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Science and life // Illustrations

Vitaly Aleksandrovich Nikolaenko.

While fishing, the bear quenches its thirst by plunging its muzzle deep into the water.

The bear comes to the river not only for fish, but also to take a bath.

The bear makes its beds in the snow, warming them with branches or birch dust.

After leaving the den, the cubs like to lie on the snow.

Family of underyearlings.

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BERLOGS

A lair is a winter refuge for an animal, which provides optimal microclimatic conditions that allow it to survive a long period of adverse food and weather conditions with minimal expenditure of energy resources. For females, it also serves as a maternity hospital, and for newborns – a nursery.

The forty lairs that I managed to find and describe were unpaved. Hunters from the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula talk about lairs that are located in rocky caves, but there is no reliable data on this. I myself discovered only one unexplored lair among volcanic blocks, on the shore of Kuril Lake. Through a narrow triangular hole, the animal penetrated into the den chamber formed by the flat sides of the boulders. The length of the lair reached 2.5 m, and its bottom was covered with volcanic slag. At the far end is a shallow bed. Two dark spots on the back wall testified that bears have been using this den for more than a dozen years. nine0005

The first to winter are females with underyearlings (first-years) and young individuals. A mass departure to the dens occurs from mid-October. Animals spend two or three weeks near the dens and lie in them in early and mid-November. For some time they can still leave the dens, lie nearby during the day, and hide inside at night. Bears do not dig a den in advance. The stories that the bear, going to the den, confuses the tracks, winds, are the fantasies of the hunters. Observations have shown that the bears really meander in alder forests during this period, avoid open places and actively mark trees in resting places. But the winding is nothing more than a reaction to an unconscious, uncomfortable mental state that prompts the bear to seek safe cover. The bear knows the habitat well and, leaving the spawning ground for the den, finds two or three old dens, sometimes already occupied by other bears. I have never seen a bear contest the right to an occupied lair. nine0005

Most of the lairs are located in thickets of alder elfin, on the slopes of ridges and ravines, along dry stream beds. They can be divided into three groups according to their shape. The first ones are pear-shaped, with a well-defined elongated manhole between the forehead (hole of the lair) and the lair chamber, with a lying position at the back wall. The second ones are spherical or ovoid in shape, without an oblong manhole; their height, width and length do not differ much in size, and the depression of the bed is a continuation of the walls of the lair. Still others are tortoise-shaped, with a flat oval bottom; their length is 1.5-2 times greater than the width, the top is hemispherical, stretched on the sides, the height reaches 100-130 cm, and the width in the center is almost 2 times the height. The bed is located at the back wall of the lair and is its continuation. In all lairs, the back walls are flatter than the side walls. nine0005

The most durable lairs are located under the rhizomes of birches. Their roof rests on overgrown roots. As a rule, such dens have been used for decades by both family groups and dominant males.

If the bear does not find a ready lair, he builds a new one. The bear digs a den with both front paws. A slight shift of the berlozhny camera to the left or right side depends on which paw the animal works more – left or right. The soil is thrown out of the den between the hind legs or sideways. How he manages to scoop out up to ten cubic meters of earth through a narrow hole remains a mystery. He climbs into the den like a plastuna, on his elbows, stretching his hind legs, and gets out of it in the same way, crawling. The volume of the lair is proportional to the size of the animal’s body. Its length and width should be no less than the length of the body, and its height should be slightly more than the height of the body at the withers, so that, sitting in the prone position, the animal does not rest its head on the ceiling. Digging a lair takes two to three days. Thick rhizomes that interfere with the passage are gnawed out by the bear and thrown out. Several fragments of rhizomes may remain in the den. nine0005

WINTER SLEEP AND WAKE

The life of a bear in a den is supported by feeding on fat reserves accumulated in autumn. The processes occurring in a sleeping bear are similar to those occurring in the body of a starving person, but in a bear they are much more rational. Despite the long immobility in the den, the strength of the bones does not decrease. The brain cells of a bear during winter sleep are in oxygen starvation mode for five months, but do not die, although blood enters the brain for 9 months. 0% less than usual.

