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Sagrada Familia – the main temple of Barcelona.

Spain in Russian

In Barcelona, ​​the capital of Catalonia, there is a building that has been erected with minor interruptions for 120 years. But everything eventually ends. Founded in 1882, the grandiose Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family (“Sagrada Familia”) is gradually taking on the appearance of a completed creation. The way it was conceived by one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, Antonio Gaudí. nine0003

History of the construction of the Sagrada Familia

Order for the construction, or rather, for its completion (the temple began to build another architect), Gaudi received when he was barely 31 years old. On his account then there was only one building – a workshop for bleaching cotton. “According to legend, Señor Bucabelle, chairman of the Society of St. James, who acted as the main customer of the temple, once dreamed that the Sagrada Familia Cathedral would be erected by a blond with blue eyes. As you understand, there are not so many blue-eyed blondes among Spaniards, so when Bucabella saw Gaudi, he immediately understood: this is the same person, ”said art critic Angela Sanchez y Gargallo. In fact, the customers opted for Gaudi, most likely for reasons of economy – a venerable architect would have cost them much more. However, employers were disappointed, as already in the first years the estimate was exceeded many times. nine0003

Gaudí set to work without a finished project. He generally preferred to improvise on the construction site. The architect simply could not work differently. He treated each of his creations as a living being, which should grow freely and naturally. For all the phantasmagoria of the forms created by Gaudi, they were never abstract, on the contrary, they always directly ascended to something existing in nature. When asked where he finds samples for himself, the architect replied: “In an ordinary tree, with its branches and leaves. All parts of the tree grow organically and seem beautiful because they were created by one artist – God. Drawing inspiration from wildlife, Gaudí created structures that seemed impossible to his colleagues. Only decades after the death of the architect, already in the computer age, it was proved that the engineering solutions that Gaudí came to intuitively fully comply with the laws of mechanics. In the Sagrada Familia temple, he “planted” a whole forest of columns with capitals in the form of branches. Intertwined, they cover the vault with an openwork forest web. nine0003

Gaudí’s contemporaries were sure that this vault would certainly collapse. The unique structures on which the vaults of the Sagrada Familia rest are reinforced concrete columns lined with basalt, sandstone or granite. These designs were invented by Gaudí himself. The columns go underground to a depth of 20 meters, and reach a height of 70 meters. Each of them can withstand a seven-point earthquake and wind gusts up to two hundred kilometers per hour.

nine0002 Gaudi did not divide the elements of his buildings into functional and decorative, because in nature such a division does not exist. The pillars of the aqueduct he designed in Parc Güell look like ancient petrified tree trunks. He gave the appearance of ghostly warriors and stylized trees to ordinary pipes and outlets of ventilation shafts on the roof of the Casa Mila apartment building. Casa Mila, immediately nicknamed “La Pedrera” by the Barcelona people, that is, “The Quarry”, is remarkable not only for its dissimilarity to anything created earlier. It was the first house in history with an underground garage. In addition, it was the first to apply the principle, decades later called “free planning”. nine0003

Confession of Antonio Gaudí and his tragic death

Attention was paid to Gaudi when he had already begun to build the Sagrada Familia temple, and not at all in connection with this project. In 1878, he built a summer villa for the manufacturer Manuel Vicens. The plan of the house was extremely simple, but the architect revetted the villa with multi-colored glazed tiles and decorated it with so many outbuildings and decorative elements that it turned into a fabulous Moorish palace. Gaudí’s first projects were admired by the wealthy philanthropist Count Eusebi Güell. According to his orders, Gaudí built several remarkable buildings and planned the city park. Although orders rained down on him from all sides, from 19For 14 years, Gaudí devoted himself entirely to the Sagrada Familia.

