistance from others or to influence their decisions;

8) insufficient understanding of the characteristics of managerial work : lack of understanding of the motivation of employees; outdated, inhumane or inappropriate ideas about the role of the leader;

9) poor leadership skills : lack of ability to achieve high results in the work of subordinates;

10) inability to teach : lack of ability or desire to help others develop and expand their capabilities;

11) low ability to form a team : inability to promote the development and increase the effectiveness of working groups and teams.

Modern organizations are interested in the professional growth of employees at all levels, but they should pay special attention to the training of top managers of the organization. Specialists indicate [115] , that if a president’s seat is vacated in a company, then when an outside specialist is invited to this position, the latter needs 3–6 months to get acquainted with the affairs of the organization, 1–3 years to be recognized as “their own”, from 2 to 5 years – to absorb the culture of the organization. For a manager who previously worked in the company, such problems do not arise or are resolved much faster and easier. Therefore, when preparing a reserve of managers, it is necessary to take into account the solution of three consecutive and complementary tasks:

1) identifying employees of the organization with the potential for leadership positions;

2) their preparation for work in a particular managerial position;

3) planning for the rotation of staff and the replacement of vacant or newly created vacancies by trained staff.

Let’s summarize the consideration of the issue of the importance of organizational and managerial competencies in building a professional career in general and a lawyer’s career in particular. There are several areas that confirm the growing importance of the consistent formation and development of organizational and managerial competencies of graduates of law schools for successful planning and implementation of career growth:

1) personnel management should be considered not as a purely functional area of ​​organization management, but as a key link in the mechanism for the development of core activities;

2) employees of HR departments, as a rule, are not sufficiently familiar with the development strategy of the organization and are not able to create a system for managing people who ensure the implementation of this strategy. Therefore, the process of personnel management should go beyond the boundaries of management units and attract into its orbit those employees who know, are able and show the ability to have a positive impact on personnel in order to achieve the goals of the organization;

3) existing methods of personnel management, as a rule, lag behind the tasks facing the organization, interfere with the development of employees and limit their contribution to the achievement of organizational goals. In fact, personnel management should exist in the context of the strategic development of the organization, and not develop as a “thing in itself”.

To achieve the specified result, participants in professional activities must demonstrate:

· the ability to subordinate personal interests to the interests of the organization;

· a sense of personal responsibility for the assigned work;

personal discipline;

· high level of ethics and tolerance in work with colleagues;

qualifications corresponding to the position held;

· knowledge of the objective foundations of organization theory and management theory;

· the ability to use theoretical knowledge in their work;

· ability to organize own work and work of colleagues and subordinates;

· the ability to apply advanced management methods: the ability to briefly and clearly formulate goals, to express thoughts in business letters, orders, instructions, assignments, assignments;

· the ability to conduct business meetings: the ability to assess their capabilities and their work, as well as the capabilities and work of others; the ability to select, arrange and fix frames;

· the ability to make decisions in a timely manner and ensure control over their implementation;

· the ability to identify, structure and resolve conflict situations;

· the ability to observe mental hygiene, the ability to control oneself;

· the ability to support the advanced: to see and highlight the new, to recognize and support innovators, to recognize and neutralize conservatives and adventurers;

· ability to manage professional innovation;

· ability to take reasonable risks;

· willingness to make informed management decisions in the subject area of ​​professional activity;

self-confidence.

These competencies were formulated in the first chapter of the textbook and discussed sequentially in the process of studying the training materials in each of its chapters. Their formation and development must be given attention throughout the entire career path, while not forgetting that the scope and content of organizational and managerial competencies is constantly expanding, supplemented and refined.

Test questions

1. How would you characterize the legal profession?

2. What is the essence of professionally important qualities in the work of a lawyer?

3. What is professionalism and what are its characteristics?

4. What is professional unsuitability and what are its causes?

5. What is the purpose of developing a professiogram and what is the point of characterizing its main structural elements in relation to the legal profession?

6. What are the features of building a career in modern conditions?

7. What is the main difference between the types of quarries?

8. What are the main stages in the development of a lawyer’s career in different conditions of activity (in a state institution, in a large commercial organization, as a sole lawyer)?

9. How can you characterize the main personal orientations that determine career choice?

10. What are the personal orientations that determine career choice according to J. Holland?

11. What is a career anchor?

12. What motivates the development of career success and what hinders career growth?

13. How does individual and organizational career planning fit together?

14. Why are modern leaders interested in the professional growth of employees at all levels?

15. What is the importance of organizational and managerial competencies in the successful development of a professional career as a lawyer?

Practical tasks

1. Conduct a comparative analysis of the personal and qualification requirements for the legal profession, taking into account professional specialization: corporate lawyer, legal adviser, investigator, judge, prosecutor.