Scientists suggest that the process of obesity and moderate weight loss in bears is controlled by a special hormone that comes from the hypothalamus every autumn. After hibernation, the bear completely retains its muscles and does not feel hunger for another two weeks. This explains his playful mood after leaving the den and aimless vagrancy in the habitat.

In Kamchatka, bears leave their dens from the third decade of March to the end of the first decade of June. As a rule, large males of mature and middle age are the first to leave the dens. Then the mass exit begins, and together with the males, single females and young females of the first mating spring, family groups of quadruplets (three-year-olds), tretyakov (two-year-olds) and second-year-olds (year-olds) rise. The last of the family groups to leave the dens are females with underyearlings. nine0005

Bears come out of their dens to the snow, and spring is in the air – during the day the temperature is up to + 4 ° C, at night frosts are up to _6 ° C. Snow is slowly moistened, compacted, structured. Leaving the den, the animal is next to it, if no one interferes with it, for several more days, and at night it can return to the den. The first hauls, as a rule, are located two or three meters from the brow, then the animal begins to retreat 50-100 m. During the day, under the sun, it lies down in the open snow, at night it does not return to the den, but settles on snow hauls. He makes bedding, crushing the tops of alder or cedar branches that have melted out of the snow, or peels off the bark from a tree under which he lies down to rest, or smashes a dry stump into chips and sleeps on its rotten fragments. nine0005

After three to five days, the bear leaves the den. The study of traces suggests that in the first two or three days the animal lacks purposeful movements. It is like walking freely for the pleasure of moving. Contrary to the general idea that the movement should be directed to the places where food is located, the animals roam rather erratically. Their traces are found both in the middle mountains and on the slopes of hills, up to 1000 m and above sea level, and in the coastal forest zone, and along the ocean coast. In the area of ​​the birch forest, the bear, idly moving, destroys three or four dry trees for two or three kilometers of the way, but not for warming the bed, but for game fun, from an excess of strength and a desire to move. The need for the game in the post-berth period is higher than in other periods. Free roaming is ordered by the end of May, and the animals gradually focus on the first thawed patches with grass seedlings, on the sunny slopes of ravines, on the banks of non-freezing rivers and streams, and those who have reached the sea coast, near the ocean coastline. nine0005

The early spring feeding period begins, meager in terms of the amount of food, “hungry”, in our opinion, but in fact – completely normal for the animal. The secret is in the so-called endogenous nutrition – the use of fat reserves accumulated since autumn, when the amount of fattening food consumed exceeded the daily norm by 3-4 times. The animal was forced to gorge itself on foodless winter and spring days, and even in the summer, since the nutritional value of grassy vegetation is low. By the end of the summer season, the bears completely lose their fat reserves, and those who did not have enough of them begin to lose muscle mass as well. nine0005