On June 7, 1926, the first tram was ceremonially launched in Barcelona. Only one event overshadowed that festive day – a few hours after the opening of traffic, some beggar old man fell under the wheels of the car. He was taken to the hospital, where he soon died. The body was about to be sent to a common grave. But one of the hospital staff identified the body. It was Gaudi… The architect was buried in the crypt of the Sagrada Familia, a temple that he considered the main work of his life. nine0003

Angela Sanchez y Gargallo wrote: “Gaudi understood that he would hardly have enough time to complete the construction of the temple. Therefore, in recent years, he retreated from his principle and began to make sketches and drawings for those who would come after him. There was a lot of controversy as to whether construction should continue. Those who believed that leaving the master’s work unfinished meant betraying his memory won.”

Many in Spain considered it blasphemous to interfere with the design of a genius. “It’s like attaching hands to the statue of Venus de Milo,” architect José Acebillo protested. Salvador Dali spoke even more categorically: “It would be a betrayal of Gaudi to complete the construction of the cathedral … It would be better to leave him hanging in the middle of Barcelona with a huge rotting tooth. ” One way or another, but the construction continued. nine0003

In 1936, when the civil war broke out in Spain, the construction of the temple was interrupted. The anarchists, who at that time actually owned the power in the city, destroyed almost all the models and drawings of Gaudí. An interesting fact: the famous English writer George Orwell, who was then in Barcelona, ​​reacted quite positively to this act of vandalism. The temple, in his opinion, should have been blown up altogether.

Architecture of the Sagrada Familia

According to Gaudí’s plans, the temple should have three facades: the Nativity, the Passion of the Lord and the Ascension of Christ. Above each rise 12 towers, according to the number of apostles. Another 6 towers should be erected over the central nave: 4 – in honor of the evangelists, one dedicated to the Virgin, and the highest, one hundred and seventy meters – to Christ. During the life of Gaudí, only the facade of the Nativity and the four towers of the apostles crowning it were completed. The architect paid special attention to the decoration of the towers, striving to make it so that, in his own words, “the angels would be pleased to look at them.” The poet Lorca, seeing the towers of the temple, asked Gaudi: “Are you creating an organ for the Lord?” Gaudi nodded in agreement. His dream was to make the towers resonate during the wind so that the music of Creation sounded in the temple. nine0003

The sculptural groups of the facade of the Nativity are sculptured by Gaudí in life size. For the scene of the beating of babies, the architect made plaster casts of stillborn babies. To make a cast from an animal, he first put it to sleep with chloroform. Plants characteristic of Palestine and Catalonia are accurately reproduced on the facade, and a Christmas tree rises between the towers.

The opposite facade of the Passion of the Lord, built in our time according to the project of a modern architect, Barcelona residents do not like and call “Star Wars”. On the site of a residential area on Mallorca Street, the third, final part of the Sagrada Familia church will be built – the facade of the Resurrection of Christ. The fact that the Sagrada Familia is being completed by other architects is the rule rather than the exception in European history. Many grandiose Gothic cathedrals were built over the centuries. Thus, the construction of the cathedral in Reims took 270 years, in Milan – 550, and in Cologne – 632 years. nine0003

As in the Middle Ages, the Sagrada Familia temple is built on voluntary donations, including those euros that tourists pay for visiting the monument. Recently, every year only entrance tickets and the sale of souvenirs bring several million euros to the temple fund. At the moment, construction is 70% completed, it is expected that the temple will be fully completed by 2026.

On November 7, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the Sagrada Familia during his visit to Spain. nine0003

Ticket prices for the Sagrada Familia for 2016

Without tour: 15 euros.

Guided: €24 (Spanish, English, French, German).
With audio guide: 22 euros (in Russian, Spanish, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Chinese).
With audio guide and tour of the towers: 29 euros.

Opening hours of the Sagrada Familia

November – February: from 9.00 to 18.00.
March: from 9.00 to 19.00.
April – September: from 9.00 to 20.00.
October: from 9.00 to 19.00.

Shortened day: December 25, 26, January 1, 6: from 9.00 to 14.00.

Official website: http://www.sagradafamilia.org/en/

If you are going to Barcelona, ​​be sure to visit these sights – the priceless heritage of Antoni Gaudí. Call the Center for Services for Business and Life in Spain “Spain in Russian”, and we will help you organize interesting individual or group excursions to the unforgettable creations of Antonio Gaudi.