2. Highlight the professionally important qualities of your profession (specialty) and determine the opportunities and directions for increasing the degree of their development.

3. Build a professiogram of one of the legal specialties. Compare the results obtained with the professiogram of another legal specialty.

4. Describe the possible options for building a career as a lawyer in modern conditions, choosing for example one of the specializations. Specify the conditions and reasons that impede career advancement.

5. List and describe the main stages in the development of a lawyer’s career in different conditions of activity (in a state institution, in a large commercial organization, as a sole lawyer).

6. Write an essay on the topic: “How to use the “career anchor” to your advantage?”.

7. Write an essay on the topic: “Me and my career.”

8. Develop a scheme for individual and organizational career planning after graduation.

9. Describe the main stages of work with the personnel reserve. Suggest a model for working with a talent pool in a law firm.

10. See Lawrence J. Peter’s suggested materials “The Peter Principle, or Why Things Go Wrong”[116]:

“In any hierarchy, government or commercial, every worker tends to rise to his own level of incompetence. Some consequences:

1) each position will eventually be filled by an employee who is incompetent in his job duties;

2) the work is performed by employees who have not yet reached their level of incompetence;

3) the abilities of a potentially competent person are destroyed over time, while a potentially incompetent person rises to a level where this potential is fully realized.

Prepare for a discussion. Express your opinion.

11. Consider and discuss with colleagues the following materials[117].

Dossier “ Multi-cause incompetence ” . The materials collected here show how certain personal qualities of a person can, under certain conditions, turn into his weaknesses.

“In his 35 years with Charm – Lead Ingots & Alloys, Inc., Map O’Zmattik rose from a handyman to the position of CEO. He was intimately familiar with all of Prelest’s production processes and proved his ability to manage the operation of the plant as well as manage the marketing of its products. To the misfortune of Mar O’Zmattik, the board of directors decided to take over another company – “Singing Tin Tuning Fork”, and entrust him, Mar, with the management of the combined production of both companies. Map got worried. He was interested in experience with lead, but he had no idea how to handle tin. The sale of lead ingots and the trade in tuning forks were deeply heterogeneous tasks. Mar O’Zmattik was too old and too devoted to his habits to adapt to the new methods of management required to manage the complex economy of the resulting corporation “Lead-Tin Goods – Precious Joint Stock Company” (SOIAOP). Map O’Zmattik was at his level of incompetence because he was not professionally prepared for his position.

The merger of the former “Charm” with the “Tuning Fork” required significant changes in order to create a new administrative structure. Ann Gina, the secretary, was elevated to the position of head of the office. The increased responsibility and the significant increase in salary associated with it inspired her. She knew the business, but the new burden of responsibility and the complication of work had their effect. It started with headaches and sharp tingling in the lower back. And when she went to the doctor because of chest pains, he was horrified by her extremely high blood pressure.

Fully capable of competently carrying out her assigned work, Ann Gina found herself unable to physically adjust to her level of tension and was forced to be absent due to illness more and more often. She has reached her physical, or biological, incompetence.

Engineer Moore Low, a recent graduate of the Institute of Metallurgy, was in charge of the Singing Tin Tuning Fork Company for the production of alloys from tin, antimony, copper and lead. In the new corporation, he was appointed manager of all production of the metallurgical cycle. He treated his work with devotion and conscientiousness. But he, a connoisseur of metals, now had to deal with people. An engineer who handled materials competently, he turned out to be an incompetent leader, devoid of the ability to achieve results in the work of his staff. He knew the formulas of metallurgy, but did not know the formulas of human relations. Neither the adding machine nor the computer display told him how to deal with this or that subordinate. In desperation, he usually acted very rashly. Competent engineer Moore Lowe has reached his level of incompetence as a result of his inability to get along with people.”

Literature

1. Woodcock, M . Liberated manager: for the leader-practitioner: per. from English. / M. Woodcock, D. Francis. – M .: Delo, 1991.

2. Ionova, I . Career formula for a lawyer [Electronic resource] / I. Ionova; Careerist.ru // Careerist.ru. URL: www . careerist . en .

3. Klimov, E. A . Psychology of professional self-determination / E. A. Klimov. – 4th ed. – M .: Academy, 2010.

4. Koblikov, A. S . Legal ethics: textbook / A. S. Koblikov. – 3rd ed. — M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2014.

5. Ogarev, G. V . 31 law of career growth / G. V. Ogarev. – M .: Exam, 2006.

6. Sorokotyagin, I. N . Professional ethics of a lawyer: a textbook for bachelors / I. N. Sorokotyagin, A. G. Masleev. – M. : Yurayt, 2014.

7. Chashin, A. N . Professional career of a lawyer / A. N. Chashin. – M .: Business and service, 2009.

Recommended reading list

( to all chapters of the textbook )

1. Afonichkin, A. I . Management decisions in economic systems: a textbook for universities / A. I. Afonichkin, D. G. Mikhalenko. – St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2009.