During the active period of the annual cycle, for rest at night or during the day, the bear uses haulouts – depressions in the ground (in the spring, after leaving the den, the haulouts are made in the snow). In summer, the bear digs beds in the ground or uses others. In autumn, at the first frosts, ground beds are insulated with bedding of dry grass stalks. Such beds are called nesting. As the night temperature drops, the amount of bedding in the haul increases and the hauls themselves look like huge nests on the ground. To collect the litter, the animal makes scrapes with its claws, then with one paw, then with the other, alternately, raking up small piles of dry grassy stems in one place. Then he moves one or two steps forward and picks up piles again. Thus, the animal walks for 5-10 m, then moves back, raking the prepared heaps of stems under it with a roller. The roller rolls into a bed and again begins to rake the piles, moving forward. The stems of some herbs, such as reed grass, are very strong, and the bear does not always succeed in scratching the desired bunch. Then he helps himself with his mouth: he tilts the stems to the side, bites them with his teeth, rakes them into a bunch and moves on. Rolling up 20-30 rollers, he fills up the ground bed with a huge heap of dry grass, then climbs on top of it and rakes a hole in the center with a diameter of about a meter and a depth of up to 50 cm. up to 2-2.5 m. The bear obviously does not need sides of such a width. Apparently, while collecting building materials, he does not measure its volume with his own body. Such a bed is used for several days – before rains or wet snowfalls; the bear leaves it as soon as the bedding freezes. Such huge haul-outs are made by only one large male on Lake Lesnoy. The thickness of the litter at the bottom of the ground bed is compressed to 10-20 cm. In nesting beds built in autumn, the litter is different: from reed grass, sholomainik, fallen leaves, destroyed dry stumps. When the grasses go under the snow, the bear uses ground beds in the thickets of alders. He clears them of snow and lays down on a thin layer of peat humus. nine0005

In the spring, after leaving the den, the bear makes bedding from branches of alder or elfin cedar, but more often uses dry birch trunks, breaking them into chips and scraping dust out of them with its claws. In the Valley of Geysers, bears have adapted to bask in early spring, during night frosts, in haul-outs dug out in warm soil. In summer and early autumn, bears make opposite demands on their beds – they should not keep warm, but take away its excess, that is, be cool and damp. To do this, the animals make them deeper and wider – up to 1.5 m wide and up to 0. 5 m deep. Animals dig such lairs in damp places, not far from water, in dense tall grass shaded by trees, or in clumps of olshin, in damp soil. nine0005

Normal freshly dug ground beds are on average 80-80-20 cm in size, rarely up to a meter wide. Over time, other bears expand and deepen them. The average width of such beds is from 100 to 120 cm, and the depth is 20-30 cm. The question arises, how can an animal up to two meters long, with a huge body volume, fit in such a small bed? He uses it only as a “chair” in which he places his butt and part of his belly. And the upper half rests on the side of the bed.

WATER

The bear is inseparable from water. In summer, water, snowfields and damp soil are essential
comfort components. They perform a thermoregulatory function. Near
habitat the beast knows all its baths. “Own” is a misnomer. Baths in
the form of small lakes, pits filled with water, streams and rivers in all bears
are common. In summer or autumn, after a long grazing under the sun, the animal goes to a watering hole.
and immediately immerses his body in water up to his ears. Take a bath for 10-15
minutes, and then climbs into the dense thickets of olshin and rests in deep, damp
beds. nine0005

All the bears grazing in the summer on the grate meadows along the surf line constantly bathe in the ocean. They lay down on the surf line, head to the shore, and lie for 10-20 minutes, washed by the oncoming waves. Then, moving away to 15-20 m, the animal digs a deep damp bed in the sand and lies down in it to rest.

At the end of May, at temperatures from +5 to +10°C, the bears lie in the snow for 5-6 hours, waddling from side to side. In the mountains in June-July, bears use both snowfields and streams for cooling. They do not visit warm mineral springs: bears are not attracted to warm water. nine0005

The bear does not drink sea water, although it can fish in it, opposite the mouth of spawning rivers, while some part of the salt water falls into its mouth. But when spawning capelin, the bear prefers to collect it, thrown out by the waves, on the shore.

If the bear stopped in the river while catching fish and, plunging its muzzle into the water up to the very eyes, draws water into itself, for 5-10 seconds, making five to seven intervals of 10-15 seconds, then it has finished fishing and will now go out on relaxation. After resting on the shore for about an hour, the bear begins to feel thirsty again. Even if the river is closer than a swampy puddle, he prefers to drink from the puddle. And if, after resting on the shore in the late autumn and winter periods, he goes to drink by the river, he tries not to go into the water, but to drink, kneeling down, barely reaching the water with his muzzle. When he is too lazy to go to the river, he eats snow. Having drunk, he returns to the bed or can lie down right there, on the shore, and watch the river, looking for fish with his eyes. nine0005

SNOW AND BEAR

The bear is born under the snow, leaves the den on the snow, in some cases uses it in the summer and lies in the den under the snow of the new winter. In autumn, snow covers the berry tundra, cranberry bogs and elfin cedar, completely depriving the bear of plant food.

