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Founder of Mossad, US Attorney General, Vice Marshal of Britain

It’s no secret that Daugavpils (aka Dvinsk, aka Dinaburg) has historically been a habitat for a large Jewish community. Of the Jews born in Daugavpils, the most famous are the artist Mark Rothko, the composer, who is also the king of tango Oscar Strok, and the famous circus performer Nikolai Polyakov (“Coco the clown”).

The photo exhibition “Famous Jews of Daugavpils” is currently being shown on the first floor of the synagogue building in Daugavpils. Its creation is the merit of the historian and local historian Iosif Grigoryevich Rochko, who previously published the book “Famous Jews of Latgale”. nine0003

As it is clear from the exhibition and book by Joseph Rochko, Rothko, Strok and Koko are just the tip of the iceberg. The painstaking researcher counted more than a hundred famous Jews, whose lives at different stages turned out to be somehow (most often by birthright) connected with Latgale – writers, artists, musicians, filmmakers, philosophers, doctors and even heads of special services. It is clear that it is difficult to grasp the immensity in a newspaper article, but Iosif Rochko told the correspondent of “TODAY” about some famous Jews of Daugavpils. nine0003

Ehrenburg’s contribution

– Among the people represented at your exhibition, there is, for example, Ilya Ehrenburg – a writer, winner of many awards, a Soviet statesman. But he never lived in Daugavpils, did he?

– No, he did not live, but twice, in 1954 and 1958, he was nominated from our city to the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. First, in 1950-1954, he was a deputy from Riga, and then officials decided that Ehrenburg should represent Daugavpils. nine0003



Ilya Ehrenburg.

I must say that he did a lot for Daugavpils – he treated his deputy duties responsibly, steadily defending the interests of our citizens. He reported to Moscow that the people of Daugavpils did not have enough apartments, that the streets needed repair – and he pushed for the solution of these issues. Through his efforts, the city pedagogical institute received a new building, a number of important enterprises were built in Daugavpils. Ilya Ehrenburg devoted a chapter to his deputy work in the book “People, Years, Life”. nine0003

Perhaps the fact that Daugavpils is a city with rich Jewish traditions was significant for Ehrenburg. The writer repeatedly came to us, met with the city community, and at one of these meetings in the city People’s House I myself was present – as a child. My grandfather then said: “You definitely need to go, meet a big man.” The hall was packed to capacity. Much later, I picked up an old issue of the Daugavpils newspaper Krasnoe Znamya and found a photo report from a meeting with Ehrenburg – father, mother, our neighbors are sitting in the front row – and I, a little boy. Everyone is listening carefully…

American Attorney

— Were there any other examples — for Jews from Daugavpils to make a big career in other countries?

– Yes, as much as you like! I even joke that all prominent Jews had to be born in our city. Among the portraits of our exhibition there is, for example, David Wilentz – this man became the Attorney General of the US state of New Jersey. Taken by his parents from Dvinsk in 1895 at the age of one. He graduated from high school in the town of Perth Amboy, worked as a journalist, basketball team manager, and served in the US Army during the First World War. Subsequently, he went on the legal line: he received an appropriate education, opened a private practice, and began to participate in the work of the New Jersey branch of the Democratic Party. He first became a city prosecutor in Perth Amboy, then went on to increase. nine0003



David Wilentz.

As head of the New Jersey Attorney General’s Office, Wilentz promised: “I will not be a dummy.” He gained all-American fame by investigating the high-profile case of the kidnapping and murder of the child of the famous pilot Charles Lindbergh. Thanks to Vilenz, this crime was solved, the culprit was found, and in 1936 he was executed in the electric chair.

Syoma. He’s Stanford

— Just write a novel…

— What’s more! And here is a more striking example – Stanford Cade. This is none other than the former Daugavpils resident Sema Kadinsky, the son of a local jeweler. He is a British surgeon who pioneered the combined use of surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. nine0003



Stanford Cade.

How did he end up in England? On the eve of the First World War, he left for Belgium to study medicine, was evacuated to England with the outbreak of hostilities, and stayed there. He studied at Westminster Hospital Medical School, where he later worked and experimented in the field of cancer treatment. During World War II, Cade enlisted in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He proposed useful improvements to the design of the cockpit of fighters, for which he was awarded the rank of Vice Marshal of the Air Force. The fact is that he operated on pilots and noticed that they receive many wounds due to the improper arrangement of the cockpits of their aircraft …

After the war, Cade returned to cancer research, writing two books on the subject.

My friend is an artist and a poet

— Simply amazing…

— Next we have a section of artists. One of the most famous Jews born in Daugavpils is the artist Mark Rothko. Everyone knows about him.

Less well known is Maurice (Maurice) Kish, also a Jew and also an American artist. Born in Dvinsk in 1898th and emigrated to the United States with his family as a child. In New York, he was an amateur boxer, handball player, ballroom dance teacher, factory worker, wrote poetry, but his main vocation was the visual arts. However, unlike the same Rothko, Kish worked in a realistic manner. In his paintings, he skillfully depicted the life of the working class, the hardships of the Great Depression of the 30s…



The work of Maurice Kish.

Another artist is Grigory Dlugach, again from Dvinsk by birth, who later connected his life with Leningrad. This is a venerable Soviet painter, teacher, founder and head of the creative association “Hermitage” (the so-called “Hermitage school”), the founder of the school of analytical painting. nine0003

– These are artists. And what about the musicians?