2. Vesnin, V. R . Management in schemes and definitions: textbook. allowance / V. R. Vesnin. – M. : Prospekt, 2009.

3. Drucker, P. F . Effective Manager / P. F. Drucker. – M. : BCI, 1994.

4. Zeer, E. F . Competence-based approach to the modernization of vocational education / E. Zeer, E. Symanyuk // Higher education in Russia. – 2005. – No. 4. – S. 23-30.

5. Zelenkov, M. Yu . Conflictology: textbook / M. Yu. Zelenkov. — M. : Dashkov i K°, 2013.

6. Zell, A. Business plan: investment and financing, planning and project evaluation / A. Zell. – M. : Os-89, 2007.

7. Klokov, I. V. Business plan on a computer / I. V. Klokov. – M .: Peter. 2007.

8. Krasovsky, Yu. D . Organizational behavior: a textbook for universities / Yu. D. Krasovsky. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M. : Unity-Dana, 2010.

9. Crimean, A . Chronological scale of the main events in the development of the concept of “knowledge management” abroad and in Russia [Electronic resource] / A. Krymskaya // URL: http://www.kmtec.ru/publications/library/select/chron_km.shtml.

10. Lukicheva, L. I . Management decisions: a textbook on the specialty “Management of the organization” / L. I. Lukicheva, D. N. Egorychev, Yu. P. Aniskina [and others]. – 4th ed., erased. – M. : Omega-L, 2009.

11. Melnichenko, R. G . Lawyer activity. Universal rules of success / R. G. Melnichenko. — M. : Dashkov i K°, 2012.

12. Nani, K. I . The concept of organizational and managerial activity / K. Ya. Nani, I. V. Rakitina // Business approach. Feb. 2008

13. Organizational and managerial innovations: the development of a knowledge-based economy: National Report of the Association of Managers of Russia / ed. S. E. Litovchenko. – M. : Sitronics, 2008.

14. Orobinsky, V. V . What is not taught at the Faculty of Law: the secrets of the professional skills of a lawyer / V. V. Orobinsky. – Rostov n / a : Phoenix, 2014.

15. Fundamentals of management: a textbook for universities / T. E. Berezkina, N. A. Kislyakova [and others]. – M. : Prospekt, 2012.

16. Petrovsky, A. B . Decision theory: textbook / A. B. Petrovsky. – M .: Academy, 2009.

17. Pogodina, I. V . Problems of planning in Russian legal practice: dis. … cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.01 / I. V. Pogodina. — Vladimir, 2004. RSL OD, 61:04-12/1626.

18. Popkova, O. V . Business communications: textbook. allowance / O. V. Popkova. – M .: Vuzovsky textbook; INFRA-M, 2014.

19. Seletkov, S. N . Management of information and knowledge in the company: textbook / S. N. Seletkov. – M. : INFRA-M, 2014.

20. Knowledge management. Theory and practice: a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students. – M. : Yurayt, 2014.

21. Personnel management: encyclopedia / ed. A. Ya. Kibanova. – M. : INFRA-M, 2009.

22. Freidina, E. V . Research of control systems: textbook. manual for universities / E. V. Freidina; ed. Yu. V. Gusev. – 3rd edition, erased. — M. : Omega-L, 2010.

23. Frolov, S. S. . Sociology of organizations: textbook / S. S. Frolov. — M.: Gardariki, 2009.

24. Chulanova, O. L . Personnel management based on competencies: monograph / O. L. Chulanova. – M. : INFRA-M, 2014.

25. Shevchenko, S. G . Organizational and managerial innovations: the practice of Russian companies / S. G. Shevchenko, V. V. Egorov // Trends in methods of management, education, consulting: Sat. / ed. L. V. Chukina. – M. : Mask, 2008.

Appendix 1

Varieties of communication structures [118]

The set of communication channels connecting the subjects of management form its communication structure (network) (Fig. A1.1).

Fig. P1.1 . Main types of communication networks

In fig. 1 clearly shows that the minimum number of communication channels is provided by serial and fan communication networks. This, to a certain extent, confirms one of the main advantages of organizations built on a strictly hierarchical principle – the simplest and clearest network of communication. However, in reality, things are not so simple. The hierarchical structure provides a minimum number of only official channels, and we know that in any organization there are unofficial, informal channels of communication.

The official communication network is often relatively stable, quickly outdated, and people are looking for ways to make it more dynamic and effective in a rapidly changing situation. Therefore, in practice, the actual network of communications in any organization, and even more so in a commercial one, is an inconsistent, or fan-shaped, and most likely a circular system in which, next to official, primarily vertical communications (manager – subordinate), there are a large number of informal ones.