Deep winter snows cover the lair, insulate the ceiling and seal the brow. In alder dwarf elfin, the brows are most often covered with branches bent down under the weight of snow. Rumors that the bear plugs the inlet from the inside with moss or dry grass for the winter is another common myth. In the thickness of the snow, there must be a hole from the forehead to the surface of the snow – it performs the function of a ventilation pipe for thermoregulation and gas exchange in the den. nine0005

Coming out of the den, the bear finds himself on the snow, but not on the fluffy and friable one that accompanied him to the den, but on dense snow crust. Morning crust in late April – early May looks like white asphalt. The crust of soldered firn grains can reach a thickness of 5-10 cm. Both a man and a bear walk freely on such an crust. 2-3 hours after sunrise, ice spikes are destroyed. The animal begins to sink down by 10-30 cm, and sometimes down to its belly. To save energy, he prefers to move along the holes of his own or other people’s tracks. nine0005

PAW SUCKING

The sucking reflex in cubs separated from their mother in the third or fourth month of life and growing up in a single family group persists until the age of three. The cubs suck each other’s fur on their backs and sides with the same rumbling with which they suck at their mother’s breasts. Since they do not receive food reinforcement, the process itself is important for them. It is possible that wool sucking is a factor in closer communication with each other and explains family affection before the breakup of the family. The bear cub, left alone, prompted by the instinct of sucking, diligently sucks the clawed fingers of its front paw. This continues until the age of three. This is where, apparently, there is an opinion that a bear in a den sucks its paw. nine0005

TABLECLOTH

The bearish “table” in autumn is like a self-assembled tablecloth. Bear feast begins in August and ends in October. During this period, on the berry tundras, shiksha and blueberries, as well as honeysuckle, lingonberries, princeberries, and junipers ripen. On the tundra of the Tikhaya River at one “table” with an area
6 km ² up to 25 bears gather at the same time. At the end of August, mountain ash ripens in the forest. In October, you can pick cranberries in the swamps. Fish enter the rivers. Bears meet her on the rifts, on the shallows, eat up in the first two weeks, and then eat only delicacies – caviar and brain cartilage. Having eaten fish, they go “by the berries”, having eaten berries, they go after the fish. From the abundance of energy-intensive food quickly grow fat. nine0005

At the end of October, the self-assembled tablecloth fades, the bears lose interest in it
and, tired after half a year of continuous “work”, they migrate to rest. ahead
– again a dream in a lair.