– We also have a lot of them. Let us recall Nadezhda Dukstulkaite, born in Dvina, a pianist and teacher who did a lot to study and popularize Lithuanian folk music. The fact is that in 1918, at the age of six, her parents moved her to Lithuania, where she later received a versatile musical education. During the war, already being a famous musician, she ended up in the Kaunas ghetto, but shortly before its liquidation she managed to escape from there and thereby saved her life. nine0003

She lived in Kaunas and Vilnius, toured throughout the Soviet Union, in the 1950s she played an important role in the creation of the world-famous Lithuanian choir “Ažuoliukas” (“Oak”). Recorded twenty-two records.

“What is a man? Why me?”

— Are there any philosophers among the natives of Daugavpils?

— Yes! Eli Siegel, whom his parents moved from Dvinsk to the United States at the age of three in 1905, later became an authoritative philosopher, poet and critic there, founded the philosophical direction of the so-called “aesthetic realism”. Three key principles of this philosophy:

– the interest of every human being in the honesty and clarity of the world;

– the inadmissibility of contempt for the world and neglect, generating errors in assessments;

— beauty as a criterion and guide to any active action.

Siegel believed that finding the meaning of life comes through art. He said: “Beauty is always created as a unity of opposites. And the creation of a unity of opposites is just what we strive for in ourselves.” Emko, isn’t it? In love, he saw “passionate, factual knowledge of what is real.” And he also owns the shortest poem, brilliantly reflecting the most important life question: “What is a person? Why me?” nine0003

Nazi hunter

— Were there people with some very exotic professions among the Jews of Daugavpils?

– Head of Israel’s intelligence and security services, one of the founders of Mossad Isser Harel – what could be more exotic? True, he was born in 1912 in Vitebsk in the family of a wealthy businessman there. After the revolution, having lost all their property, they emigrated to Daugavpils. Here, young Izya Harel studied at a Jewish primary and secondary school in Hebrew, dreamed of becoming an agronomist. He worked on an agricultural farm near Riga. nine0003



Isser Harel, one of the founders of Mossad.

At that time, Jews from all over the world, responding to the call of the leaders of the Zionist movement, migrated en masse to Palestine. In 1929, after a bloody anti-Jewish pogrom in Hebron, Isser and his friends also decided to move to the land of their forefathers in order to fight there for the freedom and security of their compatriots. With him, Harel brought a pistol in a loaf of bread through British customs.

Lived and worked in a kibbutz, graduated from a special school, after which he worked in the Israeli special services for almost the rest of his life (and he died in 2003). About the fate of this man and his works, you can write a thick book – and more than one. However, in his old age, he himself wrote a lot – about himself, about his colleagues … I will mention only one circumstance: at 19In the 1960s, Harel personally led and successfully carried out an operation to capture the Nazi criminal – the mass murderer of Jews, Adolf Eichmann.

“A ticket to life”

– Jews from Daugavpils left after all, as far as I understand, not only to the West, but also to the East?

– That’s right. Here at least offhand – a graduate of the Dvina Russian gymnasium Esfir Gurvich subsequently became one of the first doctors of economic sciences in the Soviet Union. She worked at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Incidentally, the second wife of Nikolai Bukharin. She broke up with him long before the execution, but at 1949 was arrested anyway and sentenced to ten years in the camps. In 1956 she was rehabilitated, returned to Moscow, where she died in 1989, at the age of 84. ..

years of exile. Subsequently, she became a doctor of historical sciences, wrote books on the history of the French labor movement …

– Well, at least both survived …

– Yes … Another one of ours, who made names in Russia, I cannot but mention Alexander Stolper. He was born in 1907 in Dvinsk, and his father was from Rezhitsa (Rezekne). Their family was evacuated from Latvia during the First World War. By the age of twenty, Alexander Borisovich had already done a lot – he worked as a loader, played in the basketball team of Moscow, acted as an artist in the circus, worked as a journalist. In 1923, he entered the film studio of Lev Kuleshov, in 1925 he entered the acting department of the Proletkult workshop, and worked in the screenwriting workshop of the Mezhrabpomfilm film studio. From 19For 27 years, Stolper worked as a director and screenwriter at the Soyuzkino film studio (now Mosfilm).

During his half-century of creative life he directed fifteen feature films, wrote scripts for nine films. In particular, the script for the first Soviet sound film, “The Ticket to Life”, which was a resounding success with the Soviet audience, is the work of Stolper and his colleagues Nikolai Ekk (by the way, a native of Riga) and Regina Yanushkevich (she was born in Lithuania). Among the most famous directorial works of Stolper are such sensational films as “Wait for me”, “The Tale of a Real Man”, “The Living and the Dead”, “Retribution” (the latter, by the way, suffered greatly from censorship), “The Fourth” ( starring Vladimir Vysotsky). Stolper made a number of his films based on the works of the remarkable writer Konstantin Simonov, they met during the war and subsequently worked together perfectly. nine0003

Alexander Borisovich explained the success of his paintings very simply: “You have to keep the viewer interested. And you have to constantly think about why the viewer comes to the cinema”…

To be remembered it is difficult to grasp the immensity… But which other character in your book would you like to mention in particular?

— There is one person to whom we are all deeply indebted.