OU network

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https://vkoja17.ru/

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School	Full name directors	School address	Telephone	Website address	E-mail
MBOU Znamenskaya secondary school No. 1 named after. Sergei Kurochkin	Miteva Svetlana Georgievna	662624, p. Znamenka, Shkolnaya st., 1	74-3-08 nine0118	znamenka1.minusaedu.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKOU Gorodok secondary school No. 2 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union G.S. Korneva	Gaas Oksana Alexandrovna	662631, p. Gorodok, st. Lenina, d.21-b	71-2-93	http://gorodok2.minusaedu.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Branch “Nikolo-Petrovskaya OOSh”	Ignatenko Irina Viktorovna	nine0006 662628, Nikolo-Petrovka village, st. Sovetskaya, 38 “a”	71-6-21
Preschool	Blagireva Lyudmila Gregorevna	662628 p. Nikolo-Petrovka st. Kravchenko, 28a	71-6-44, 71-6-41 89831633896
nine0006 MBOU Yenisei secondary school No. 3 named after. Valeria Sergienko	Lychkovskaya Anastasia Sergeevna	662621, village of Selivanikha, Nekrasova st., 4	75-5-75	http://shkola.selivaniha.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
MKOU Priholmskaya secondary school No. 4	Usanin Mikhail Konstantinovich	662636, p. Kholmie, st. Zelenaya, 23	76-4-52	https://priholme4. ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
Preschool	Klamm Ludmila Alfredovna	662636 p. Kholmie st. Green, 25	76-5-57
MKOU Bolshenichkinskaya secondary school No. 5	Lazarev Petr Ivanovich nine0118	662627, p. Bolshaya Nichka, st. Avtomobilnaya, d.38	72-2-24	https://bnichka5.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKOU Bolsheinskaya secondary school No. 6 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union A.M. Nazarova	Acting Director Krylosov Olga Vladimirovna	662635, p. Big Inya, st. Lenina, 41a	76-3-37	http://binja6.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKOU M-Minusinsk secondary school No. 7 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union N.I. Mikhailova	Kharlamov Anna Nikolaevna	662638, p. Malaya Minusa, st. Microdistrict, 19	78-3-44	http://minusa7.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
MKOU Caucasian secondary school No. 8	Acting director Dmitrienko Natalya Sergeevna	662632, p. Caucasian, st. Lenina, 12	73-3-46	https://kawkaz8. ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
Preschool	Kozina Valentina Alexandrovna	662636 p. Caucasian st. Kalinina, 39	73-3-23
MKOU Tigritskaya secondary school No. 9 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union M.I. Sotnichenko	Ovtina Svetlana Vladimirovna	662626, p. Tigritske, st. Lenina, d.54	74-5-39	tigrschool.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Preschool	662626 p. Tigritske st. Sotnichenko, 17	74-5-39
MBOU Tesinskaya secondary school No. 10 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union P.I. Kolmakova	Serova Evgenia Alekseevna	662637, p. Tes, st. Shkolnaya, 1 nine0118	73-7-81	tes10-edu.ucoz.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKOU Vostochenskaya school № 11	Afanasyeva Tatyana Yurievna	662625, p. East, nine0006 st. Lenina, 121	74-6-43	http://vostochnoe11.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Preschool	Protasova Tatyana Petrovna	nine0006 662625 p. Eastern st. Embankment, 2	74-6-45
MKOU Novotroitskaya secondary school No. 12	Petrov Igor Valentinovich	662633, p. Novotroitskoe, st. Frunze, 2	71-7-42	https://ntroichkoe12.ru
Preschool	Shelenkova Nadezhda Nikolaevna	662633 p. Novotroitskoe st. Frunze, 4
MKOU Shoshinsky secondary school No. 13 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union M. P. Khvastantsev	Lashin Denis Anatolyevich	662634, p. Shoshino, st. Khvastantseva, 48	76-2-17, 76-2-41	http://shoshino. ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKOU Malonichkinskaya school No. 14 named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union S.I. Kretova	Glasses Sergey Vladimirovich	662627, p. Malaya Nichka, st. Kretova, d.62	72-2-78	http://mnichka14.minusaedu.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
Preschool	Makienko Anna Andreevna	662627 p. Malaya Nichka st. Kretova, 62
MBOU Bystryanskaya secondary school No. 15	Kuleshova Vera Vladimirovna	662630, Bystraya, st. Kirova, 25 “a”	2-30-32, 2-33-07	https://bistraya15.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Preschool	Mityanina Nadezhda Mikhailovna	662630 p. Fast, st. Kirova, 14	2-31-30
MKOU Verkhnekoyskaya school № 17	Ustinov Vitaly Alexandrovich	662624, p. Upper Koya, st. Red partisans, 19	74-6-16	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Preschool	Zhuravleva Anna Alekseevna	662624 p. Upper Koya st. Yubileinaya, 1
MKOU Lugavskaya secondary school No. 19	Titov Anton Olegovich	662639, p. Lugavskoe, st. Kolobova, 2	79-3-97	https://lygavckoe19.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
Preschool	Trofimova Alexandra Viktorovna	662639 p. Lugavskoe st. Kolobova, 13	79-3-97
Branch “Kutuzhekovsky Kindergarten”	Morozova Irina Alexandrovna nine0118	662624 p. Kutuzhekovo Lenin St., 40
Branch “Tagar Kindergarten”	.	662623 village Lake Tagarskoe st. Embankment, 2-2
MKOU Zherlyk secondary school No. 20 named after the Hero of the Soviet Union A.L. Zhuravleva	Vlasova Marina Fedorovna	662629, p. Zherlyk, st. School, d1	76-6-39, 76-6-23	gherlyk20.minusaedu.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0118
Preschool	Fedina Svetlana Semyonovna	662629 p. Zherlyk st. Solnechnaya, 10	76-6-39
Branch “Kolmakovskaya OOSh”	Sharypov Viktor Khakimzhanovich	662629, p. Kolmakovo, st. Oktyabrskaya, 61	72-2-73
MKOU Pritubinsk secondary school No. 22	Svitov Nikolai Aleksandrovich	662636, p. Pritubinsky, st. Shkolnaya, 1 “a”		http://pritubinskoe22.ru/	nine0006 Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Preschool	Mishina Larisa Anatolyevna	662636 p. Pritubinsky st. Green, 19

LIST OF KINDERGARTENS IN THE MINUSINSKY DISTRICT

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DOW	full name	Legal address	Phone	Website address	E-mail
MKDOU Bolsheinsky Kindergarten	Acting Head Romanchenko Elena Sergeevna	662635 p. Big Yin st. Lenina, 22	76-3-49	https://bolinskiyds.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKDOU Bolshenichkinskiy Kindergarten	Acting Artamonova Olga Anatolievna	662627 p. Bolshaya Nichka, st. Automobile, 81	72-2-21	https://bnichkadou.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
MKDOU Gorodok kindergarten	Ryabko Irina Mikhailovna	662631 p. Township st. Factory, 4	71-2-16	https://dougorodok.ru/	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
MKDOU Znamensky kindergarten “Firefly”	acting Shpomer Tatyana Vladimirovna	663624 p. Znamenka Pobedy st., 20 a	7-42-00	Главная	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address. nine0005
Suburban Kindergarten Branch	Karpova Marina Eduardovna	662624 Prigorodny settlement st. Key, 1
Branch “Sukhoozersky Kindergarten”	Mityukova Irina Vladimirovna	662624 Dry Lake settlement, st. School, 1	74-3-24
MKDOU Malominusinsky kindergarten	Shirshova Galina Viktorovna	662638 p. Small Minus st. Microdistrict, 21	78-2-33	Главная	nine0006 Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKDO Selivanikhinsky kindergarten	Ovsyannikova Arina Andreevna	662621 p. Selivanikha st. Embankment, 7	New d/s 75-4-20	selivanikhasad24.ru	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
Branch “Kindergarten village Experimental field”	Pavlova Maria Viktorovna	662600 village Experimental Field, st. Embankment, 10	5-59-38
Branch “Topolkinsky Kindergarten”	Grigorieva Anastasia Yurievna	662600 Topolki Settlement Embankment, 7	5-66-07
MKDOU Tesinsky kindergarten	Bazhenov Anna Fedorovna,	nine0006 662637 p. Tes, st. Zavenyagina, 22a	73-7-25	Главная	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.
MKDOU Shoshinsky kindergarten	Petkevich Natalia Viktorovna	662634 p. Shoshino, st. Kalinina, 34	76-2-03	Главная	Email address is being protected from spambots. Javascript must be enabled in your browser to view the address.

Additional education institution

Name educational institution	Website address	E-mail	Surname, name and patronymic of the head
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